Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
‘Frits Zernike’ discovered this microscope. It used to visualize unstained living cells. It is optical
microscopy technique. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but based on brightness variation,
it become visible.
This microscope possible for biologists to study living cells & multiplication through cell division.
PRINCIPLE:
The principle based on the small phase changes in the light rays, induced by different thickness
& different refractive index by parts of object. Transform in different light intensity.
It is the translation of invisible phase shifts into visible differences of intensity. In this
microscope the image contrast is increased in two ways:
Collector lens condenser annulus specimen phase plate surrounding light image plane
COMPONENTS:
It has light sources, condenser, objective lens system, ocular lens system annular diaphragm &
phase plate.
APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
PRINCIPLE:
It creates contrast b/w the object & surrounding fields so that back ground is dark. The
objective & ocular lenses are used in this microscope are same like ordinary microscope.
Only oblique scattered light reaches the specimen & passes on to the lens & causing the bright
objects against dark background.
Objective lens
Stages
Condenser lens
COMPONENTS:
It has dark ground condenser that focuses only the oblique rays of light on to the specimens,
high intensity light lamp, a funnel stop that reduces the apparatus of the objective to less than
one.
APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVATAGES:
PRINCIPLE:
AEM is a type of microscopy for capturing information on the interaction b/w the incident
electron & the specimen. It is a tool for observing Nano-scale structure also. The chemical state
analyses in the micro-size observation areas.
STEM is a modified type of TEM. It uses the magnetic lenses to focus a beam of electron. The
image is formed y primary electron coming through the specimen.
SEM is a microscopy technique that produce images of a sample by scanning it with a focuses
beam of electron.
It is use in ultra-high vacuum, air & various liquid states. It is also used for the examination of
live specimen.
Electron source
Anode
Condenser lens
Electron beam Condenser aperture
Scan coils Sample
Objective lens
Selected area
Intermediate lens
Sample projective lens
Secondary electron detector
Screen
(A). SEM [B].TEM
❑ APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES: