Group No: Group 1 (BS Biology 1C) Date Submitted: November 27,

2019

Group Members:

Abuhassan, Zheniena S.

Baguio, Nathalie Mae B.

Barraquias, Fatima Shiera H.

Kaddu, Nadra M.

Moncerina, Abigail A.

ACTIVITY 12

SKELETAL SYSTEM OF THE TOAD

I. INTRODUCTION

The bones of the body form a framework called the skeleton. This framework supports and
protects the softer tissues. All the higher animals have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) with a
central spine, or backbone. Many lower animals, such as insects and shellfish, carry their
skeletons on the outside (exoskeleton).

Other creatures of still lower types have no skeleton. This laboratory is to introduce you to the
skeletal systems of various vertebrates. As you examine the skeletal features for each group, you
will associate their particular structure with the following types of locomotion: cursorial (very
fast running), fossorial (digging), flight, swimming and movement without limbs. In this exercise
you will examine representatives of the major vertebrate classes to discover some trends in the
evolution of the skeletal system.

II. METHODOLOGY

Materials to be use:

 Toad
 Dissection tray
 Scalpel
 Dissecting scissors
 Forceps
 Pins
 Cotton Balls
  Identifying the bones of toad
1. The toad that has been used for the first activity which is to properly peel its skin has
been boiled in order to get the frogs bone. The first procedure onto getting the bones was,
the students cleaned the frog and after that we boiled it until the organs and muscles come
out as it melted.
2. After the boiling session, the students have conquered to get the bones and as the students
scanned through it, there are still visible muscles seen and to be able to properly remove
the excess baggage, the students boiled it again until the bones became cleaner.
3. If there are still excess muscles, it must be clean using a scalpel and scrape the bone
slowly to clean it thoroughly.
4. After doing so, the students then put the bones in a container wherein it contains
aguaoxinada for the bones to not smell and eaten by insects and to be properly cleaned
for 24 hours limit time.
5. After soaking the toad’s bone in aguaoxinada, the students let the bones dry under the
sun.

Figure 1; skeletal system of a toad

PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OF THE TOAD

 Radioulna: Instead of a separate radius and ulna in the forelimb, the bones are fused into a
single radioulna. Similarly, the tibia and fibula of the hind limb are fused into a single
tibiofibula.
 Scapula: There are two bones corresponding to the mammalian scapula: the suprascapula
and the scapula (hidden in this photo).

 Jaw: Like the reptiles, amphibians have multiple bones making up the mandible. There is
no temporomandibular joint.
 Occipital condyles: The strucctures at the back of the skull that allow the skull to articulate
with the first vertebra. The frog has two occipital condyles, the same as a mammal.
 Tarsals: The ankle bones of the feet are called tarsal. These bones arranged in two rows.
The two bones of the upper row are known as astragalus and calcanium. The ends of these
bones bear cartilages. The space between the two bones is hollow. The two bones of the
second row are small and shapeless
  IIium: The longest bone of pelvic girdle which is slightly bent and rod shaped is called
ilium. Its front end remains attached with the ninth vertebra.

• Femur: The first solid bone of hind limb is femur. The two ends of the femur are swollen
and the middle portion is bent. The rounded part of the anterior end remains attached with the
acetabulum.

• Tibia-fibula: The knee bone is called tibia-fibula. This bone is formed by the fusion of two.
Bones named tibia and fibula. The tibia is situated in the inner side of the body and the fibula is
in the outer side. There is a ridge at the junction of the two bones, known as cnemial crest.

• Phalanges: In the hind limb of toad there are five fingers. There are two phalanges in the
first and second fingers, three in the third and fifth fingers and four in the fourth finger. Besides,
towards the inner side of the hind limb there is a bony extension named calcar.

• Metatarsal: The sole of the foot of toad is formed of five narrow stick-like bones. These
bones remain attached with the phalanges at the lower portion.

• Humerus: The upper most bone of the fore limb is called the humerus. It is long and slightly
bended. Both ends of the bone are stout.

• Urostyle: is a long slender rod-like structure and is formed by the fusion of a number of
vertebrae.

III. CONCLUSION

IV. REFERENCES

McCauley, B. (n.d) Cell and Molecular Biology. Retrieve on November 27,2019 at

https://brianmccauley.net/bio-6a/bio-6a-lab/chordates/frog-skeleton?fbclid=IwAR0Fu1PsD-b-
McFTjoXmerZ--4JgwJDjM3GsFWTuTOgjO879s-NHPoFZLr0

Meghna, G. (n.d) Skeletal System of Toad (With Diagram) | Zoology. Retrieved on November
27, 2019 at http://www.notesonzoology.com/toad/skeletal-structures-of-toad-with-diagram-
zoology/3577?fbclid=IwAR0Fu1PsD-b-McFTjoXmerZ--4JgwJDjM3GsFWTuTOgjO879s-
NHPoFZLr0