2 marks answers

What are the properties of fluids? CO 1

 Density
 Specific weight
 Specific volume
 Specific weight
 Viscosity
 Capillarity
 Surface tension
 Bulk modulus and Compressibility
 Vapour pressure

Compare compressible and incompressible fluid. CO 1

The type of flow in which density of fluid changes from one point to point.
The type of flow in which density is constant for fluid flow.

Define specific weight or weight density. CO 1

Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of weight of a fluid to its
volume.

Specific weight, w = weight/volume (N/m3)

w= ρ * g

wwater= 9.81* 1000 = 9810 N/m3

What is specific volume? CO 1

Specific volume of the fluid is defined as the volume of the fluid occupied by a mass
or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called as specific volume. It is expressed as

 Specific volume = volume of fluid / mass of fluid

=1/𝜌
Define specific gravity CO 1
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the weight density of a
standard fluid. For liquids, the standard fluid is taken as water and for gases, the standard fluid is
taken as air.
Specific gravity, S = Density of fluid/ Density of standard fluid

Recall Newton’s Law of Viscosity CO 1

Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear stress is directly to proportional to velocity
gradient.
τα du/dy
τ=µ du/dy
µ- coefficient of viscosity/absolute viscosity.
du/dy- rate of shear strain /velocity gradienty.

Absolute viscosity Kinematic visco

It is measure of fluid resistance to flow when external force is applied. It is measure of fluid res

It is useful in describing
It is useful in describing non Newtonian fluid

Unit- Ns/m2, poise, centipoises Unit- m2/s, stokes, centi

How does the viscosity of fluid changes with temperature CO 1
For liquids: Viscosity decreases with increase in temperature. This is due to reason that the
viscous force in a fluid are due to cohesive forces and molecular momentum transfer.For liquids
cohesive force predominates the molecular momentum transfer.
For gases-Viscosity increases with increase in temperature,this is due to cohesive force are
small and momentum transfer predominates
How does the density of fluid changes with temperature? CO 1

As the temperature of fluid increased the molecular activity and sapcing increases. So
that fewer molecules exist in a given volume of fluid. Therefore density decreases with
increase in temperature,
Density of liquid remain constant while that of gases changes with variation in
 temperature.

Define compressibility. CO 1

Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasiticity,k which is defined as

the ratio of increase in pressure to volumetric strain.
K= increase of pressure/volumetric strain
Compressibility = 1/k

Define surface tension. CO 1

It is defined as the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due
to the cohesive nature of the water molecules.
Surface Tension,σ = Force/Length
Its unit in SI system is N/m
σwater = 0.0725 N/m ,σMercury = 0.52 N/m

Define capillary rise and capillary fall. CO 1

Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid surface in a small tube

relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the
liquid.The rise of liquid surface is known as capillary rise.While the fall of liquid surface
is known as capillary depression.
Unit – cm or mm of liquid
Define vapour pressure. CO 1

Consider a liquid confined in a closed vessel. when vaporization takes place, the
molecules escapes from the free surface of the liquid. These vapour molecules get
accumulated in the space between the free liquid surface and top of the vessel exerting a
pressure on the liquid surface. This pressure is known as Vapour pressure of the liquid.

Define cavitation. CO 1
The pressure developed by the collapsing bubbles is so high that the material from adjacent
boundaries get eroded and cavities formed on them is known as cavitation
Define compressible and incompressible flow. CO 1

Compressible flow: The type of flow in which the density of fluid changes from point to
point.
Incompressible flow: The type of flow in which the density of fluid remains constant

What are the types of fluids? CO 1

 Newtonian Fluid
Non Newtonian fluid
 Time Independent fluid
 Dilatant/shear thickening fluids
 pseudoplastic /shear thinning fluid
 Bingham plastic
 Time dependent fluid
 Thixotropic fluid
Rheopectic fluid
Define Bingham plastic. Give an example. CO 1

The fluid which resist small shear stress but flow under larger shear stress.eg.toothpaste

CO 1
What is thixotropic fluid? Give an example.

Thixotropic fluid shows a decrease in viscosity with time under a constant applied shesr stress.

Eg.Thixotropc jelly paints

Interpret Bernoulli’s equation of motion. CO 2

In a steady flow of frictionless and incompressible fluid flow system, the total energy
per unit weight of flowing fluid remains constant.

(i.e) P/ρg+ V2/2g + Z = constant (Ideal Fluid)

P/w= pressure head
V2/2g- velocity head
Z- potential head
P1/ρg + V12/2g + Z1 = P2/w + V22/2g + Z2 +hL (Real Fluid)

What are the assumptions for Bernoulli’s equation? CO 2

 The flow is ideal i.e viscosity is zero

 The flow is steady
 The flow is incompressible
 The flow is irrotational

Interpret the Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid. CO 2

P1/ρg + V12/2g + Z1 = P2/ρg + V22/2g + Z2 +hL (Real Fluid)

What is shear stress? CO 2

A shear stress is defined as the component of stress arising from the force vector component
parallel to the cross section of the material.

List out the application of Bernoulli’s equation. CO 2

 Venturimeter
 Orificemeter
 Pitot tube

CO 2

Define laminar flow.

In laminar flow, the fluid particles move along straight parallel path in layers such that the path
of individual fluid particles do not cross those of neighbouring particles. Laminar flow is
possible at low velocities and when the fluid is highly viscous

CO 2

Define turbulent flow.

When the velocity is increased or fluid is less viscous, the fluid particles do not move in straight
paths. The fluid particles move in random manner resulting in general mixing of the particles
.This type of flow is called turbulent flow

CO 2
When does laminar flow changes to turbulent flow?
A laminar flow changes to turbulent flow when
 Velocity is increased
 Diameter of pipe is increased
 Viscosity of fluid is decreased
Interpret the Hagen Poisuille equation. CO 2

Illustrate the velocity profile for laminar and turbulent flow (or) Sketch typical velocity
distribution in pipe, fully developed flow of Newtonian fluid for laminar and turbulent flow.
Interpret theDracyweishback equation CO 2

hf=4fLv²/2gd
where hf=loss of head due to friction
f=coefficient of friction

How the friction factor is calculated for laminar flow? CO 2

Re<2000

What are the energy losses in pipes? CO 2

Major losses:
 Losses due to friction
Minor losses due to
 Sudden expansion of pipe
 Sudden contraction of pipe
 Bend in pipe
 Pipe fittings
 An obstruction in pipe

Compare laminar and turbulent flow in fully developed flow. CO 2

Laminar Flow Turbulent flow

Flow is steady Flow is unsteady

Velocity profile is parabolic Velocity profile is fuller

Vavg = 1/2 Vmax Vavg = 85 % Vmax

CO 2
How the friction factor is calculated for turbulent flow?

Re>2000

CO 3
Define drag force.
A force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object with respect to surrounding fluid.
This can exist between two fluid layer or a fluid and solid surface.
Define skin drag/ Friction drag/surface drag. CO 3
A drag caused by the friction of fluid against the surface of an object that is moving through it. It
increases with increase in velocity.

CO 3
Define form drag/ Pressure drag.
A drag caused by an object shape and profile as it move through it.

Define drag coefficient. CO 3

Drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object
in fluid environment. It is denoted by CD.
CD = 2 FD/ AP ρv2

CO 3
Define stokes law.Drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity used to quantify the drag or
resistance of an object in fluid environment. It is denoted by CD.
CD = 2 FD/ AP ρv2

Define the velocity distribution for laminar flow. CO 3

Define kinetic energy correction factor. CO 3

Kinetic Energy Correction Factor. where is the Kinetic Energy Factor. Its value for a fully
developed laminar pipe flow is around 2, whereas for a turbulent pipe flow it is between 1.04 to
1.11. It is usual to take it is 1 for a turbulent flow.
Define momentum correction factor. CO 3
Momentum correction factor is basically defined as the ratio of momentum of the flow per
second based on actual velocity across a section to the momentum of the flow per second
based on average velocity across the same section.

Define terminal velocity. CO 3

When the body is allowed to fall from rest in atmosphere, the velocity of the body increases due
to acceleration of gravity. With increase of the velocity, the drag force opposing the motion of
body also increases. A stage is reached when the upward drag force acting on the body will be
equal to weight of the body. Then the net external force acting on the body will be zero and body
travelling at constant speed is called terminal velocity.
Define critical velocity. CO 3

Critical velocity is that velocity of liquid flow upto which its flow is streamlined and above
which its flow becomes turbulent. Reynold's number is a pure number which determines the
nature of flow of liquid through a pipe. ... Lies between 0 and 2000, the flow of liquid is
streamlined or laminar.

Recall the laws of fluid friction for steady streamline flow. CO 3

According to the laws of fluid friction, rf / v (for steady streamline flow) and rf / v2(for
turbulent flow), where rf is the frictional resistance and v is the velocity of flow

Define free settling. CO 3

When the particle is at sufficient distance from the boundaries of the container and from other
particles so that the fall is not affected by them, the process is called free settling

Define hindered settling. CO 3

If the motion of particles are near one another eventhough they are not actually by colliding the
process is called hindered settling

Define agitation of fluids. CO 3

agitation refers to forcing a fluid by mechanical means to flow in a circulatory or other pattern
inside a vessel. Mixing usually implies the taking of two or more separate phases, such as
a fluid and a powdered solid or two fluids, and causing them to be randomly distributed
through one another.

What is the role of baffle in agitator? CO 3

Baffle plates are long, flat plates mounted to the interior of a mixing tank such that they protrude
inward toward the center of the tank to disturb the swirling fluid. They also force the liquid to
move upward along the tank wall. Both actions improve mixing, and therefore the agitation
process, by creating a “controlled chaos” of turbulences.

Define power number. CO 3

Power Number is a dimensionless parameter used for estimating the power consumed by the
agitating impeller.

Name the types of impellers used in agitated vessel. CO 3

Radial flow impeller

Axial flow impeller

Name the flow pattern in agitated vessels. CO 3

Radial

Tangential

Longitudinal

Define static head (Hs). CO 4

H= hs+hd

Define manometric head (Hm). CO 4

It is defined as the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work.

Hm = hd+hfs+hs

Define head. CO 4

Head is the height of fluid column equivalent to the total pressure differential (under adiabatic
conditions) measured immediately before and after the device.

Define efficiency of centrifugal pump. CO 4

η = Manometric head/ Head imparted by impeller to water.

Define net positive suction head. CO 4

It is defined as the total head required to make the liquid flow through the suction pipe to the
impeller

List the application of gear pump. CO 4

Construction
•Automotive
•Chemicals
•Agriculture
•OilGas
•PulpandPaper
•Foodandbeverages

Name some application of diaphragm pump. CO 4

It is especially used where electricity isn’t available.

It is used for chemical transfer, dewatering under coal mines and to pump high solid contents or
high viscosity liquids

CO 4

List the application of peristaltic pump.

Peristaltic pumps are to dispense spray coatings, sterilised media, highly acidic or highly base
media, fuels and lubricants. They are used in circuit board manufacturing and in adhesives for
cement. Basically, if it needs to be pure and it needs to be precise, a peristaltic pump is probably
the right choice

Compare between compressor and fan CO 4

FAN COMPRESSOR

Fan is a device which is used to Compressor is a mechanical device which is increasing

generate a fluid flow the pressure of fluid either it may be gas or air by
reducing it volume

It produces high volume and low It produce low volumes and high pressure
pressure

Define compressor CO 4

Compressor is a machine for raising a gas- a compressible fluid to a higher level of pressure.
When natural gas does not have sufficient potential energy to a flow , a compressor station is
needed.
What are the types of compressor? CO 4

Reciprocating compressor

Centrifugal compressor

. CO 4

Compare fan and blower.

Fan Blower

A fan circulates air around an entire room A blower circulates the air only on the
or space. specific or pointed area

It uses less pressure to produce large It uses high pressure to produce large
amount of gas amount of gas

Recall affinity law. CO 4

Law 1: With impeller diameter D held constant

Law 1 a: Flow is proportional to shaft speed

Law 1 b : Pressure or head is proportional to the square of shaft speed.

Law 1 c: Power is proportional to the cube of shaft speed

Law 2: With shaft speed N held constant

Law 2 a: Flow is proportional to the impeller diameter

Law 2b: Pressure or head is proportional to the square of the impeller diameter
 Law 2c: Power is proportional to the cube of impeller diameter

List the types of blowers. CO 4

Rotary lobe blowers

Centrifugal blowers

High speed blowers

Helical screw blowers

Regenerative blowers

Why an orifice meter is called as variable head meter CO 5

It is based on the principle by reducing the cross sectional area of the flow passage ,the fluid is
accelerated and pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure difference
enables the determination of discharge through pipe

What are the types of flowmeter? CO 5

 1.Differential Head type. Orifice plates. Venturi meters.

 2.Differential Area type (Rotameters)
 3.Electromagnetic flowmeters.
 4.Ultrasonic flowmeters.
 5.Turbine flowmeters.
 6.Vortex flowmeters.
 7.Positive Displacement Meters

Compare venturimeter and orificemeter. CO 5

Orifice meter Venturi meter

Pressure recovery is very poor Pressure recovery is very high
Relatively cheap Expensive
Area is minimum at vena contracta Area is minimum at throat
Compare fan and blower. CO 5

Fan Blower

A fan circulates air around an entire room A blower circulates the air only on the
or space. specific or pointed area

It uses less pressure to produce large It uses high pressure to produce large
amount of gas amount of gas

Explain the pressure recovery in orifice meter. CO 5

The pressure recovery is limited for an orifice plate and the permanent pressure loss
depends primarily on the area ratio. For an area ratio of 0.5 the head loss is about 70 - 75% of
the orifice differential. The orifice meter is recommended for clean and dirty liquids and some
slurry services.

Define vena contracta. CO 5

Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and
fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle

Define cavitation. CO 5

The fluid flowing the pipe, where the pressure drops below the vapour pressure drops of liquid it
may vapourize or bubbles may be formed. This phenomenon is knowns as cavitation.

Compare variable head and area meter. CO 5

Variable head meter Variable area meter

Area of constriction/ area of flow is constant
and pressure drop varies with flow rate.
It includes orifice meter and venturimeter.
It does not give direct visual reading of the
flow rate.
How does pitot tube functions?
Pressure drop is constant and area of flow /
area of constriction varies with flow rate
It includes rotameter.
It give direct visual reading of the flowmeter.
CO 5

If the velocity of flow at a particular point is reduced to zero, the pressure at that point increases
due to conversuion of the kinectic energy into the pressure energy and by measuring the increase
in the pressure energy at this point the velocity may be determined

Write the working principle of rotameter CO 5

. Rotameter is a variable area flowmeter, in which the pressure drop remains constant and area
through which the fluid fluid flow varies with flowrate
What is valve? CO 5

Valve is device that regulates, controls or dirct the flow of a fluid by opening, closing or
partially obstructing fluid flow

What are the types of valves? CO 5

 Gate valve
 Globe valve
 Check valve
 Plug valve
 Ball valve
 Butterfly valve
 Needle valve
 Pinch valve
Pressure relief valve

What is the function of valves? CO 5

Stopping and starting a fluid flow

Throttling the fluid flow

Controlling the direction of a fluid flow

What are characteristics of valves? CO 5

Inherent flow characteristics

Installed flow characteristics

Recall the flow equation for venturimeter. CO 5

Q=a1a2/√a12-a22 * √2gh

Differentiate between a small and large orifice. CO 5

Small orifice is the one in which has the head of fluid from the centre
of orifice is more than five times the depth of orifice. Also the large orifice is
the one which has the head is less than five times the depth of orifice.
 What are hydraulic coefficients? CO 5

Hydraulic Coefficients
 1.Coefficient of velocity (Cv).
 2.Coefficient of discharge (Cd).
 3.Coefficient of resistance (Cr).
4.Coefficient of contraction(Cc)

Recall the flow equation for orifice meter. CO 5

Q=a0a1/√a12-a02 * √2gh

Recall the principle of magnetic flow meter. CO 5

A magnetic flow meter is a transducer that measures fluid flow by the

voltage induced across the liquid by its flow through a magnetic field. The
physical principle at work is electromagnetic induction.
Define venturimeter. CO 5

Venturimeter is a device used for measuring The rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It
consists of three parts (i). A short converging part (ii) Throat and (iii) Divergingpart

What is an orifice-meter? CO 5

Orifice meter is device with hole in it which measures how fast a fluid is flowing by recording
the pressures decrease across the hole. The two most important fators that influence the reading
of an orfice meter are the size of the orifice and the diameter of the pipe which is fitted into.

What is pitot-tube? CO 5

Pitot tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe or channel. It
is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero.

List the merits and demerits of orifice –meter. CO 5

ADVANAGES

 The Orifice is small plates and easy to install/remove.

 Offer very little pressure drop from which 60% to 65% is recovered.
 The orifice meter can be easily maintained.
DISADVANTAGES

 Requires homogeneous fluid.

 Requires single phase liquid
 It requires the flow of axial velocity vectors.

List the merits and demerits of venture meter. CO 5

Merits: it has low head loss which is about 10% of differential pressure head

It can be used to measure higher flow rates in pipes having few meter of diameter.

Demerits: it cannotbe used in the pipes of less than 7.5 cm in diameter.

It must be driven by a straight tube that has n connection to avoid turbulence in the
flow for satisfactory operation .