APAR Industries Ltd , India

Emerging trends and challenges in

Quality and Performance standards
of Transformer Oil –
Critical Properties & Requirements

By

D.V.Jagannathan
Contents

1) Development of Refining Technology

2) Functions of Transformer Oil
3) Types of Transformer Oils
4) Emerging Trends & Challenges
5) Changing Demands in Oil
6) Requirements of Transformer Oil
7) Critical Oil Properties and Significance
8) New Standards for Oxidation Stability
9) Corrosive Sulphur – DBDS
10) New Standards for Corrosive Sulphur
11) Sulphur Vs Oxidation – The Balancing Act
12) Up gradation in Insulating Oil Standards
13) Special Application Requirements and High Grade options
14) Conclusions
Development of Refining Technology
SEVENTIES

ACID REFINED OIL

SOLVENT REFINED OIL

VACUUM SOLVENT ACID / CLAY

DISTILLATION EXTRACTION

EIGHTIES
MEDIUM HYDROFINISHED OIL

SOLVENT REFINED OIL

GROUP I OILS
VACUUM
SOLVENT HYDRO DEWAXING
DISTILLATION
EXTRACTION GENATION
HYDRO
CRACKING HYDRO CRACKED
PARAFFINIC OIL
NINETIES ONWARDS
HYDRO
HYDROTRETED
CRACKED
NAPHTHENIC OIL
GROUP II & ISOPARA
FFINIC
OiIL
GROUP III OILS DEEPLY ISOMERI DEWAXING
VACUUM HYDRO SATION
DISTILLATION TREATED
HYDRO-
DEEP HYDRO NAPHTHENIC OIL
TREAT
TREATMENT
MENT
Refining Processes of Transformer Oil
• FRACTIONATION ( TOBS / TOFS CUT )
•---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• SOLVENT EXTRACTION

• DEWAXING

• PARTIAL HYDRO FINISHING

• ACID REFINING ( GROUP I TOBS ) - Obselete

•----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• HYDRO TREATING

• DEEP HYDRO TREATING ( GROUP II TOBS ) Naphthenic

•----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• HYDRO CRACKING

• ISOMERISATION + DEWAXING ( GROUP III TOBS ) Isoparaffinic

•-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• ADSORPTION - CLAY CONTACTING

• VACUUM FILTRATION - DEGASSING ( FINISHED T OIL )

Functions of Transformer Oil

 AS COOLING MEDIUM FOR DISSIPATING HEAT GENERATED

FROM THE WINDING & CORE TO CONTROL TEMPERATURE RISE

 AS DIELECTRIC MEDIUM FOR ELECTRICAL INSULATION BETWEEN

TERMINALS TO PROVIDE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TO PAPER AND
AVOID SHORT CIRCUIT OF CURRENT

 AS USEFUL INFORMATION CARRIER FOR EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSIS

BY DGA FOR CONDITION MONITORING & FAULT DETECTION
Types of Transformer Oils

Mineral Oils – Hydrotreated from base oils obtained from

petroleum crude

Naphthenic – Hydrotreated from Naphthenic base oils

Paraffinic – Hydrotreated / Hydrocracked/ Solvent

Extracted (earlier) from Paraffinic base oils

Synthetic Esters – Synthesized from chemicals

Ester based Fluids – From natural esters extracted

from agricultural seeds
Emerging Trends and Challenges

Transformer Industry has seen three dimensional effects of

Demand - Increased Power demands.

Higher Loads & Extra High Voltage requirements.

Design - Compactness driven by Material Cost considerations

leading to more severe Operating conditions.

Disasters - Major Transformer failures largely attributed to

Copper Sulphide formation.
- Predominant in Power Transformers & Sealed Systems.
Changing Demands in Transformer Oil
• Compact Designs of higher operating temperatures require better Cooling.

• Longer trouble free Service Life requiring higher Oxidation Stability.

• Non Corrosive Oils to avoid Copper Sulphide Corrosion.

• Lower Gas evolution requirements in Transformers.

• Compliance to environmental / safety factors – PCB free / Low PCA.

• Revised standards with increased severity of Test conditions and

new Tests for :
- Oxidation Stability – IEC 61125 Method C and
- Corrosive Sulphur – ASTM D 1275 B & Cigre TF A2.32.01- CCD.

• For EHV Power / HVDC Transformers it is imperative to select the right

quality oil of upgraded specification for trouble free higher performance.
Requirements of Transformer Oil
1. Good Electrical Properties - For effective Insulation - High BDV & Resistivity
and Low Tan Delta ( Power Factor ).

2. High Oxidation Stability - For longer life and trouble free operation.

3. Low Viscosity - For good circulation and cooling – better heat transfer.

4. Low Gassing Tendency - For better Gas absorption and effective diagnostics
by DGA & Safe operation

5. Low Sulphur and - To avoid copper sulphide corrosion on conductors

Non corrosive and damage to winding under stressful conditions

6. High Solubility - For less sludge and less oil deterioration

Consistent behavior with respect to time - Performance Durability

Constant availability of same quality base oils - Consistency

 Transformer Oil Properties - Classification

FUNCTIONAL - HAVE IMPACT ON ITS FUNCTION AS INSULATING AND COOLING LIQUID

Viscosity , Density , Pour Point , Water Content , Volume Resistivity ,
Breakdown voltage , Dielectric Dissipation Factor ( Tan Delta )

REFINING & - INFLUENCED BY QUALITY, TYPE AND DEGREE OF REFINING & ADDITIVES
STABILITY Appearance , Interfacial Tension ( IFT) , Acidity , Aromatic Content ,
Carbon Type Composition ( PNA ) , Corrosive Sulphur, , Total Sulphur Content ,
Mercaptan Sulphur Content , Oxidation Inhibitor Content

PERFORMANCE - RELATED TO LONG TERM BEHAVIOR OF OIL IN SERVICE AND ITS

REACTION TO HIGH ELECTRIC STRESS AND TEMPERATURE
Oxidation Stability , Gassing Tendency , Gas Content ( DGA ) ,
Impulse Breakdown Voltage , Electrostatic Charging Tendency ,
Furan Content , Corrosivity

HEALTH,SAFET - RELATED TO SAFE HANDLING & ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

& ENVIRONMENT Flash Point , Density , PCA ( Polycyclic Aromatics ) ,
PCB / PCT ( Polychloro Biphenyls / Polychloro Terphenyls )
 Viscosity & Viscosity Index

• Viscosity - Influences Heat Transfer - Temperature rise

Lower the Viscosity better the circulation & cooling

• Viscosity Index - Rate of change of Viscosity with respect to Temperature

Lower the VI better the circulation & cooling

Hydrocracked Hydrotreated
Parrafinic Oil Naphthenic Oil
( Higher VI ) ( Lower VI )

• Viscosity @ 70oC,mm2/Sec 4.2 3.2

( 25 % Reduction )
 Water Content & Dielectric Dissipation Factor

• Lower the Water Content higher the electric strength & lower the dissipation losses

• Water solubility in oil depends on temperature & amount of polar / aromatic molecules
Higher aromatic content gives higher water saturation

• Water ingress takes place due to breathing of drums when stored in areas of high
humidity and temperature.

• G - 4 filtration reduces water content to achieve higher breakdown voltage but care to be
taken to avoid over heating while filtration as water solubility increases with temperature
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• DDF is measure of dielectric losses caused by the oil , depends on ionisable and
polar molecules in the oil

• DDF increases with contamination by moisture , particles , soluble polar contaminants

and poor refining quality.

• Very sensitive to contaminants like Engine Oils, Lubricants , Used Oils that can enter
from the filter machines due to their earlier use if proper care is not taken while filling
Transformers
Carbon Type Composition
PARAFFINIC - SATURATED NORMAL (Straight Chain ) & ISOPARAFFINS ( Branched Chain)

Higher Pour Points, Higher Viscosities, Low Solubility for water and
oxidation products forming precipitated sludge, Lower Thermal stability

NAPHTHENIC - CYCLIC SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

CYCLOHEXANE TYPE & SIMILAR HIGHER RING COMPOUNDS

Excellent Low Temperature Properties, Better Solvency power than

Paraffins, Excellent Chemical & Oxidation Stability, Lower VIs help in
better Circulation and Cooling

AROMATIC - CYCLIC UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

BENZENE TYPE & SIMILAR HIGHER RING COMPOUNDS

Different from Paraffinics & Naphthenics both chemically and physically,

Unstable and polar in nature

GENERAL GUIDE LINE CP Below 50 % - Naphthenic Oils

FOR CLASSIFICATION CP 50 To 56 % - Intermediate Oils
OF OILS BY CP % CP Above 56 % - Paraffinic Oils
Aromatics & PCA Content

• Aromatic Content in oil depends on Degree of Refining

Higher the degree of refining lower the aromatic content and vice versa.

• Mono aromatics & lower ring Poly Cyclic Aromatics up to certain levels act as
good natural radical destroying oxidation inhibitors - hence selectively retained
in the oil for better Oxidation Stability and better Gas Absorption with optimum
Electrical Properties. Preferred Aromatic Content for optimum performance – 4 to12 %

• PCA content increases with increase in boiling range and aromatic content.

• Higher molecular size Poly Cyclic Aromatics are not preferred in the oil as they
have negative effect on the electrical properties like impulse breakdown voltage
and streaming charges.

• PCAs are also classified as carcinogens – need to be controlled up to acceptable

levels in the oil - Maximum limit of 3 % is specified in BS : 148 & IEC : 60296
standards and also as allowed by the severe environmental standard for labeling
in confirmation with the EU Regulation as per IP- 346
 Oxidation Stability / Oil Inhibition

• Improves with Degree of Refining thus with decrease in Aromatic Content

Oxidation Stability drops appreciably below 4 % CA and also above 12 % CA

• Over refining causes depletion of preferable natural inhibitors like mono aromatics
and lower size poly cyclic aromatics

• Oxidation stability is controlled by mono aromatics, poly cyclic aromatics and

the Nitrogen, Oxygen & Sulphur hetero cyclic polar compounds

• IS 335 - 1993 Specifies Oxidation Stability at less severe conditions of 100 o C for 164 Hrs.

• To be measured in accordance with the more stringent, IEC 61125 - Method C

- Low air flow of 0.15 ltr / hr in oil with 90 cm copper coil at 120 0 c for test duration of
164 hrs for Uninhibited oil , 332 hrs for Trace Inhibited oil & 500 hrs for Inhibited oil

• Inhibition of oil with DBPC helps to increase oxidation stability but requires careful monitoring
of inhibitor content and proper replenishment when it drops below the minimum required level
( half of original level ), otherwise the inhibited oil deterioration will be much faster than
uninhibited oil - More faster in Paraffinic Inhibited Oil than Naphthenic Inhibited Oil.
New Standards for Oxidation Stability
120
IEC 60296 – 2003 (U) (T) (I)
/ BS 148 – 1998 Air Air Air
IEC 61125 C / BS EN 61125 C
110 Only in Both in
ASTM D 3487 – 00 ( 2006 ) - Type I & II IEC 60296 IEC 60296: 2003
: 2003 &
Doble TOPS – 2006 Uninhibited ,Type I BS 148: 1998
Temp 0 C. & Type II - Inhibited and not in but with
ASTM D 2440 Oxygen BS148- 1998 different limits

100
IEC 296 –1982 / IS 335 – 1993
( for uninhibited ( with 0.05 % max
& for lnhibited - Inhibitor considered
Measure only as Uninhibited Oil &
Induction Period ) for Inhibited - RBOT)
IEC 74 , IEC 474 / IS 335 Annexure C
Oxygen
NTS
0 72 Hours 164 332 500

Other Tests: PFVO & SFL in Doble TOPS – 2006 for all Types of Oils ( U , T (Type I) & I ( Type II)
ASTM D 2112 – RBOT in ASTM D 3487 – 00 ( 2006 ) for Type II Inhibited Oil &
in Doble TOPS – 2006 for Type I & Type II Inhibited oils
Also stringent Oxidation Stability limits for Special Applications in IEC 60296 – 2003
Failures due to Copper Sulphide Corrosion

The Issues:
• Large Power Transformer and Reactor failures starting in 2000.
• Doble has recorded about 25 + units that have failed worldwide.
• Many of these are units only 5 to 7 years old.
• Sudden failures with no / hardly any advance warnings.
DBDS & Selective Refining

Problems due to DBDS

• Transformer failures were attributed to presence of DBDS in Oils.
• Earlier Sulphur Tests could not detect but the new Tests could detect.
• Should not remain in Hydrotreated Oil unless added to enhance Oxidation Stability.
• DBDS breaks up at higher Hot Spot Temperatures ( > 140 o C ) forming
Corrosive Elemental / Mercaptan Sulphurs.
• Essential that Oils are free of any DBDS.

Selective Refining
• Total Sulphur alone is not a sure indicator of whether an Oil is Corrosive.
• Corrosive character of Oil is the result of Sulphur type.
• Can be controlled by increasing Severity of treating Process to selectively
remove the unwanted Sulphurs.
Mitigation Methods

• Copper Sulphide formation is not reversible.

• Further Corrosion can be controlled by Mitigation methods.

• Commonly sugested Mitigation method is use of a Passivator.

• Depletion of Passivator while in service has been observed in some cases.

• Replenishment of Passivator on line - difficult to Monitor and Administer.

• Side effects of Passivator on Long Term usage – still not clear.

Solution does not lie in Mitigation by Passivation, but in

Replacement with Oils FREE of any Corrosive Sulphur
 CORROSIVE AND MERCAPTAN SULPHUR
• Type and levels of Sulphur compounds depend on origin of crude & degree and type of refining.
Have both characteristics - Negative ( copper sulphide corrosion )
Positive ( as peroxide destroying inhibitors during oxidation process ).

• Low levels of Corrosive content can be achieved by starting with low sulphur crude and refining by deep
Hydo de sulfurization method and severe hydrotreatment.

• Most of the standards specify only qualitative Corrosive Sulphur tests and not quantitative Corrosive &
Mercaptan Sulphur content tests. Type test provided in IS 335 and other standards are not adequate
enough to assess the exact levels of detrimental sulphur in oils as they are qualitative tests and at less
severe test conditions – ( Temp - 140 0c, Heating Time19Hrs ).

• Only IEC 60296 specifies Total Sulphur Content limit as 0.05 %, max , by ISO 14596 ( WDXRF- Wave
length X - Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ) / IP 373 ( Microcoulometry Oxidative) Methods & Corrosive
Sulphur by DIN 51353 ( Silver Strip , Temp 100 o C , Heating Time 18 Hrs ).

• Similar test methods like ASTM D 2622 ( WDXRF ) & ISO 20847 ( EDXRF ) can also be followed for
Total Sulphur Content.
• Need to specify more stringent tests like :
A ) Modified ASTM D 1275 Method B for Corrosive Sulphur ( Temp 150 0c, Heating Time 48 hrs ,
N2 bubbling for15 mints. pre and 30 mints post start of test and keeping oxygen free subsequently )

B ) CIGRE TF. A2. 32. 01- CCD – Covered Conductor Deposition ( OIL + KRAFT PAPER, Temp 150 0 c,
Heating Time 72 hrs ) & IEC 62535 – CCD + SEM – EDX for detection of Copper Sulphide on Paper.
New Standards for Corrosive Sulphur

150 ASTM D 3487 – 2000 ( Reapproved 2006 )

Doble TOPS – 2006 / 2008 / 2008
CIGRE TF.A2.32.01 *
( ASTM D 1275 B – Modified ) Copper
140 Copper Conductor +
Kraft Paper Wrapped Doble- CCD*
ASTM D 3487 – 1988
/ 2000 Copper Rod +
Temp 0 C. Copper
/ BS 148 –1984 Kraft Paper
/ IEC 296 - 1982 Wound
( ASTM D 1275 A / IEC 62535 Ed.1 *
140 o C, 96 Hrs
BS 5680 / ISO 5662 ) -2008
Copper Copper by ASTM
D1275 B / D130
IS 335 - 1993 Paper rating by
SEM – EDX –
( IS 335 Annexure B ) Semi Quantitative
Copper
0 19 Hours 48 72 96

Other sensitive Test : DIN 51353 – IEC 60296 ( 2003 ) – Silver Strip, 100 0 C, 18 hrs. NTS

* CIGRE TF. A2 . 32 . 01 ( CCD ) / Doble – CCD / IEC 62535 – CCD with SEM – EDX
Tests Produce results close to real case operation.

Oils that previously passed the less severe Tests are NOT able
to handle the higher Temperature & Duration of the new Tests
Sulphur Vs Oxidation – Balancing Act for Refiner

Requirement

Oxidation Sulphur

Oxidation
Sulphur

Corrosive Non Corrosive

High Stablility Low Stablility
Sulphur Oxidation

Non Corrosive
High Stablility
• Increased Oxidation Stability and Non Corrosive requirements in oils are
contradictory challenges for refiner.

• Sulphur removal also causes depletion of aromatics and lowering oxidation stability.

• Thiophenes & Mono aromatics / lower size PCAs are natural inhibitors – preferred in oil for control of
oxidation stability and sulphur corrosion.

• Very low aromatic oils ( < 2 % ) have very low corrosive sulphur but also lower oxidation stability.

• Optimized selective refining requires the right balancing act of

- Not just the total sulphur removal but selective removal of the corrosive sulphurs
- Retaining the required aromatics and non corrosive sulphurs for maintaining increased oxidation stability
 Gassing Tendency

• Gassing Tendency / Gas Absorption under electrical stress is an important

performance property for safe functioning of High Voltage Transformers

• It is a measure of rate of absorption or evolution of hydrogen in to oil in

prescribed laboratory conditions by method A of IEC 60628 or ASTM D 2300

• Gassing Tendency limits are specified in BS 148 ( maximum + 5 ) and

ASTM D 3487 ( maximum + 30 ) standards for uninhibited oils.
IEC 60296 standard allows limits to be decided between oil manufacturer / user.
Doble TOPS recommends negative gassing. Not included in BIS - IS 335 standard.

• Mainly controlled by amount and type of Aromatics and PCA s in oil.

Gassing Tendency decreases with increase in Aromatic & PCA content

• Also seen that it decreases with increase in Naphthenic content and

increases with increase in Paraffinic content even though these types
of hydrocarbons have no direct bearing on the Gassing Tendency
Breakdown Voltage Under Impulse Condition

• Not commonly included in specifications except ASTM D 3487 / Doble TOPS

( minimum 145 k V ) of negative impulse breakdown voltage.

• Breakdown behavior with DC impulse and heterogeneous gap is very different from
the AC breakdown strength. It is sensitive to both polarity and electrode geometry.

• Measured by simulating lightning impulse striking a transformer during thunderstrom

by the IEC 60897 or ASTM D 3300 Method.

• It is the capacity of the oil for reducing short electric shocks such as arcing of wires
or the load on transformer while being connected and disconnected during switchovers.

• Critical in electrical equipments as it indicates ability of the oil to resist electric

breakdown under transient voltage stresses ( lightning and switching surges ).

• Impulse Breakdown Voltage decreases with increase in PCA content and vice versa.
Possible to achieve > 200 kV value in optimum refined oils with up to maximum 3 % PCA.
 2- FAL , FURANS & PCB / PCT CONTENT
2- FAL - Caused from improper distillation in solvent extracted oils during refining
leaving residual furfural or from contamination with used oil.
- Preferable to have low level of 2 - FAL and related compounds in oils.
- IEC 60296 standard specifies maximum acceptable limit of 2- FAL in
new oil as 0.05 mg / kg as measured by IEC 61198 Method.

FURANS - Furanic compounds ( Furfuraldehyde ) are generated as byproducts during

degradation of cellulose materials such as paper, press board, wood , etc.
- Serves as indicator of solid insulation degradation as they give more precise
and early warning of paper insulation deterioration in oil filled transformers.
- Limit of Total Furans was specified in the earlier BS -148 : 1998 Standard
as 1.0 mg / kg, max.as measured by HPLC Method. Doble TOPS specifies
Furanic Compounds as optional test with limit of 25 µg / Litre, max. by
ASTM D 5837 method.

PCB / PCT - Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Terphenyls - Not present in new insulation oils
produced from crude oils. Present only in synthetic / re-refined / used oils.
- To be measured in any mixture of old and new oils.
- Have negative environmental impact and hence banned by many countries.
- Classified as hazardous waste and require special method of disposal.
- Unused mineral insulating oil should be free from PCB / PCT ( < 2 ppm )
as tested by IEC 61619 / BS EN 61619 / ASTM D 4059 Method.
Oil Properties - Significance / Preference
Sr.No PROPERTY SIGNIFICANCE PREFERENCE
1. Density at 20 o C / Mass Volume Calculations < 0.895
Specific Gravity Values Indicate Type of Oil Paraffinic Oils – 0.81 to 0.83
Naphthenic Oils – 0.85 to 0.895

2. Kinematic Viscosity In Heat transfer / Cooling Lower Value < 12 cSt at 40o C

3. Flash Point Safety & Fire Hazard Higher Value > 135 o C (140 min )

4. Pour Point Minimum Operating Temp Lower Value < - 40 o C

5. Interfacial Tension Refining Quality Higher Value > 40 x 10 -3 m N / m

6. Acidity / Neutralization No Corrosion / Sludge build up / affects Lower Value < 0.01 mg KOH / g
electrical properties
7. Water Content Affects electrical properties Lower Value < 30 ppm
Sludge / Paper deterioration
8. Sulphur Content Decides corrosion chances Lower Value < 0.05 %
9. Corrosive Sulphur Copper conductor corrosion To pass more severe tests -
copper sulphide formation ASTM D1275 B , DIN 51353,
Cigre TF A2.32.01 , IEC 62535
10. Oxidation Stabilitry Service life / Deterioration of To pass more severe / stringent
electrical properties / Sludge tests IEC 61125 C
Oil Properties - Significance / Preference
Sr.No PROPERTY SIGNIFICANCE PREFERENCE
11. Ageing Characteristics Service life / Deterioration of electrical To pass specified test limits to
properties / Sludge ensure ageing stability
12. Breakdown Voltage Electrical Strength – Lower values indicate Higher Values > 30 delivered
impurities like moisture / dirt / particles & > 70 after filtration treatment

13. Specific Resistance / Resistivity, Lower values indicate Higher Values > 2000 x 1012 at
ohm - cm conducting impurities 27 o C & > 100 x 1012 at 90 o C

14. Dielectric Dissipation Factor , Higher values - presence of polar compounds - Lower Values < 0.005
Tan  Decides refining quality & dissolved ( Preferred - < 0.002 )
contamination
15. Power Factor , % Percentage power loss - DDF x 100 Lower Values < 0.5
( Preferred - < 0.2 )
16. Gassing Tendency Decides extent of Hydrogen Gas evolution / Lower Values in PTs < + 1 5
absorption, Important for better diagnosis by In HVDC / C T - V T s < + 5
DGA & Safe operation or < 0 ( Negative )
17. Impulse Breakdown Voltage Decides Insulation Life Higher Values > 145

18. PCA - Poly Cyclic Aromatics Decides Gassing Tendency / Health hazards Lower Values < 3 % but not
while handling < 0.75 % due to higher gassing
19. PCB / PCT Highly Hazardous / Banned Must be non detectable
< 2 ppm
20. 2 FAL / Furans Quality of refining / Higher values due to Must be Very low level
In new oil < 0. 05 ppm
Group - I ( SN ) Oils / Used / Re refined oils
 Transformer Oil Standards - National Versus International
Sr. CHARACTERISTICS IS 335 / ASTM D 3487 DIN 57370 AS 1767.1 IEC BS 148 Doble TOPS
No IS12463 TYPE I / II VDE 0370 CL I / II 60296 CL I / II Uninhibited /
U/T/I Type I / Type II
1. Aniline point , o C -- 63 Min -- -- -- -- 63 Min

2. Colour , Max. -- 0.5 -- -- -- -- 0.5

3. Flash point ( PMCC ), 140 145 ( COC ) 130 140 / 130 135 140 / 130 145 ( COC )
o C , Min

4. I.F.T. @ 25 o C N/m, 0.04 0.04 -- 0 .04 -- -- 0.04

Min

5. Pour Point o C Max -6 - 40 -- - 30 / - 45 - 40 - 30 / - 45 - 40

6 Specific gravity 0.89 @ @ 15 o C 0.91 0.895 0.895 0.895 0,895 0.91 @ 15 o C

@ 20 o C Max 29.5 o C

7. Kinematic Viscosity,
cSt ( SUS )
@100 o C Max -- 3 (36) -- -- -- -- 3
@40 o C , Max -- 12 (66) -- 16.5 / 11 12 16.5 / 11 11
@ 27 o C , Max 27 -- 25(20O c) -- -- -- --
@ 0 o C , Max -- 76 (350) -- -- -- -- 76
@ -15 o C , Max -- -- 1800 800 / -- -- 800 / -- --
@ -30 o C , Max -- -- - -- / 1800 1800 -- / 1800 --

8. Visual examination Clear,Tpt, Clear & bright Clear & Clear & Clear Clear & --
free of bright bright bright bright
suspend
matter &
Sediment
 Transformer Oil Standards - National Versus International

S.No CHARACTERISTICS IS 335 / ASTM D DIN 57370 AS 1767.1 IEC BS 148 Doble TOPS
IS12463 3487 VDE 0370 CL I / II 60296 CL I / II Uninhibited /
TYPE I / II U/T/I Type I / Type II

9. Dielectric breakdown 30 / 60 30 / 50 30 / 50 30 / 50 30 / 70 30 30
voltage, KV Min.
Delivered /
After treatment
10. Dielectric breakdown -- 145 -- -- -- -- 145
voltage Impulse
conditions, 25o C, KV Min.
Needle negative to
sphere grounded 1-in
( 25.4 mm ) gap , Min.
11. Dissipation Factor
@ 60Hz, % , Max
@ 25 o C 0.05 -- -- -- -- 0.05
@ 90 o C 0.002 @ 100oC 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.3 @ 100 o C
0.30

12. Water Content, 50 35 -- 30 (B) 30 (B) 20 (B) 30

ppm , Max 40 (D) 40 (D) 30 (D)
13. Gassing Tendency F/G -- + 30 -- -- -- +5 Negative
µL / min , Max.
ASTM D 2300 Method B
 Transformer Oil Standards - National Versus International
S. CHARACTERISTICS IS 335 / ASTM D DIN 57370 AS IEC 60296 BS 148 Doble TOPS
No IS12463 3487 VDE 0370 1767.1 hrs. U / T / I CL I / II Uninhibited /
TYPE I / II CL I / II 164 / 332 / 500 I A / IIA Type I / Type II

14. Oxidation stability 100 o C 110 o C 100 o C 120 o C 120 o C 120 oC 110 o C
(Acid Sludge Test),Max . O2 O2 O2 Air Air Air, O2
72 hrs. Sludge % mass -- 0.15 -- -- -- 0.15 / 0.15 /
TAN mg KOH/mg -- 0.50 -- -- -- -- 0.1
0.5 / 0.5 / 0.3
Genl. Special
164 hrs. Sludge % mass 0.1 0.30 0.06 0.80 0.80 0.05 0.80
0.3 / 0.3 / 0.2
TAN mg KOH/gm] 0.4 0.60 0.30 1.20 1. 20 0.30 1. 20 0.6 / 0.6 / 0.4
DDF at 90 o C -- -- -- 0.50 0.50 0.05 -- --
15. Ageing Resistance
according to Baader
(140 hrs / 110 o C)
Saponification No.,
-- -- 0.60 -- -- -- --
mg KOH/gm
Sludge content, wt%, max -- -- 0.05 -- -- -- --
Dielectric Dissipation -- -- 0.18 -- -- -- --
Factor @90 o C, Max
16. Oxidation Stability - RBOT
minutes, Min -- / 195 195 -- -- -- -- NA / 195 / 220
17. Oxidation inhibitor
content % mass , Max-
Uninhibited 0.05 --- ND ND ND ( < 0.01 ) ND ND
Trace inhibited ( Type I ) -- 0.08 -- -- 0.08 -- 0.08
Inhibited oil (Type II ) 0.3 0.3 -- 0.15 - 0.4 0.08 - 0.4 0.3 0.3
 Transformer Oil Standards - National Versus International
Sr. CHARACTERISTICS IS 335 / ASTM D DIN 57370 AS 1767.1 IEC 60296 BS 148 Doble TOPS
No IS12463 3487 VDE 0370 CL I / II U/T/I CL I / II Uninhibited /
Type I / II Type I / Type II
18. Corrosive Sulphur Non Non Non Non Non Non Non corrosive
corrosive corrosive corrosive corrosive corrosive corrosive

Test Method IS 335 ASTM D DIN 51353 ASTM D DIN BS 5680 ASTM D 1275 B
Annex - B 1275 A / B 1275 A 51353

Cu , 140 , 19 Cu , 140 , 19 / Ag, 100 ,18 Cu , 140 , 19 Ag, 100 ,18 Cu,100 ,19 Cu , 150 , 48
(Strip , Temp o C , Hrs )
Cu , 150 , 48

19. Total Sulphur -- -- -- -- 0.15 (0.05 ) -- --

content, % Max. Spl. Appln
20. TAN, mg KOH/gm, 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.015
Max

21. PCB Content, ppm -- ND ND ND ND ( < 2 ) ND ND

22. PCA Content , %, -- -- -- < 3.0 < 3.0 < 3.0 --

23. Total Furans , -- -- -- -- -- 1 25 µg / L
mg / kg, Max
24. 2 - Furfural Content -- -- -- -- 0.1 ( 0.05 ) -- --
mg / kg , Max
25. Power FactorValued -- -- -- -- -- -- To pass Doble
Oxidation ( PFVO ) Limit Curve
26. Sludge Free Life – -- -- -- -- -- -- 40 / 64 / 80
( SFL ) @ ± 8 Hrs Hrs Min
General Classification of Transformer Oils
TYPE UNINHIBITED INHIBITED

PARAFFINIC IS 335 - 1993 IS 12463 – 1988

PARAFFINIC ( PLUS ) IEC 296 CL I - 1982 IEC 296 CL I A - 1982

BS 148 CL I - 1984 BS 148 CL I A - 1984

NAPHTHENIC IEC 296 CL II - 1982 IEC 296 CL II A - 1982

BS 148 CL II - 1984 BS 148 CL II A - 1984

NAPHTHENIC ( PLUS ) IEC 60296 – 2012 ( U ) IEC 60296 – 2012 ( T & I )

ASTM D 3487 TYPE I

( Trace inhibited ) &
ASTM D 3487 TYPE II
( Fully Inhibited )
DOBLE TOPS DOBLE TOPS - Uninhibited ,
UNINHIBITED TYPE I ( Trace Inhibited ) &
TYPE II ( Fully Inhibited )
 Inadequacies in the Earlier Standards
International ( IEC 296 : 1982 ) / Current Indian Stanadard ( IS 335 : 1993 )

a. Oxidation Stability -- Specification with less severe tests.

b. Corrosive Sulphur -- Specification with less severe tests

c. Gassing Tendency -- Not Specified

d. Negative Impulse BDV -- Not Specified

e. PCA Content -- Not Specified

f. PCB Content -- Not Specified

g. 2 - FAL / Furans -- Not Specified

h. Viscosity -- Higher Limits ( In IS 335 & IEC 296 Class I & I A )

i. Pour Point -- Higher Limits ( In IS 335 & IEC 296 Class I & I A )
 Changes in new IEC 60296 : 2003 from the earlier IEC 296 : 1982 Standard

 Three Classes are replaced by only two namely Transformer Oil and Low Temperature
Switchgear oil.

 New concept of Lowest Cold Start Energizing Temperature ( LCSET ) for different ambient
temperature conditions have been included and new property like Electrostatic Charging
Tendency ( ECT ) has been added and values for the other properties have been revised.

 Class I , Class II , Class III for Uninhibited Oils & Class I A , Class II A & Class IIIA for
Inhibited Oils of IEC 296 are replaced with only three Types - (U) Uninhibited ,
(T) Trace Inhibited & (I) Inhibited in IEC 60296.

 Merging differences in the physical properties between the Classes and making it as one
general specification with lower Viscosity (< 12 cSt at 40 o C) & Pour point ( - 40 o C max)

 Increasing severity of Oxidation Stability Test conditions in IEC 61125 C (to 120 o C ) and
with Air instead of Oxygen to make it represent the real life Transformer operating condition.

 Differentiating the duration of Oxidation Stability test to 164 Hrs for ( U ), 332 Hrs for (T)
and 500 Hrs for ( I ) grades instead of only 164 Hrs as common for all types of grades.

 Including Special Application Requirements of higher oxidation stability for High Grade Oils
with more stringent limits for Total Acidity , Sludge, DDF @ 90 o C.and Sulphur Content.
Changes in IEC 60296 : 2012 – Edition 4 against IEC 60296 : 2003 – Edition 3

Sr.No PROPERTY IEC 60296 : 2003 Ed. 3 IEC 60296 : 2012 Ed. 4
1. Inhibitor Content for Not Detectable Not Detectable ( < 0.01 % )
Uninhibited ( U )
2. Other Additives - PPD , Not mandatory to report To report generic name of all additives
Gas Absorbers etc present and only in case of Inhibitor
also to report concentration
3. Passivator Content Not Specified Non Detectable ( < 5 ppm ) or
To be decided between oil supplier
and buyer
4. DBDS Content Not Specified Non Detectable ( < 5 ppm )

5. Sulphur Content only for < 0.15 % < 0.05 %

Specific Requirement for
Special Application ( 7.1 )
6. Corrosive Sulphur Non Corrosive by DIN 51353 Non Corrosive by DIN 51353 &
IEC 62535
7. 2 – FAL Content , mg / kg < 0.1 < 0.05

8. PCB Content Not Detectable Not Detectable ( < 2 mg / kg )

9. Particle Content Not included Included but limits to be decided
between oil supplier and buyer
 Why Upgradation of Specification

• IS 335 : 1993 & IEC 296 : 1982 Standards are not adequate enough to
address to the various new demands of oil performance requirements.

• Major Utilities & OEMs world over have upgraded their specifications in line
with IEC 60296 : 2003 / 2012 Standard and also taking additional special
properties from ASTM D 3487, BS148 & Doble TOPS for EHV Transformers.

• For 132 kV and above , it is essential to consider these upgraded

specifications for ensuring trouble free performance for longer life.

• Important to understand the significance of various oil properties

in selecting the right grade of oil for the Power Transformers.

 Easy to compare the high cost incurred in Transformer failures to the

relatively negligible differential cost of High Grade Oils to safeguard assets.
Special Application Requirements
• Sealed Transformers / High Voltage applications including HVDC
need non corrosive oils with considerably higher oxidation stability.

• These special requirements are achieved with very low Sulphur and
low Aromatic Oils that have excellent BHT( Anti oxidant ) response.

• High Grade Oxidation Stability of special application requirements of

IEC 60296 Standard are generally met with Trace or fully Inhibited Oils.

• To meet this High Grade requirements very severely Hydrotreated inhibited

Naphthenic oils or inhibited Iso Dewaxed Iso Paraffinic Oils are available.

• Optimum high performance Hydrotreated Naphthenic Oils can be designed

for effective Cooling, Low Gassing and essentially Sludge Free Life.
 Conclusions
• Transformer Operating conditions have thrown new challenges for
refiners to produce high quality oils meeting latest standards and tests.

• Refiner needs to take a tight rope walk to satisfy the contradictory

requirements of both high oxidation stability and non corrosive oils.

• Fingerprinting of oil by signature analysis and optimization of oil

properties by selective refining methods is essential to achieve this.

• Standard high oxidation stability and non corrosive requirements can be

met in Uninhibited Naphthenic oils by optimizing aromatics & sulphurs.
Uninhibited Isoparaffinic oils have limitations with respect to oxidation stability.

• For still higher special application oxidation stability and non corrosive
requirements new options of Inhibited Naphthenic & Inhibited Iso paraffinIc
oils are available out of which the naphthenic oils are preferred for their
advantages of optimized higher performance levels.
Conclusions

High Voltage Power Transformers working under severe electrical stresses

require special transformer oils meeting more stringent upgraded specs.

IS 335 Standard addresses only to basic requirements of Insulation and

Oxidation Stability that too at lower severity levels.

It does not address to other important performance requirements like :

Better Cooling Characteristics , Lower Gassing Tendency, Impulse BDV,

Non Corrosive Sulphur, Higher Oxidation Stability, PCA / PCB Content.

For EHV Power Transformers > 132 it is imperative to select the right quality
High Grade naphthenic oils of upgraded specification for longer trouble free
performance.
Conclusions
 Characterization of a good Transformer Oil is based on its :

 Electro insulating properties

 Cooling characteristics
 Chemical and Oxidation stability
 Behavior under severe electrical stresses
 Compatibility with Transformer materials
 Compliance to environmental factors
 Satisfactory long service life

 Transformer Oil constitutes only 5 to 7 % of the cost of Transformer.

 Easy to compare the high cost incurred in Transformer failures

to the relatively negligible differential cost of High Grade Oils.

TRANSFORMER IS HEART OF POWER SYSTEM AND INSULATING OIL ITS BLOODLINE

 POWEROIL
Transformer Oils
POWEROIL Transformer Oils - Features

• High Oxidation Stability – Long life

• Excellent Electrical Properties

• Low Sulphur non corrosive oils

• Controlled low Gassing Tendencies

• Low PCA (Poly Cyclic Aromatics)

• PCB Free & Non hazardous

POWEROIL Transformer oils meet the latest CCD - Cigre TF A2.32.01 / IEC 62535
& Modified ASTM D 1275 B Corrosive Sulphur Test Requirements.
 POWEROIL Transformer Oils
Extensive range meeting all International Standards:

• IEC 60296 : 2012, Ed. 4 - General Specification &

Specific Requirements for Special Applications

• ASTM D 3487: 2009 - Type I & Type II

• Doble TOPS :2008 - Uninhibited , Type I & Type II

• BS 148: 1998 - Class I, II & IA, IIA

• IEC 296: 1982 Class I, II & IA, IIA

• DIN 57370 / VDE 0370

• IS 335: 1993 & IS 12463: 1988 - Indian Standards

Special Grades are also available for meeting specific customer requirements.
Development Work Done by APAR

 Long term tie ups and working closely with our international source for developing
Oils to meet latest severe requirements of Corrosive Sulphur & Oxidation Stability.

 In house Testing facilities established for the latest test standards:

Corrosive Sulphur by ASTM D1275 B , Cigre TF A2.32.01 ( CCD ) & IEC 62535
Oxidation Stability by IEC 61125 C , ASTM D 2440, RBOT, PFVO , SFL

 Round Robin Tests conducted for Corrosive Sulphur & Oxidation Stability
at Doble - USA, Laborelec - Belgium , Sea Marconi - Italy Laboratories.

 Sulphur Speciation Tests conducted at Doble – USA & Tests for DBDS Content.

 Global Approvals from major international OEMs – Siemens, ABB & AREVA T& D
Special Grades Developed
APAR GRADES
POWEROIL TO 1020 60 U
( Naphthenic Uninhibited )
MEETING STANDARD / SPECIFICATION
IEC 60296 : 2003 Standard General
Specification
& ESKOM 32 - 406 : 2008 Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 UX IEC 60296 : 2003 Standard General

( Naphthenic Inhibited ) Specification
& ESKOM 32 - 406 : 2008 Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 SNX IEC 60296 : 2003 Specific Requirement for

( Special Naphthenic Inhibited) Special Application - High Grade Oxidation
Stability
POWERGRID - Inhibited Oil Specification

POWEROIL Transformer oil products for high performance.

Apar Transformer Oils - Uninhibited

GRADES MEETING STANDARDS

POWEROIL TO 335 IS 335 : 1993

POWEROIL TO 20 IEC 296 : 1982 Class I

POWEROIL TO 20 BS BS 148 : 1984 Class I

POWEROIL TO 10 IEC 296 : 1982 Class II

POWEROIL TO 10 BS BS 148 : 1984 Class II

POWEROIL TO 1020 IEC 296 : 1982 Class I & II

POWEROIL TO 1020 BS BS 148 : 1984 Class I & II

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 U IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 General Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 SNU IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 General Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 H IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 General Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 BU BS 148 : 1998 Class I & II

Apar Transformer Oils - Trace Inhibited

GRADES MEETING STANDARDS

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 UT IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 General Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 HT IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 General Specification

( Ultra Low Sulphur )

POWEROIL TO 1020 AUT ASTM D 3487 : 2009 Type I

Apar Transformer Oils - Inhibited

GRADES MEETING STANDARDS

POWEROIL TO 335 X IS 12463 : 1988

POWEROIL TO 20 X IEC 296 : 1982 Class IA
POWEROIL TO 20 BS X BS 148 : 1984 Class IA

POWEROIL TO 10 X IEC 296 : 1982 Class II A

POWEROIL TO 10 BSX BS 148 : 1984 Class II A
POWEROIL TO 1020 X IEC 296 : 1982 Class I A & II A
POWEROIL TO 1020 BS X BS 148 : 1984 Class I A & II A

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 UX IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 (I) General Specification

POWEROIL TO 1020 60 HX IEC 60296 : 2012 & 2003 (I) Specific Requirements
POWEROIL TO 1020 60 SNX for Special Applications - Ultra Low Sulphur

POWEROIL TO 1020 BUX BS 148 : 1998 Class I A & II A

POWEROIL TO 1020 AUX ASTM D 3487 : 2009 Type II
APAR’S Transformer Oil Grades

STANDARD GRADES
Sr. No PRODUCT TYPE STANDARD RECOMMENDED FOR

1. POWEROIL TO 335 Uninhibited IS 335 - 1993 < 65 kV Distribution Transformers

2. POWEROIL TO 335 X Inhibited IS 12463 - 1988 < 65 kV Traction Transformers ,

Higher O S requirements

3. POWEROIL TO 20 Uninhibited IEC 296 – 1982 < 65 kV All types of Transformers

CLASS I
4. POWEROIL TO 20 BS Uninhibited BS 148 – 1984 < 65 kV All types of Transformers ,
CLASS I Low Gassing requirements

5. POWEROIL TO 20 X Inhibited IEC 296 – 1982 < 65 kV All Types of Transformers ,

CLASS 1 A Higher O S requirements

6. POWEROIL TO 20 BS X Inhibited BS 148 – 1984 < 65 kV All types of Transformers ,

CLASS I A low Gassing & Higher O S
requirements
APAR’S Transformer Oil Grades
SUPERIOR GRADES

Sr. PRODUCT TYPE STANDARD RECOMMENDED FOR

No

1. POWEROIL TO 10 Uninhibited IEC 296 – 1982 Class II < 132 k V Transformers

2. POWEROIL TO 10 BS Uninhibited BS 148 – 1984 Class II < 132 k V Transformers -

Low Gassing requirements
3. POWEROIL TO 10 X Inhibited IEC 296 – 1982 Class II A < 132 kV Transformers -
Higher O S requirements
4. POWEROIL TO 10 BS X Inhibited BS 148 – 1984 Class II A < 132 k V Transformers –
Low Gassing & higher
O S requirements
5. POWEROIL TO 1020 Uninhibited IEC 296 – 1982 Class I & II > 132 kV Transformers
6. POWEROIL TO 1020 BS Uninhibited BS 148 – 1984 Class I & II > 132 kV Transformers –
Low Gassing requirements
7. POWEROIL TO 1020 X Inhibited IEC 296 – 1982 > 132 k V Transformers
Class I A & II A Higher O S requirements
8. POWEROIL TO 1020 BSX Inhibited BS 148 – 1984 > 132 k V Transformers –
Class I A & II A Low Gassing & Higher
O S requirements
APAR’S Transformer Oil Grades
PREMIUM GRADES
Sr. No PRODUCT TYPE STANDARD RECOMMENDED FOR
1. POWEROIL TO 1020 - 60 U Uninhibited IEC 60296 – 2012 Ed . 4 > 132 k V All Types Power
General Specification & Transformers
BS EN 60296
2. POWEROIL TO 1020 - 60 UT Trace IEC 60296 – 2012 Ed. 4 > 132 k V All types Power &
Inhibited General Specification & Instrument Transformers
BS EN 60296

3. POWEROIL TO1020 - 60 UX Inhibited IEC 60296 – 2012 Ed.4 > 132 k V All types Power
General Specification & Transformers, Higher O S
BS EN 60296

4. POWEROIL TO 1020 - 60 H Uninhibited IEC 60296 – 2012 Ed. 4 > 132 k V All Types Power
General Specification Transformers
5. POWEROIL TO 1020 - 60 HT High Grade IEC 60296 – 2012 > 170 k V All types Power &
Trace Specific Requirements for Instrument Transformers
Inhibited Special Application Higher O S , Ultra Low Sulphur

6. POWEROIL TO1020 - 60 S NX High Grade IEC 60296 – 2012 > 170 k V All types Power &
& Inhibited Specific Requirements for HVDC Transformers
7. POWEROIL TO1020 - 60 HX Special Application Higher O S , Ultra Low Sulphur

8. POWEROIL TO 1020 AUT Trace ASTM D 3487 - 2009 Type I < 170 k V All types Power
Inhibited Transformers
9. POWEROIL TO 1020 AUX Inhibited ASTM D 3487 – 2009 Type II > 170 k V All types Power
Transformers, Higher O S
Types of Transformers and Application
TWO GENERAL TYPES - FREE BREATHING TYPE - WITH A DEHUMIDIFIER

- CLOSED TYPE - WITH RUBBER BAG OR A NITROGEN

BLANKET ON THE CONSERVATOR

APPLICATIONS :

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER - USED FOR POWER GENERATION - BOOSTING VOLTAGE

POWER TRANSFORMERS - USED FOR POWER TRANSMISSION - EHV

SHUNT REACTORS - USED FOR LIMITING FAULT CURRENT - SUBSTATIONS

TRACTION TRANSFORMERS - FREQUENT ON AND OFF OPERATION - RAILWAYS

FURNACE TRANSFORMERS - FOR ELECTRIC FURNACES – STEEL INDUSTRY

RECTIFIER TRANSFORMERS - USED IN ALUMINIUM / COPPER INDUSTRY TO POWER

RECTIFIERS

HVDC TRANSFORMERS - USED IN HVDC TRANSMISSION - VERY HIGH SEVERITY

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS - FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION - LOWER VOLTAGES

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - HERMATICALLY SEALED - MEASURING & METERING

POWEROIL Applications: Power Generation & Transmission

• Used in EHV ( Extra High Voltage ) Power Transformers up to 800 k V

as ideal insulating & cooling medium

• Special Low Sulphur and Low Gassing Oils for HVDC Systems
POWEROIL FOR 765 kV AC TRANSFORMERS
One of the many 765 kV Transformers operating with APAR’s High
Grade Naphthenic Transformer Oil POWEROIL TO 1020 60 SNX
POWEROIL Applications : Transformers & Switch Gears

Include wide range of Transformers ( 35 kV to 220 kV )

and Switch Gears

• Furnace Transformers

• Shunt Reactors

• Rectifier Transformers

• Distribution Transformers

• Traction Transformers

• Instrument Transformers

• Switch Gears
 Approvals
OEMs :

Global : ABB - Sweden, Areva T& D - France , Brush Electric -.UK, Daihen Electric –
Japan, Fortune -Taiwan , Hyundai , Pauwels, Siemens - Germany, Wilson
Transformer - Australia, WEG Transformers - Brazil.

India : ABB, ALSTOM, BHEL / Bharat Bijilee /Crompton Greaves / EMCO / SIEMENS /
TELK / TOSHIBA/ Transformers & Rectifiers / Voltamp
Utilities :

Global : ESKOM -South Africa ,Energy Australia /Country Energy / Powerlink - Australia,
MEW - Oman / Kuwait , SEC - Saudi Arabia, TEIAS -Turkey, TNB - Malaysia.
India : NHPC / NPCIL / NTPC / POWERGRID / State Electricity Companies
Reliance / Sterlite / Adani / Lanco
Test Labs :

AKADEMMASH - Moscow , Russia , Dobles - U.S.A , KEMA - Netherland ,

LABORELEC - Belgium , Powerlink / Enerserve / TJH2b - Australia , eNZoil - New
Zealand, TPC - Taiwan, CPRI / ERDA - India
Transformer Oil - Equivalent Grades

Sr. Type Meeting Standard APAR NYNAS SHELL

No POWEROIL NYTRO DIALA
1. Uninhibited IEC 60296 Genl. Spec. TO 1020 60 U LIBRA D

2. Uninhibited IEC 60296 Genl. Spec. TO 1020 60 U TAURUS D

3. Uninhibited BS 148 Class II TO 1020 BU B,M,

Shell 4610
4. Trace Inhibited IEC 60296 Genl. Spec. TO 1020 60 UT

5. Trace Inhibited ASTM D 3487 Type I TO 1020 AUT ORION I A

( Old) 10 XN
6. Trace Inhibited ASTM D 3487 Type I TO 1020 AUT LEO I A
( Old ) 10 XN
7. Trace Inhibited IEC 60296 Spcl. Appln. TO 1020 60 HT 4000 A

8. Inhibited ASTM D 3487 Type II TO 1020 AUX ORION II AX

11 GBX - US
9. Inhibited ASTM D 3487 Type II TO 1020 AUX LEO II AX
11 GBX
Transformer Oil - Equivalent Grades

Sr. Type Meeting Standard APAR NYNAS SHELL

No POWEROIL NYTRO DIALA

10. Inhibited CAN / CSA Class B Type II TO 1020 AUX BEAR

11. Inhibited CAN / CSA Class A Type II TO 1020 AUX LYN X

( Negative Gassing ) ( - ve Gassing )

12. Inhibited IEC 60296 Special Application TO 1020 60 SNX 10 XN S 3 ZX - 1

13. Inhibited IEC 60296 Special Application TO 1020 60 SNX LYRA X S 3 ZX - 1
4000 X
14. Inhibited IEC 60296 Special Application TO 1020 60 SNX GEMINI X S 3 ZX - 1

15. Inhibited BS 148 Class II A TO 1020 BUX BX , MX

16. Inhibited IEC 60296 General Specification TO 1020 60 UX GX
( Negative Gassing ) ( - ve Gassing )
17. Inhibited IEC 60296 General Specification TO 1020 60 UX 10 GBX DX
Location Advantage

TURKEY

• Supply points at
Bulk Storage
& Distribution

strategic locations
INDIA
Manufacturing
• Easy availability Rabale -Thane
Silvassa- DNH
AUSTRALIA
Bulk Storage
& Distribution
and logistics

SOUTH
AFRICA MIDDLE
Bulk Storage EAST SINGAPORE
& Upcoming Marketing
Distribution Manufac- office
-turing

Apar’s International Facilities for Bulk Storage and Distribution.

Apar’s Strengths

 Largest supplier to POWERGRID since its inception and also to other

leading utilities like NTPC,NHPC, NPCIL and SEBs.

 Preferred supplier to all large Transformer manufacturers in India

such as ABB, Alstom, Siemens, Bharat Bijlee, BHEL, Crompton Greaves,
EMCO,TELK , Transformers & Rectifiers and others.

 APAR’s Transformer Oils are accepted on par with leading international

brands in more than 80 countries world over.

 An ideal indigenous source for quality oils to PGCIL’s ambitious

programme for EHV, UHV and HVDC Transmission.

Apar has emerged as a strong local supplier to ensure cost economics

and better level of service with high quality oils.
 Apar - A Dependable Partner
A well established company with fully integrated Specialty Oils business.

• Regional presence in India, Middle East, South Africa, Turkey, Europe,

Far East, Australia and New Zealand - Location logistic advantage.

• Long term business tie - ups for continuous quality raw material supply.

• ISO 9001 - 2008 & ISO 14001 – 2004 certified manufacturing facilities.

• Product rationalization capabilities - Range includes products of all latest Standards.

• NABL Approved Laboratory - ISO 17025 testing facilities.

• OHSAS 18001 : 2007 certified Health & Safety System.

• Flexibility to adopt new Technologies and Developments.

• Technical expertise in the field for over four decades.

• Good understanding of customer’s requirements.