VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 1

Course Module

Module 1-2 Introduction of Art

Welcome to the first module on the Visual Arts

It is believed that life is how you make it and that the quality of one’s life can

be developed, enriched and made productive through finer things in life is

limitless and that we only to exert time and effort for the arts to work for us.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1) Define what Art is.

2) Identify the purposes of art.

3) Recognize and analyze the role of humanities in man’s life and the general

view of the arts

What is Art?

It refers to arts- visual arts such as architecture, painting, and sculpture;

music, dance, theater or drama and literature. They are branches of learning

concerned with human thoughts, feelings and relations and how they are

expressed.

Art is not, as the metaphysicians say, the manifestation of some mysterious

idea of beauty or God; it is not, as the aesthetical physiologists say, a game in

which man lets off his excess of stored up energy; it is not the expression of

man’s emotions by external signs; it is not the production of pleasing objects.

According to Wikipedia Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging

elements in a way that appeals to the sense or emotions. It encompasses a

diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression including

music and literature.

Purposes of Art

Many philosophers have argued that art serves no function and that is

existing for its own sake. In fact, several Filipino artists like Jose Garcia Villa

shared in this belief. On the other hand, some have asserted that there is

something about the essence of art that transcends the human occupation

with usefulness. Others have held that there is the tendency to lose sight of

art’s beauty and wonderment if one analyzes it too closely.

It provides us with the opportunity to examine what it takes and what it

means to be human. It reminds us how inadequate it is to understand

ourselves as automous beings and subjects separate and independent from

all others.

It helps us recognize fundamental values and principles such as beauty, truth,

love, justice, and faith

It develops our capacity for critical thinking and appreciation for cultural

heritage as reflected in different Filipino works of art.

It fosters understanding across barriers of race, class, gender, or ethnicity.

The vision of an artist, a philosopher, or a historian is a special one that helps

us to better understand who we are and what sort of life might be a good life

to lead.

It helps us address the challenges we face together in our families, our

communities and our nation and it emphasizes the dignity and worthiness of

every human being.

Role of Humanities in Man’s Life

Humanities can regulate the type of behavior that is considered appropriate

to an individual thus the teaching of humanities is essential in order for one

to gain the knowledge to achieve the status of a cultured man. A cultured

man is perceived as one who is well versed in the arts, in philosophy and the

language. Humanities of our time or the humanistic education of our youth

must deal with the interface between social personhood and personal politics

so that humanities will make art a condition of possibility, like a sword and

plowshare, a spear and pruning hook. It is an active force as we pursue our

life goals.

General View of the Arts

Arts are defined by historical process. The aesthetic standards of art vary

from one culture to another since an ideal beauty is a construct created and

agreed upon people in society so much so that art activities grow out of a

social cultural order. There is no set of aesthetics principles which is good for

all people for all the times.

Art was derived from the Aryan root word “AR” which means to put together,

while still another, while still another origin of the word art came from Latin

“ars” which means ability or skill. Hence, when we try to create dance steps

to a given music or song we are trying to apply our skill and that when it

comes out beautifully because it has unity, balance, evolution, and hierarchy

then it has aesthetic value. A work of art is the product of the imagination of

the artist dependent on the following factors like the material/ medium,

subject, theme, values, influences period, belief inspiration, preparation and

other.

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References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

2. Lucivila L. Marcos,Ph.D, Marilyn B. Ferianiza, Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo,Ph.D, Antonio

Jan Yango,Ph.D (2010) Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts:

Mindshapers Co.,Inc.

3. Linda R. Bascara, Ph.D, Adela T. Avillanoza,M.A- Rex Bookstore Inc.

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/

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Visual Arts 1

Course Module

Module 3 Living with Art

Welcome to the second module on the Visual Arts

Great artworks do not just happen by accident. They take planning, patience,

and knowledge in carefully selecting, combining or contrasting all the visual

elements that would carry the artist’s intended meaning.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1) Identify the Ten Reasons Why art is Indispensable

2) Enumerate the Types of Art

3) Identify the steps to begin an artwork.

The Importance of Art

10 Reasons Why Art is Indispensable

1) Art communicates feelings and emotions expressively and forcefully;

2) It connects people around the world

3) It stimulates our thoughts when recreating the message of the artist

4) It is a great tool for learning

5) It reminds us of people’s selfless actions and nationalism

6) It serves as a source of inspiration and aesthetic pleasure;

7) It makes the surrounding look better and complete

8) It commemorates certain occasions

9) It transforms us into highly cultured and respectable human beings and

10) It makes us human

TYPES OF ART

A. Major Arts

1. Architecture- is the art or science of building specifically the art or

practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable

ones.

2. Dance- is a sport and art form that generally refers to movement of

the body usually rhythmic and used as a form of expression, social

interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.

3) Fashion Design- is the applied art dedicated to clothing and lifestyle

accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific

time

4) Literature- comes from the Latin word littera which means letter. In a
broad sense, it means any written work

5) Music- is an art form whose medium is sound organized in time. Common

elements of music are pitch which governs melody and harmony rhythm,

tempo, meter and articulation, dynamics and the sonic qualities of timbre

and texture.

B. Minor Art

1) Decorative Art- is concerned with design and decoration of object that is

chiefly prized for its utility, rather than for its purely aesthetic qualities

like ceramics, metal ware, furniture, textiles, clothing, and others

2) Graphic Art- refers to the art of drawing or painting or print making

which focuses on visual communication and presentation

3) Industrial Art- is tantamount to practical arts, such as engineering, metal

working or carpentry

4) Plastic Art includes those visual art that involve the use of materials that

can be molded or modulated in some way often in three dimensions clay,

paint and plaster

5) Popular Art- refers to any dance, literature, music, theatre, or other art

form intended to be received and appreciated by ordinary people in a

literate and technologically advanced society dominated by urban

culture.

6) Painting -is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other

medium to a surface like wall, paper, canvas wood and glass

7) Sculpture- It can be defined as the art or practice of creating three

dimensional forms or figures through carving, modeling, and casting

STEPS TO BEGIN AN ARTWORK

1) Conceptualize a good subject

v The first step in making a good art is to conceptualize what you

want to communicate with your intended audience. This would

serve as your starting point.

2) Choose the size you want

v How big do you want to portray your object? The scale of an art

can change its entire feel, so it’s essential to have a purpose for

making artwork larger or smaller than life remembers the size

matters.

3) Create your own crop

v Often the most powerful lines in a work of art are the four things

the most artists don’t even think to control. The edges of your

canvas or paper are responsible for containing and shaping your

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Course Module

final work of art. Why settle for drawing inside somebody else’s

lines.

4) Think about placement

v The way you place shapes on a 2 dimensional surface lend levels of

importance meaning and balance to a piece. The edges of your

canvas or paper are responsible for containing and shaping your

final work of art

5) Control your line

v Any subject you choose will have at least an outline as well as

other lines to give it depth, texture and detail. Our eyes naturally

follow lines so use that to your advantage in capturing the viewers

gaze. Let your lines flow to the center of your work or to spots that

you want the viewer to look at. Angled or curved lines are

generally add more visual interest and movement, but too much

can be chaotic. Horizontals and verticals lend strength solidity and

impressiveness but can be boring.

6) Balance positive and negative space

v Positive space is any object or shape that stands out from the

background and registers to the eyes as something. Negative space

is the background or space around objects. Usually its suggested

that you keep approximately equal amounts of positive and

negative space to make a work feel more balanced.

7) Add Contrast

v Visual art should have a full range of values from dark to light.

Without bright highlights and dark shadows an image will often

fell gray or washed out and will be interesting. Darker areas in

predominantly light section will stand out and draw the eye and

the same is true for the reverse.

8) Simplify distracting element,

v Too many shapes, lines or colors can distract or confuse viewers. If

you want the viewer to notice or return consistently to one part of

the painting simplify the rest of it. Decide what the focus should

be and it your eyes get distracted change it. Another way to

simplifying your art is to get closer to a single object.

9) Choose your colors deliberately

v Bold color will catch attention so use them purposefully where you

want people to look. Any color that all alone surrounded by

another color will make objects closer to the viewer so use them to

create depth and space cold colors blue purple and some green

will cause objects to recede in the distance. When an object in the

back of your painting is too warm it’ll distract from your overall

composition and pull attention where you don’t want it.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 1

Course Module

Module 4 Basic Elements and Principles of Art

Welcome to the third module on the Visual Arts

It is believed that life is how you make it and that the quality of one’s life can

be developed, enriched, and made productive through finer things in life’s is

limitless and that we only have to exert time and effort for the arts to work
for us.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1) Identify the Basic Elements of the Arts

2) Identify the Principles of Art

Basic Elements of the Arts

Subject, medium, line, color, texture, volume, perspective, form and style

Elements of Music

v Rhythm, melody, dynamics, harmony, texture, form, color, style

Elements of Literature

v As to poetry, as to novels, as to short story, as to essay

“What makes any work of art great?”

1) Sincerity- satisfies the questions on whether the artist’s intention is

perfectly honest of if he/she is striving for effect either by sentimentality

or sensation. Subjects of artwork like in the case of “Spoliarum” are

fraught with frustration and sentimentality/

2) Universality- is the quality of artwork that should answer the elements of

truth in the artwork which is something permanent and not just of the

momentary value. Like in the case of the sculpture of Our Lady of Peace of

Edsa. It speaks of man’s universal belief in the power of prayer in fighting

for a cause.

3) Magnitude- is a criterion that tells about the scope and significance of a

work of art. A very good example is the work of Micheleangelo which is

the Sistine Chapel and Juan Luna’s “spolarium. These pieces can be seen

several times and yet one cannot exhaust the depth and extent of its

meaning.
4) Craftmanship- is perceived from the point of viewof a master or a group

of artists who represents a style that reflects period and form of elements

and technical skills.

Principles of Art

Composition is a process- the act of composing or organizing the elements of art.

Artistic composition takes place according to aesthetic principles such as proportion and

scale, unity, balance, and rhythm. Through the use of these principles of organization,

beautiful works are created by artists.

1) Proportion- is the comparative relationship of the parts of or composition to

each other and to the whole. Much of classical Greek Parthenon was constructed

according to the principle of the golden section, which states that a small part

must relate to a larger part as the lager part relates to the whole.

Scale- is the relative size of an object compared with others of its kind, its

setting, or human dimensions.

2) Unity/Harmony- is oneness or wholeness. A work of art achieves unity when its

parts are necessary to the composition. In the visual arts, it is achieved by

establishing a pleasing relationship between the different elements. There is

unity and harmony if the various parts of a design will give an appearance of

belonging together.

Organic Unity and Unity in Variety. This means that each element in a work of

art is necessary to its value. It must be unified and must “hang together” as one

entity. Each element of the art used is essential to the work.

Repetition of angles and curves, shapes, lines and color will give a harmonious

effect. If overdone though, repetition may become monotonous and it may fail to

hold the attention and interest of observers.

3) Balance- A work of art possesses balance when its visual or actual weights or

masses are distributed in such a way that they achieve harmony. Balance gives a

feeling of stability and rest

Balance may either be formal or informal

Formal Balance- It is also called symmetrical balance. This is achieved by

making both sides exactly alike. Objects of the same size and shape when

arranged on two sides of center will produce formal balance.

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Informal or asymmetrical balance – It is called occult balance. It is more

difficult to achieve than formal balance however, the results are more

interesting. It is achieved when objects of unequal weight or unequal attractions

are placed at object with a stronger attraction is placed near the center while the

smaller object or the one with less striking attraction is moved farther out from

the center.

4) Rhythm-is the regular repetition of sensory impressions. A series of units

repeated one after another produces rhythmic movement. Rhythmical pattern

help the eye to move easily from one part of the room to another or from one

part of a design to another. Therefore, rhythm helps to create harmony in a

design or a room. It is used as the most effective way of creating aesthetic unity

in prose, music, dance, painting, architecture and sculpture.

5) Emphasis- means giving the proper importance to the parts or to the whole.

Emphasis is the most noticeable in the art of advertising. The aim is to call

attention to a particular product or object. It is therefore necessary to emphasize

one feature in an advertisement so that it will stand out from the rest.

Color is also used to create emphasis. Contrast of colors can be used to produce a

center of interest. A black object placed against a white background will easily

catch the attention. A brightly colored accessory like a belt or a brooch used with

a dress of neutral color catches more attention than we used with a dress of

intense color. Emphasis is important because it relieves monotony. It can also be

used to call attention to pleasing center of interest.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

2. Lucivila L. Marcos,Ph.D, Marilyn B. Ferianiza, Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo,Ph.D, Antonio

Jan Yango,Ph.D (2010) Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts:

Mindshapers Co.,Inc.

3. Linda R. Bascara, Ph.D, Adela T. Avillanoza,M.A- Rex Bookstore Inc.

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 1

Course Module

Module 6-9 Art and Artisans: Production Process,

Medium, Technique, Curation

Welcome to the six module on the Art Appreciation.

In the Art Appreciation, it helps to develop students’ personal artistic styles,

artistic techniques for the different art medium and the ability and evaluate

great art.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1. Value the true meaning of Arts Medium and Techniques

2. Enumerate the basis of medium

3. Enumerate the mediums of visual arts, sculpture, and music

Definition of Medium

The word medium, which comes from the Latin word medium, denotes

the means by which an artist communicates his idea. It is the stuff out of

which he creates a work of art. These are the materials which the artist

uses to translate his feelings or thought into a beautiful reality. This may

be pigment in painting, stone, wood brick, concrete and various building

materials in architecture, steel, marble, bronze, and wood in sculpture,

sound in music and words in literature.

On the basis of medium, the arts are primarily classified as: Visual and

Auditory.

Visual- The visual or spaces are those whose mediums can be seen and

which occupy space. These are grouped into two classes. The first is the

dimensional or two dimensional arts which include painting, drawing

printmaking, and photography. The community planning, industrial

design and the crafts like ceramics and furniture making

Auditory- or time arts are those mediums that can be heard and which are

expressed in time. These are music and literature. The combined arts are
those whose mediums can be both seen and heard, and these exist in both

space and time.

The Artist and His Mediums

The artist thinks feels and gives shape to his vision in terms of his mediums. When an artist

chooses his medium, he believes that this can best express the idea he wants t convey. Most

often an artist employs more than one medium to give meaning to his creative production.

Oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium depends entirely on the artist himself since

this is a part of the artistic inspiration. The distinctive character of the medium determines

the way it can be worked on and turned into a work of art. The nature of each medium

determines how a work of art may be realized.

Definition of Technique

Technique is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired

effect. It is the ability with which he fulfills the technical requirement s of his particular

work of art. It has to do with the way he manipulates the work of art. It has to do with the

way he manipulates his medium to express his ideas. Apparently, artists differ from one

another in technique even if they use the same medium..

The Mediums of Visual Arts

Watercolor- as a medium is difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and

rich tones. While changes may be made once the paint has been applied such changes

normally tend to make the color less luminous. This defect however are rendered by

watercolor artists through some techniques

An example is the method of gouache, an opaque watercolor painting the major effects of

which are caused by the whitepaper itself. The gouache, is done by mixing zinc white with

the regular watercolor paints to tone them down giving the appearance of sobriety suitable

for dramatic purposes

Fresco- This is the painting on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a

limewater mixture. The colors dry into plaster, and the picture becomes a part of the wall.

Fresco must be done quickly because it is an exacting medium

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Tempera- paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore. They are

often used as a binder due to its film forming properties and rapid drying rate.

Pastel- This is a stick of dried paste mage of pigments ground with chalk and compounded

with gum water. Its colors are luminous, and it is a very flexible medium. Some artists use a

fixing medium or a protecting surface such a glass, but when the chalk rubs, the picture

loses some of its brilliance.

Encaustic- This is one of the early mediums used by the Egyptians for the painted portrait

on mummy cases. This is done by painting with wax colors fixed with heat. Painting with

wax produces luster and radiance in the subject making them appear at their best in

portraits.

Oil- painting is one of the most expensive art activities today because of the prohibitive

cost of materials. In oil painting, pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to the

canvas. One good quality of oil paint as a medium is its flexibility. The artist may use brush,

palette knife or even his bare hands when applying paint in his canvass. In some cases we

do not even notice the artist’s strokes because the paint is applied very smoothly. One

distinctive characteristic of oil paints, compared with other mediums, is that they dry

slowly and the painting may be changed and worked over a long period of time. Painting

done in oil is glossy and lasts long.

Acrylic- This medium is used popularly by contemporary painters because of the

transparency and quick drying characteristics of water color and the flexibility of oil

combined. This synthetic paint is mixed with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating the

surface of the artwork. Acrylic paints do not tend to break easily, unlike oil paints which

turn yellowish or darker over a long of period of time.

Mosaic- art is a picture or decoration made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass

called “tesserae” which most often are cut in into squares glued on a surface with plaster or

cement. Mosaic is usually classified as painting. Although the medium used is not strictly

pigment. Mosaic art is an important feature of Byzantine churches. A prominent religious

artwork in Manila done in mosaic is found in the altar of Sta. Cruz Church showing a

wounded white lamb, symbolizing Christ, with a stream that flows down directly to the

tabernacle

Stained Glass- as an artwork is common in Gothic Cathedrals and churches. This is made

by combining many small pieces of colored glass which are held together by bands of lead.

Tapestry – This is a fabric consisting of a warp upon which colored threads are woven by

hand to produce a design, often pictorial and for wall hangings and furniture covering.

During the middle Ages, they were hung on the walls of palaces and in Cathedrals on festive

occasions to provide warmth.

Drawing- is usually done on paper, using pencil pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most

fundamental of all skills necessary in the arts.

Drawing can be done with different kinds of mediums and the most common is pencil

which comes in different degrees of hardness or softness, with the pencil lead (graphite)

depending on the kind of drawing the artists will undertake. For line work, hard pencil lead

is applied. Ink, one of the oldest mediums still in use, offers a great variety of qualities,

depending on the tools and techniques used in applying the ink on the surface.

Bistre- is a brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and often used in pen and
wash drawings.

Crayons- are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks used for drawing

especially among children in the elementary grade. They adhere better on paper surface.

Charcoal- These are carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or other organic

substances in the absence of air. Charcoal is used in representing broad masses of light and

shadow. Like drawing pencil, soft charcoal produces the darkest value, while the darkest

produces the lightness tone.

Silverpoint- In this medium, the artist has technique of drawing with a silver stylus on

specially prepared paper to produce a thin grayish line that was popular during the

Renaissance period.

Print making- a print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from a

duplicating process. Ordinarily, the painting or graphic image, is done in black ink on white

paper and becomes the artist’s plate.

Five Major Types of Prints

1) Woodcut

v As the name implies, this is made from a piece of wood. The design stands as a

relief, the remaining surface of the block being cut away. A woodblock prints just

as do the letters of a typewriter. The lines of the design are wood, so they are

very fine. Woodcuts can be identified because of their firm, clear and black lines.

2) Engraving

v This is the art of forming designs by cutting, corrosion by acids. In engraving, the

lines of the designs are cut into a metal plate with ink and transferred from the

plate to the paper. The lines of an engraving are cut by hand with an instrument

called burin, a steel tool with an oblique point and rounded handle for carving

stone and engraving metal.

3) Intaglio

v Is a printing process in which the design or the text is engraved into the surface

of the place and the ink is transferred to paper from the groover. The design is

engraved or etched into a metal plate.

4) Stencil Printing

v Is a very common art activity done by high school students these days as a part

of their practical arts courses. It is a process which involves the cutting of the

design on special paper cardboard or metal sheet in such a way that when ink is

rubbed over it, the design is reproduced on the surface.

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5) Relief

v Involves the cutting away from a block of wood or linoleum the parts of the

design that the artist wants to be seen. Leaving the portion of a design to stand

out wants to be seen, leaving the portion of a design to stand out on a block or on

the linoleum. The apparent projection of parts of the design gives the

appearance of the third dimension. Color prints are made by preparing a

separate block for each color to be used. It is important that only the parts to be

printed with precision are on the proper area

The Mediums of Sculpture

There are a number of materials available for a sculpture to work with according to the

artists interest in the subject- stone, marble, jade, and granite, to name a few. Each of them

presents an interesting motivation to challenge the sculptor’s creativity.

Stone- is the hard substance formed from mineral and earth material. The finish is granular
and dull in appearance. These are normally used for gravestones in cemeteries.

Granite- is a granular igneous rock composed of feldopars and quartz, usually combined

with other minerals and is quite difficult to chisel. This is good for large works with only a

few designs.

Marble- is limestone in a more or less crystalline state and is capable of taking a high

polish, occurring in many varieties. It is easier to carve than granite

Jade- is a fine, colorful stone usually green, and used widely in Ancient China. It is highly

esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashioning jewelry.

Ivory- which comes from the main parts of the tasks of elephants is the hard white

substance use to make carvings and billiards balls. In the home of some well to do families

in the Philippines, faces and hands of images of saints are made of ivory. The bodies are

made of wood, carved and painted.

Metals- include any of a class of elementary substances as gold, silver or copper all of

which are characterized by capacity, ductility, conductivity and peculiar luster when

freshly fractured. Traditionally, the metals that have been the medium for sculpture are

copper, brass, bronze, gold, silver, and lead. Aluminum is a recent addition to the list

Bronze is another by product of metal consisting of copper and tin with color and is one of

the most universally popular metals for sculpture. Bronze as a material is strong, durable

and resistant to any atmospheric corrosion.

Brass -an alloy of copper and zinc is not popularly used by artists because of its limitations

as a medium. Although it has many practical uses, brass does not rust and it takes a brilliant

polish.

Copper – which has a peculiar brilliance, is used as a costing medium. This is basically

shaped by hammering. It can into relief forms.

Gold and Silver- are used as casting materials for small objects like medals, coins and
pieces of jewelry. Because they are quite expensive, they are used for either personal

accessories or religious adornments.

Lead- a bluish gray metal is used for casting and forging. With the help of a welding torch

iron, it can be worked into a variety of unique and exciting forms.

Plaster – is a composition of lime, sand and water. Plaster is worked on an armature of

metal wires and rods in addition to various materials and fibers. This is applied on walls

and ceilings and allowed to harden and dry. The medium is used extensively for making

manikins, models, molds, architectural decorations and other indoor sculpture.

Clay- is a natural earthy material that has the nature of plasticity when wet, consisting

essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum used for making bricks and ceramics.

Glass- is a medium that is hard, brittle, noncrystalline, more or less transparent substances

produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates and

contains soda and lime.

Wood- as a medium is perhaps easier to carve than any other mediums available because it

can be intricately carved and subjected into a variety of treatment not possible with stone.

The Mediums of Music

Basically, music deals with sound. The medium of music is the sound. The medium of music

is the sound produced by man and the human voice and by most musical instruments. The

musical instruments which have a vibrator, a resonator and a system for producing and

regulating fixed pitches are grouped into four main types- stringed, woodwind, brass and

percussion instruments.

Stringed Instruments

v The violin is the smallest of the stringed instruments and has the highest pitch.

v The cello is much larger than the violin and has longer, thicker and heavier strings

v The viola and violin are played by tucking the instrument under the chin of the
musicians when they are playing

v The cello is bigger than the violin and the viola it resets on the floor when it is

played. The large protruding pin at its base holds it firmly on the floor

v The double bass is the longest of the string instruments and has the lowest pitch.

The distinguishing feature of the string instruments is that the smaller the size, the

higher is its pitch and the larger it is lower is its pitch.

v The Harps one of the oldest string instruments consisting of a triangular frame

formed by a sound box, a pillar and curved neck, and having strings that are

stretched between the sound box and the neck are plucked with fingers

v The guitar is a stringed musical instrument with a long fretted neck a flat somewhat

violin-like body and has six strings which are plucked

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Woodwinds

The wind instruments consist of tubes usually made of wood which have holes on the sides.

When one or another of these holes is opened or closed, air inside the tube is changed, thus

producing tones of varied pitches. The keys are set and arranged to suit the natural

position of the fingers of the musician while he plays the instrument

v The Flute is a musical wind instrument consisting o a tube with a series of finger

holes or keys in which the wind is directed against a sharp edge. The flute produces

a melodious sound, and so it often plays solo parts in orchestral compositions in a

concert

v The Clarinet is a woodwind instrument in the form of a cylindrical tube with a

single reed attached to its mouthpiece. It has a wide range and usually plays the alto
part when the flute plays the melody.

v The Piccolo is a small flute, sounding an octave higher than the ordinary flute

v The oboe is a wood wind instrument having a slender conical body and a double

reed mouthpiece. The tone of the oboe is nasal

v The Bassoon is a larger woodwind instrument of low range with a doubled tube and

a curved metal crook to which a double reed is attached.

v The Saxophone is a musical wind instrument consisting of a conical, usually brass

tube with keys or valves and mouthpiece with one reed. This musical instrument is

not a regular member of the orchestra

Brass Instruments

The brass instruments consist of cylindrical brass tubes of varying length.

v The trumpet is a brass instrument with a powerful, penetrating tone, consisting

of a tube commonly curved once or twice around on it and having a cup shaped

mouthpiece at one end and bell at the other. Because of its piercing tone when

played, it is associated with martial pomp.

v The horn is a wind instrument originally formed from the hollow horn of an

animal but now usually made of brass or other metals

v The trombone is a musical wind instrument consisting of a cylindrical metal

tube expanding into a bell and bent twice in U shape, usually equipped with a

slide

v The tuba is the bass of the brass choir. It is also a valued brass wind instrument

having a low range.

Percussion Instruments

The word percussion simply means the striking of one body against another with

some sharpness. The striking or tapping or scratching of the instrument with the
hand generates some excitement ad enlivens the orchestral sound.

v The chimes is a musical instrument consisting of a set of slabs of metals

which produce musical tones when struck

v The glockenspiel is a musical instrument composed of a set of graduated

steel bars mounted in a frame and struck with hammers and used especially

in bands

v The cymbal is a concave plate of brass or bronze that produces a sharp,

ringing sound when struck played either in pairs, by being struck together or

simply by being struck by a drumstick

v The xylophone is a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of

wooden bars, usually sounded by striking with small wooden bars usually

sounded by striking with small wooden hammers

v The Kettledrum is a drum consisting of a hallow hemisphere of brass or

copper over which is stretched a skin

v The percussion instruments can produce tones of different and definite

pitches.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/
VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 1

Course Module

Module 11 Elements and Principles of Different

Arts

Welcome to the eleven module on the Art Appreciation

It is believed that life is how you make it and that the quality of one’s life can

be developed, enriched, and made productive through finer things in life’s is

limitless and that we only have to exert time and effort for the arts to work

for us.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1. Enumerate the Elements of the Visual Arts

2. Enumerate the Properties and Classification of Colors

3. How Light determines color

4. Value the mystery of color perception and uses of the Art Elements

Elements of Visual Arts

The materials the artist uses in creating a work of art are the medium and the elements

put together. An element of art can only be seen in some medium. This element is

independent of the medium for instance a pencil line or an ink line. The medium is the

physical means through which we can come into contact with a work

Line- as an element it is the simplest, most ancient and most universal means for

creating visual art. A line is a prolongation of a point. As a prolongation it may be

straight or curved according to its direction. Line may be broad thin or fine or ragged.

Value (Light and Dark)- Value is the relative degree of lightness and darkness in a
graphic work of art or painting. It indicates the degree of luminosity that is the presence

or absence of light. In a value scale, white is considered as the highest value, and black,

the lowest a point halfway between them is called the medium. The point halfway

between medium and black is classified as dark. It is the transition between lightness

and darkness in an object. It is value which gives the impression of solidity

Light and Shadow- Light and shadow, known as chiaroscuro, from the Italian word for

light and dark is different from value. Light and shadow is a means of modeling a figure

in depth, a means of articulating the form.

Form- This is the external appearance of a clearly defined area. It is the visual shape

of an object or thing found in nature. Forms are used to describe simple objects and

determine the structure of these objects. Some forms are natural, abstract, nonobjective or
geometric. Natural Forms are those we see in nature shapes of leaves,

animals, trees and mountains. Some buildings look like geometric solids. Some

examples are the pyramids the cylindrical towers and box like edifices. Geometric

shapes are evident in these buildings.

Color- is the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by it,

and usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation and brightness

of the reflected light. It is a series of wave lengths which strike out retina. Every ray

of light coming from the sun is composed of different waves which vibrate at

different speeds.

Texture- is the surface treatment of an artistic work in order to give variety and

beauty to any work of art. The sense of sight and the sense of touch are involved.

They are the smooth and the rough. Variations in texture of objects, buildings and

structures help avoid a monotonous effect.

Space- is an art element which is concerned with making all parts functional so that

all parts of the work of art will contribute to make the whole a complete work of art.
Space exists as “illusion” in the graphic presentation.

Properties of Color

Hue- This is the particular identity of a color. The principal hues are red, yellow and

blue. This is classified into warm and cool. Color is said to be warm when red or

yellow is dominant and cool when blue is the dominant color.

Value- This term is applied to denote the lightness and darkness of a color. Colors

can be made darker by making the pigments thicker, adding black, or adding a little

of its complement. Colors can be made lighter by adding water or oil or white.

Intensity- This is the term to denote the brightness and dullness of a color. Colors

differ in intensity or vividness. Two colors may both be violet, one just as dark as the

other, but one may be more intense than the other. Powder blue is a dulled blue, old

rose is a dulled red. When a hue is found in its most vivid form, it is said to be in full

intensity. A hue completely neutralized loses its color and becomes gray.

Classification of Colors

The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. These are called primary colors

because all other colors are produced by combining any of the two colors.

The secondary colors are green, violet, and orange. These colors can be produced

by mixing any two of the primary colors.

The intermediate colors can be produced by mixing in equal amounts primary and

secondary colors. These colors are yellow orange, red orange, red violet, blue violet,

blue green and yellow green.

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 3

Course Module

The tertiary colors can be produced by combining in equal mixture any two
secondary such as orange yellow, violet green, and orange green.

Black is the darkest and the dullest of the deep. It is only considered a color when

mixed with other colors. It is only considered a color when mixed with other colors.

It suggests despair, gloom, death and, mourning.

Blue is the color of the sky and of the deep. It gives the impression of vastness and

infinity. It is a symbol of tranquility, calmness and peace.

Gray is the combination of black and white or the three primary colors. It gives the

impression of weight, solidity and neutrality.

Green is the color of still water and vegetation. It is a symbol of growth, freshness

and hope.

Orange is a combination of red and yellow. This color symbolizes deliciousness and

sweetness.

Pink is a combination of red and white symbolizes love

Red is a basic color. It typifies fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery, war, passion,

energy, and warmth.

Violet is a mixture of red and blue. It suggests shadows, mourning, penance, rovalty

and power.

White when taken independently is not considered a color. It is the lightest of all

colors. It symbolizes simplicity, clarity, purity, and peace.

Yellow is the color of light. This is the color which is often mistaken as a color of

jealousy. It symbolizes life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness, warmth, splendor and

hospitality.

Yellow green is the kind of color which is hurting to the eyes and which is hurting to

the eyes and which makes one appear darker. It is a color appropriate for those with

fair complexions.
Brown is a mixture red and a little green. It is said to the safest color for all. It

suggests humility and confidence.

Warm colors seem to advance while cool one seems to recede. The warm colors

give the illusion, under certain conditions, that they are closer to us than the cool

colors, and some artists have exploited this quality to deepen or flatten space in

their works.

Color harmony is the correct combination and arrangement of colors so that they

will appear pleasing to the eyes.

Monochromatic harmony employs only one color with its tints and shades. An

example is red. Harmonizing with it are red, medium red, and dark red

Analogous harmony is the use of colors which possess one common color in all

their mixture. These colors are found near each other in the color chart. An example

is orange, red- orange and yellow orange.

How Light Determines Color

With good reason, a woman buying a dress will often take it out into daylight to see

the true colors. She usually finds that any re in the fabric is far more pronounced in

sunlight than under the fluorescent lamps which concentrate much of their energy

in the blue wavelengths of the spectrum, while the energy of sunlight is distributed

evenly through the spectrum, thus giving the fabric sufficient red light to reflect.

A more exaggerated color change occurs on a highway lit by sodium vapor lamps.

These lamps emit nearly all the energy at two wavelengths of the spectrum while

the energy at two wave lengths of the spectrum.

The Mystery of Color Perception

Isaac Newton first speculated on how colors are perceived and yet the phenomenon

of seeing in color which man shares with a number of other animals, including apes,
goldfish and bees is only now beginning to be clearly understood.

It has been a major problem that color vision involves a physiological process,

whereby light energy is transformed into color signals to the brain, and

physiological process, by which the brain interprets the signals. An early theorist,

Thomas Young could present a satisfactory explanation of color vision as purely

physiological action, in which a combination of three primary colors is sufficient to

create any hue.

Uses of the Art Elements

Symbols- These are made up of different shapes used to depict or symbolize

objects. Objects are simplified so that only the prominent part is represented.

Pictures- The use of the art elements gives the difference of how pictures are being

represented. The conservative artists represent things. Exactly as he sees them in

nature while a modernists tries to interpret nature as he feels it.

Emotion- are expressed by the different elements which symbolize or suggest

feelings i.e. despair, mourning, hope, love, passion, hate, anger, fear, and actions like

conflict, struggle, crying, violence, kissing and laughing.

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 5

Course Module

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b
2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/

Module 12 Art History

Welcome to the thirteen module on the Art Appreciation

Art may be considered one of the earliest activities of man.

Man could draw long before he could write. We have no record

of how man spoke 20,000 years ago, but we do know how he

used drawing to communicate certain ideas.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

• Examine the History of Art from the Prehistoric Period to

the Contemporary Society.

• Enumerate the Styles of Art

Baroque Art

The baroque style of architecture prevailed in Europe during

the 17th and 18th centuries and was characterized by elaborate

and grotesque forms and ornamentations. In painting, this is

characterized by movement, energy and restleness.

The compositions of baroque painting employs diagonal and

zigzag lines that best express the vitality and movement

quality of the baroque art

Gothic Art

This style of architecture originated in the middle of the

century. It is characterized by pointed arch and ribbed vault.

The Gothic Cathedral with its high pointed spiral striving

upwards to the sky illustrates the symbol and expression of

faith. All the important features of the structure served to

emphasize its verticality.

Modern Art

Modern art is characterized by contemporary styles of visual

art, music and literature. It rejects traditionally accepted or

sanctioned forms and emphasizes individual experimentation

and sensibility. This modern art is the result of various social

factors at the turn of the century that saw the marked

advancement of science and technology.

Styles of Art

Expressionism

Is a manner of painting and sculpturing in which natural forms

and colors are distorted and exaggerated this style of art,

which developed in the 20th century is characterized chiefly by

heavy, often black lines that define form, sharply contrasting

often vivid colors and subjective treatment of thematic

materials.

Surrealism

Is a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th

century, stressing the subconscious or non-rational

significance of imagery at automatism or the exploitation of

change effects, unexpected juxtapositions and symbolic

objects.

Realism
Is another style of art whose interest and concern centered on

the actual or real problems. It delves on the treatment of forms,

colors, space, as they appear in actuality or ordinary visual

experience. Realism is associated with social consciousness

and transformation occurring during the period. American

society was then suffering from economic depression and

moral decadence.

Realistic paintings

In which form and content try to make a moving human

message are works of artists who are highly sensitive people,

feeling and living with their society and finding art a vehicle for

communicating significant human experience that will

transform human values essential to a truly humane society.

Impressionism

Is a style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th

century, characterized by short brisk strokes of bright colors

used to recreate the impression of light on objects. In literature

this is a practice that emphasizes immediate aspects of objects

or actions without exhaustive examination

Cubism

Is a style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20th

century characterized chiefly by an emphasis on the formal

structure of a work of art and the reduction of natural forms of

their geometrical equivalent.

Abstract
Is conceived apart from any concrete realities, or specific

objects. It pertains to the formal aspect of art emphasizing

lines, colors, and generalized geometric forms. This kind of art

is a logical extension of cubism with its fragmentation of the

object.

Renaissance Art

Renaissance was the period of economic progress where cities

were built. The term Renaissance came from the French

language meaning rebirth. In this period, another word was

created for man. There was a classical learning in the study of

the ancient greek and roman texts. The period stirred

enthusiasm for the philosophy and artistic values of the

ancients. The ideals of classicism balance, harmony, proportion

and intellectual order became the artistic standard of the time.

Painting and Sculpture

An important characteristic of the period was the spirit of

scientific inquiry and investigation. This new and vital

approach to the materials world led to empiricism, which lay

on the evidence of the senses. The artists strove for a more

naturalistic portrayal of man and developed new techniques

such as modeling shading for a three dimensional effect.

Architecture

Is the art and science of building when one speaks of

architecture it would always by associated with houses,

churches, commercial buildings or any other structures.

Architecture is the art and science of designing and building

structures or large groups of structures in keeping with

aesthetic and functional criteria.

The Styles of Architecture

Egyptian Architecture 3,200 B.C to First Century A.D

The gigantic scale which distinguishes Egyptian Architecture

was made possible not only by the materials, but also by the

methods of quarrying, transporting and raising enormous

blocks of stones into position. Quarrying was done with copper

tools and by the use of timber wedges which, when swollen by

water, split the blocks away from the natural rock. The

outstanding feature of the religion of the Egyptians was their

strong belief in a future state hence the erection of such

everlasting monuments as pyramids for the preservation of the

dead.

Greek Architecture 350- 30 B.C

• Hellenic Period 650-323 B.C

Although temples were then the chief building type, the

earliest resembled the Aegean megaron in plan and in

having timber laced, sun- dried brick walls, stucco covered,

on stone dadocs, timber embraced portals (the origin of the

door architrave), narrowing a little towards the top, timber

antae or upright protecting the free ends of the naos wall

where they embraced the pronaos or porch and a low

pitched roof showing pediments or gables over the narrow

ends.

• Hellenistic Period (323-30 B.C)

This period provided much of the decorative inspiration of

some Roman building types. Greek Hellenic architecture

had mostly benn of a religious character, but from the

fourth century B.C onwards, public buildings multiplied in

type and number and passed into permanent form.

Roman Architecture 300 B.C- A.D 365

The Romans adopted the columnar and trabeated style of the

Greeks, and also developed the arch and the vault from the

beginnings made by the Etruscans. This combined use of

column, beam and arch is the keynote of the Roman style in its

earliest stages.

The Romans added as fourth and fifth orders of Architecture

the Tuscan and the composite order the first three orders

being Ionic, Doric and Corinthian

Romanesque Architecture

The Romanesque style of the tenth to the twelfth centuries was

remarkable for the tentative use of a new constructive

principle, the deliberate articulation of structure, in which each

construction part played a designed role in establishing

equilibrium. The general character of the Romanesque style is

sober and dignified, while formal massing depends on the

grouping of towers and the projection of transepts and choir.

The character depends on the employment of vaulting, based

initially on Roman methods.

Byzantine Architecture 5th Century to the Present

Day

The character of Byzantine Architecture, which dates from the

fifth century to the present day, determined by the novel

development of the dome to cover polygonal and square plans

for churches tombs and baptisteries

The practice of using a domical system of roof construction is

in strong contrast to the early Christian timber tussles. It may

be broadly stated that the Basilican type of plan belongs to

early Christian architecture and the domed centralized type of

plan to the Byzantine.

Early Christian Architecture 313-800

The early Christians, as Roman craftsmen, continued old

roman traditions, but prosperity was declining and it was

natural that the materials from Roman temples had become

useless for their original purposes. Further in their churches,

modeled on Roman basilicas they used old columns which, by

various devices were brought to a uniform height.

On this account, although extremely interesting from an

archaeological point of view, early Christian buildings hardly

have the architectural value of a style produced by the solution

of constructive buildings. Basilican churches had either closely

spaced column carrying the entablature. The Basilican church

with three or five aisles covered by a simple timber roof, is

typical of the early Christian style

Islamic Architecture 7th Century to the Present Day

Islamic Architecture is a product of a major historic event the

rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no

architectural tradition and the conquest synthesis of styles

under one philosophy- but in many different circumstances.

Islamic Architecture is fundamentally centered upon god. At its

heart is the mosque and inward looking building where the

prime purpose is contemplation and prayer

Renaissance Architecture 15th to 19th Century

Architecture during the Renaissance was brought to the

construction of aristocratic residences, or palazzos, as well as

churches. Usually three stories high, they were symmetrical,

with flat rusticated façade and regular ornamentation. This

generally consisted of arches above the windows and between

them at regular intervals, flat columns called pilasters with

capitals from the classical orders. The long straight line of the

roof strengthened the massive, horizontal emphasis of the

structure.

The Early Period 1494-1589

The special character of this transitional period lies in the

combination of gothic and renaissance features to form a

picturesque ensemble such as the flying buttresses or

pinnacles. The principal buildings in this period were castles in

the countries around Paris and on the Louvre. The influence of

traditional Gothic craftsmanship was more pronounced in

France.

The Classical Period 1589-1715

This period is notable for the dignity, sobriety, and masculine

quality of its foremost buildings, resulting from the

subordination of plan, composition and detail and the unity of

the whole, and the charity and simplicity with which the

elements were used.

There is a descent from the classical grandeur of the previous

ewra, particularly marked in domestic planning and in interior

decoration

Modern /International Architecture

The asymmetrical plan, evident only at first in domestic

architecture, the house growing organically out of its internal

requirements, seems to have originated with architects later to

be associated with the arts and crafts movement in England

1887 and whose ideas were also absorbed by the young Frank

Lloyd.

Theatre

The drama is an art form in which the performers act a story to

the audience. It is a combination of different arts.

In ancient Greece, the drama began as the worship of the god of

wine, Dionysus. From this, classical Greek drama developed

written by poets and musicians like Aeschylus and Sophocles.

A kind of play was performed in China more than 3,000 years

ago. When the seasons changed young men and women from

different villages met at places where rivers joined and sang

danced and acted in praise of the gods.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

• Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the

Stage. Iligan City: MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology,

Mindanao State University

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

• http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

• http://www.sbctc.edu

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sacartappreciation/part/context-and-perspectives/

Module 13a Soul Making

At the end of this module you are expected to:

• Define What is Soul Making

• Identify the word metaphor in soul making

• Recognize Soul Making as Poetry Making and Poetry of

Psyche

Soul Making .

Soul Making is the process where the basic seed of divine

intelligence in all humans goes through necessary experience,

especially suffering the transform into a unique Soul

Soul Making is a Metaphor

The Term soul making is a metaphor. The word "metaphor" is

comprised of two greek words Meta- above and Phero- to carry

Metaphor is an image or phrase that carries the reader above

the literal sensory realm of invisible imagination.

Soul Making is Poetry Making

The word making in soul making comes out the greek word

poieo meaning to be the author or maker of something.

The making is not done by impersonal processes but by

intelligent forces. soul making ir really psycho- poeisis for soul

poetry,

The Poetry of Psyche

Soul Making or Psycho Poetic composing of all emotions,

human institutions, feelings, ideas, pains and pleasures and the

writing instruments that compose our souls.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

• Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the

Stage. Iligan City: MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology,

Mindanao State University

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

• http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

• http://www.sbctc.edu

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sacartappreciation/part/context-and-perspectives/

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 1
Course Module

Module 13b Local Arts

Welcome to the seventeen module on the Art Appreciation

Art developed and accumulated in the Philippines from the beginning of

civilization in the country up to present era. It reflects to its society and nonFilipinos the wide
range of cultural influences.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1) Enumerate the Branches of art in the Philippines

2) Enumerate the functional and other forms of art

Branches of art in the Philippines

Traditional arts- bearers of traditional art can be nominated as Gawad

Manlilikha ng Bayan equal to National Artist

1) Folk Architecture- including but not limited to stilt houses, land

houses and aerial houses

2) Maritime Transport- boat houses, boat making, maritime traditions

3) Weaving- basket weaving, back strap loom weaving, headgear

weaving, fishnet weaving and other forms of weaving

4) Carving- including, but not limited to woodcarving and folk non clay

sculpture

5) Folk Performing Arts- dances, plays and dramas

6) Folk graphic and plastic arts- calligraphy, tattooing, folk writing, folk

drawing and folk painting

7) Ornament, textile, or fiber art- hat making, mask making, accessory

making, ornamental metal crafts

8) Pottery- ceramic making, clay pot making and folk clay sculpture

9) Artistic Expressions- non ornamental metal crafts, martial arts,

supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions

Non Traditional Arts- bearers of nontraditional arts can be nominated as

National Artist, equal to Gawad Manlilika ng Bayan

1) Dance- dance choreography, dance direction and dance performance

2) Music- musical compositions, musical direction, and musical performance

3) Theater- Theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical

production design, theatrical light and sound design and theatrical

playwriting

4) Visual arts- painting, non- folk sculpture, printmaking, photography,

installation art, mixed media works, illustration graphic arts,

performance art and imaging

5) Literature- poetry, fiction, essay and literary art criticism.

6) Film and broadcast arts- film and broadcast direction, film and

broadcast production, film and broadcast writing, film and broadcast

production design, film and broadcast cinematography, film and

broadcast animation, film and broadcast performance, film and broadcast

new media

7) Architecture and allied arts- non folk architecture, interior design,

landscape architecture and urban design.

8) Design- industrial design and fashion design

Functional Art

1) Kut- Kut

o is a technique combining Ancient Oriental and European art

process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form

o The technique was practiced by indigenous people of Samar

Islands between 1600 and late 1800 AD

o Is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques

sgraffio, encaustic and layering

2) Hindu- Buddhist iconography

VISUAL ARTS

Visual Arts 3

Course Module

o These religious and cultural influences mostly came through trade

with Southeast Asian Thassalocratic empires such as the Srivijaya

and Majapahit which had turn trade relationships with India.

3) Lingling-o

o Is an omega shaped type of pendant or amulet that has been

associated with various indigenous cultures of the Philippines

since the early metal age.

4) Batanes workshop

o Earlier historians posited that the earliest lingling- o artifacts

found in the Philippines were created outside of the archipelago,

but an expedition to the northern Philippine province of Batanes,

led by archeologist Peter Bell wood in the early 2000s.

5) Architecture

o They ranged from simple Bahay Kubo which is the basis of all

Filipino cultural architecture.

6) Weaving

o Involves many threads measures being measured, cut and

mounted on a wooden platform. The threads are dyed and weaved

on a loom

Other Forms of Art

1) Whang- od

o The last mambabatok and a national icon, performing the batek

tattoo art of the Butbut Kalinga

2) Indigenous Art

o Is sometimes used to refer to the utility of indigenous materials as

a medium for the creation of different kinds of artworks.

3) Tanaga

o Is a type of Filipino poetry

4) Batok

o Is a form of indigenous tattoing of the kalinga people in the

Cordilleras.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals

1. Fernandez, Steven Patrick (2010) Making Theatre; The Craft of the Stage. Iligan City:

MSU – Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, Mindanao State University

2. Lucivila L. Marcos,Ph.D, Marilyn B. Ferianiza, Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo,Ph.D, Antonio

Jan Yango,Ph.D (2010) Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts:

Mindshapers Co.,Inc.

3. Linda R. Bascara, Ph.D, Adela T. Avillanoza,M.A- Rex Bookstore Inc.

.Online Supplementary Reading Materials

1. http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth101b

2. http://www.sbctc.edu

3. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/part/context-andperspectives/