11th Chemistry Simple Salts English Medium PDF

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i.O
laalia.www.Padasalai.Net laalia. i.O laalia. i.O www.TrbTnpsc.com laalia. i.O
d a
d sa as d ad saas d adsaas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www wwww wwww
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SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- I
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
S NO
d a
d saasa l Experiment
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa
Observation l
d a
d saasa
Inference l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www
Analysis of anions wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Colour:rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
Note a
aslala the colour of the salt a
saaslala a
aslala saslala
Absence ofacopper a saasla
1das a d a Colourlessdas a d a d a
a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa d a
.P.Pa
sulphate,d iron salt a
.P.Pa d
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
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Action of heat:
. O O grg of a salt is heated
ramount . O ringrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
A small
l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
2. as aa al tube
astest a saasal A reddish brown
a saasalgas with a Presence
a sa asal
of nitrate
a sa
d
a ad d
a ad fishy d
a ad
odour evolves salt d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
Flame test:
i .O . rgrg of salt + A drop of
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Small
l a a i
amount l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saConc. l
asa HCl ,form a paste.asTake
d d a
l
asa the
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a3.a
.P.P .P.Paa aa
No Characteristic
.P.P Colour a a of a copper,
Absence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w paste at the charred w www end of the w w
flameww Observed. wwwbarium,
w calcium wwww
ww splinter andw w
introduce it near the ww ww ww
Bunsen rflame
l a i
a .Oi . Ogrg l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
d a
d
asa
saActionl
of dil. HCl: d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa a brown
.P.P
A reddish a gas with the ww .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Small amountw wsalt
ofw w + 1mL of dil. w www ww wwww
ww ww wfishy
w odour turning a moistww ww
4. HCl . Gently heat it Presence of nitrate
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgferrous sulphate paper
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
brownevolves
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Action of Conc.H2SO4: ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w
Small amountwof a salt in a dry test w w
w w
Reddish brown gas turning w w ww wwww
5 tube + Conc. rg g H2SO4 and gentlyi.O heatrgrg acidified ferrous sulphate rgrg Presence of nitrate rgrg
italaaila.O i.Or l
asal a a i . O paper green l a
evolves.
asal ia. O
i . O l
asala ia. O
i . O
asla
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Action of MnO2 w w w
and Conc. H2SO4: w ww w w w w ww
www www www www www
Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube .+Opinch
i . rgrg of MnO2 + i.O.O
O rgrgNo Characteristic Change i .O . rgrgis Absence of chloride,
O i .O . rgrg
O
6 Conc.H2SO4
d a
d saasa l and gentlyaheat
d d saasait l Observed. as
d d aasa l bromideas
d d a asa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w www wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Action of
i .O . rgrConc.
O g H2SO4 and copper
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
turning: small amount
d
of
ad saasa
salt l
in a dry A reddish brown
d a
d
l
saasagas with d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a test tube + few copper
.P.P .P.Pa aturnings + a aturning a moist
.P.P
fishy odour .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 7. Conc. H2SO4.wGently www w www www w
Presence of nitrate. wwww
ww ww heat it wferrous
w sulphate paper brown ww ww
evolves
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala i a i a i a i
d a
d saAction d ad saaslalaSmall d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a of
.P.Pa amont of a salt +wdil.NaOHdil. NaOH a
solution:
.PPa solution No Characteristic a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa of ammonium ww a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww 8. ww www. w www
wObserved.
w
gas is
w wwwAbsence
w
w salt wwww
and gently heat it.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
Chromyl
asal a i chloride test: l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P
Small amount of salt
.P.Pa ad
in + a pinch of a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w potassium w w w
dichromate and three w ww w w w w w w
www 9 www wNowwRed Orange is Observed. wwwAbsence of chloride. www
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w www wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Analysis with Sodium ww carbonate extract ww ww ww
PreparationO
i . iof
. rgSodium
O rg carbonate extract
i O Orgrg
.sodium
. i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a l a a i l a a i l a a i
Take 1g
d a
d saasaof l the given salt + 3g
d
of
a
d saasa
solid l carbonate
d
+
a
d saasa
20g l
of distilled water. Boil
d a
d saasa
the l
solution
d a
d saasla
a afew mins, filter.The filtrate
.Pfor
.P a ais called sodium carbonate
.P.P a aextract.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test for halides:
1 ml .of
i O . rgrg carbonate extract
sodium
O i . O . rgrgNo Characteristic ppt
O i . O . Orgrg Absence of chloride, i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaHNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, ala i a i is a i
10. s+dil.
d a
d a d a
d saaslaand Observed.da d saaslala bromide,
d a
d
aslala
sasulphide d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa shake it a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with barium chloride:
Onei.ml O . rofgrthe
O g sodium carbonate.O.O
i rgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal + dil. Aceticacid a+ sa1ml l
asaofal a i l a
al
asformeda i l a
al a
assulphate i asla
d
11 a saextract
d No white d
ppta sa
is d
Absence a saof d a sa
a ad bariumchloride solution
.P.P d shake
a aand
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
Testi.with O . rgrlead
O g acetate:
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d sa1ml l
asa of the sodium carbonate
d a
d
l
saasaextract, d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a12a + 1ml of dil acetic .acid
.P.P aa appt
a is formed a a of sulphate aa
w ww
w w wwP.P and heat it + Noww
w
.P.P
white
ww ww
.P.P
wAbsence
w ww
.P.P
ww
ww 1ml of lead w w
acetate ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
Brown
asa
sa1ml l ring test:
d a
d
l
saasaextract d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P o f the sodium aa
carbonate
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w + dil.H SO + w ww
w
freshly prepared wwww wwww wwww
ww 2 4 ww ww ww Presence of nitrate ww
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add A brown ring is formed
Conc. i . O H
. r2gSO
O rg 4 along the sides ofi.O the
. rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg confirmed. i.O.O rgrg
a a i a i a i a i
aslaltube. saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d satest d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Ammonium molybdate
w w test:
ww ww ww
1 ml of
i . O . rgrgextract + dil HNO3 +i.O
the
O . rgrg
about
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
14as1ml l a a i
asaleach of ammonium amolybdate l
asal a a i No canary yellow l
asal appt
a i is
ofa l a
al a i asla
d a d sa d a sa Absence
d a sa s phosphate
d a sa
a ad and Conc. HNO3 .P.P
.P.P a ad formed. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Test with rgrsodium
g nitrobruside: 1ml rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
saasla
of
asa the
l sodium carbonate extract l + l l
d
15 a
d sa1ml of dil .aommonia. d
+ a
d saasdrops
few
a of No purple oraviolet
d d saasa d
Absence a
d saofassulphide.
a
d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P a aappears
.P.P
colouration aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w sodium nitrobruside. w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Preparation.O
i ofO
. rgsalt
rg solution: i .O . rgrg
O
To aasmall
d d
l
saasa amount of salt in adtest a
d saastube l
a add 2 to 3ml of water,
d a
d
l
saasashake it and gently heat d a
d
l
saait.saThis d a
d saasla
a a is called “original.Psolution”.
.Psolution
.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww.P
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww GROUP 0
ww ww ww ww
1ml of
i . O . rgrg
the
O original salt solution add
i . O . rgrgNo chocolate browni.Oppt
O . Orgrisg i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala 1ml each of Nessler’s ala i a i a i
1 sabout
d a
d a d a
d saasla reagent obtained. da d saaslala d d a slala
Absence sofaammonium
a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa and NaOH. ww a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww . wwwwww ww
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
GROUP I
Takei.O rgrg1 ml of the salt solution
O
about
. i . O . rginrg
O i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al tube Add about 1mL l a a i
l HCl, l
asal a a i l a a i
l group asla
a saaastest a sa asofadil a sa Presence a sa asa1st
of a s a
d
a ad and shake it
2 d
a ad A White d
a ad
ppt is formed. d d (Pb2+)
a aions d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
metal
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgr1st
O g
group ppt: lalia .O . rgrg
O
Analysisla of a i
the i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
asa
saTo l
the ppt add about d
1mla
d saofaswater
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w and boil it w ww
w The
wwwppt
w dissolves w wPresence
w w of Lead w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Test for Lead:
ww ww ww ww
To one
.O O grg of the hot
rportion .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg
l a ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
1 solution
d a
d saasa l add about 1ml
d
of
a
d
K CrOl
saas2 a 4 A yellow ppt
d a
d
is l
obtained
saasa Presence
d a
d
of
saasa l
Lead
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww
To an another portion of the hot
ww ww ww
solution
. O O grg about 1ml of KI. To.O
radd the rgrgA yellow ppt is obtained.The
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
a i i .
aslala ppt add about 1mlasa a
lalai i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d sayellow d d
ofa
swater, yellow ppt d a saaslala on
dissolves
d d
Presence a
d saof la
aslalead is d a
d saasla
a
.P.P2a boil and cool. ww .PPa a a
.P,.P a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww . ww
boiling
w w
wgolden
and on cooling
w spangles appear w w wwwconfirmed.
w wwwwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a
Result:sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.PThe
.P P.P a ad
.NITRATE .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Anion Present ww:w w w w w w w w ww
www The cation Presentwww: LEAD www www www
The Given simple
i .O . rgrgsalt : LEAD NITRATE
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.SYSTEMATIC
P ANALYSIS
a aSIMPLE SALT-II .P.P
.P.OF
P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
S NO Experiment Observation Inference
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saasa Analysis of anions d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P
w ww
w Colour: w ww
w w ww
w wwwMay
w be copper wwww
ww 1 Note the colour ww wBlue
w ww ww
of the salt sulphate
i . O . rgrheat:
O g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
Actionala i of a i a i a i
saAasla slala in Blue Changes slalaWhite due May be saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d
2. a
d small amount of a a d
salt a
dissaaheated d a
d saainto d copper
a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a test tube .P.Pa a
.P.Pa
to dehydration a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwwsulphate
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Flame test:
Small i . O rgrg of salt + A drop of
O
amount
. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
l a a i
asal HCl ,form a paste.asTake l a
asal thea i l
asal a a i l a a i
asaal Copper asla
d a saConc. d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a3.ad paste at the charred
.P.P .P.P adof the
aend Bluish.P a adflame.
.P
green .P.Pa ad
Presence of
.P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w
salt w ww
www splinter andw ww
introduce it near the www www www
Bunsen rflame
l a ia.Oi . Ogrg l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . Orgrg
d a
d saAction l
asa of dil. HCl:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
Absenced a
d saofasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Small amount of salt
.P.P .P.P a+a1mL of dil. .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 4. w ww
w Now ww
Charactristic
w gas evolvesww
w w
Carbonate,Nitrate, wwww
ww HCl . Gentlywheat w it ww ww Sulphide ww
Action
i .O . rgof
O rgConc.H2SO4: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasSmalll
a amount of a saltainsaaasadry test
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
Absenced a
d
l
saofasChloride,
a
d a
d saasla
a5a tube + Conc. H2SO
.P.P .P.P a4 and
a gently heat No Charactristic .P.Paa gas evolves .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwwBromide,
w Nitrate wwww
ww it ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgof
O rgMnO2 and Conc. Hi.2O . rg4r:g
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
Action
a
lala i a a i
SO a i a i
d a
d saasSmall amount of salt dina
d asa slaltest
adry
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa tube + pinch ofwMnO a
.P.P2a + Conc. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa of chloride, a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w Now ww
Characteristic
w Gas is wwwAbsence
w www
w
ww 6 w w
H2SO4 and gently heat it
w w
evolved. ww bromide ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad Action of Conc. H.P
.P.P Pa a4dand copper
2.SO .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www turning: small w
wwamount of salt in a dry www www www
7. test tube
i . O . rg+rgfew copper turningsi.+O.O
O rgrgNo reddish brown gas g
i .O . r rg Absence of nitrate.
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i evolves l a a i l a a i
saasla
Conc. l H SO . Gently heat it l l l
d a
d saasa 2 4
d a
d saasa d ad saasa d a
d saasa d ad
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Action of dil.w
w NaOH solution: Small ww ww ww
8. amont O ofrgargsalt + dil.NaOH solution O rgrgNo Characteristic gas O risgrg Absence of ammonium rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i. O l a ia. i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa
and l gently heat it.
d a
d saasa l Observed.
d a
d saasa l salt
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.Ptest:
.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Chromyl chloride w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww
Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
ww ww ww
9 potassium i . O . rgrgdichromate and three
O i . O . rgrgNo Red Orange Vapour
O i . O . rgrisg Absence of chloride.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala Conc. H2SO4.Gently a i
lalait. Observed. saslala a i a i
d a
d sadrops d a
d saasheat d a
d a d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract
Preparation i . O of
. rgSodium
O rg carbonate extract i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al the given salt + 3g of
asof l a a i
asal sodium carbonate +asa l a
asaof a i
l distilled water. Boil sthe l al a
asasolutioni asla
Takea1g
d sa
d mins, filter.The filtrate d a sasolid
d 20g
d a a d a sa
a afew
.Pfor
.P .P.Pa aisdcalled sodium carbonate .P.P d
a aextract. .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
Test for halides:
i .ofO . rgrg carbonate extract
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1 ml
l a a i sodium
l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
10.a
d sa+dil.l
asa HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO
d a
d sa3as, and
a l No Characteristic
d a
d
l
saasappt is Absence
d a
d
l
saofaschloride,
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P
Observed. aa .P.Pa a sulphide aa
.P.P
w ww
w shake it w ww
w w ww
w wwwbromide,
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test i O
.with. rgrbarium
O g chloride: ai.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saOne l
asa ml of the sodium carbonate
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a extract + dil. Aceticacid
.P.P .P.Pa a+ 1ml of A white a ainsoluble in dil
.P.ppt .P.Pa a of sulphate is aa
.P.P
w ww
w 11 w ww
w w ww
w
P
wwwPrsence
w wwww
ww barium chloride ww solution and shake ww H 2 SO 4 is formed ww Confirmed. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalawith leadacetate: asaaslala a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d saTest d d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa 1ml of the sodium a
P.Pa
.carbonate extract, A whit a
.P.Pa
ppt soluble in excess a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwwPresence
w wwww
ww 12 + 1ml of dil w w acid and heat it + 1 w
acetic w
of ammonium acetate is ww of sulphate ww
ml of Lead Acetate formed
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal ring test: asall a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a saBrown
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad 1ml of the sodium.carbonate
.P.P P.Pa ad extract .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www + dil.H2SO4 w +w w prepared
freshly www www www
13 ferrous sulphate
i . O . rgrg
O
solution then add rgrgNo brown ring is formed
i .O . O i .O . rgrg Absence of Nitrate
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
Conc.
saasa l H 2 SO 4 along the
d
sides
a
d saasa l
of the
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a test tube.
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Ammonium molybdate test:
i .ofO . rg g
ther extract + dil HNOl3a+ia
O .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1 lml
a a i i
about l a a i l a a i
14
d a
d sa1mL l
asa each of ammoniumamolybdate
d d saasa l No canary
d a
d saasa
yellow l
ppt is
Absenced a
d
l
saofasPhosphate
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa formed..P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w and Conc. HNO w w
3 w
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
TestOwith
i . . rgrgsodium nitro bruside:
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalaof the sodium carbonate a a i a i a i
d adsaas1ml d a
d saaslalextract d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P15a + 1ml of dil. aommonia. a
.P.Pa + few drops No purple a
.P.Paor violet a
.P.Pa of sulphide. a
.P.Pa
wwww w wbruside.
w w w ww
w wwwAbsence
w www
w
ww of sodium w nitro
w ww
colouration appears ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i asall a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.PPreparation
.P of salt solution: .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
www To a small amountwofwsalt w in a test tube add 2wtow3ml w of water, shake it and w heat it. This www
wwgently
solution is called “original solution”.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww GROUP 0 w
w ww ww ww
1ml ofOthe
i . i1ml
. rgrg
i .O . OrgrgNo chocolate browni.Oppt . rgrisg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1 about
d a
d saasa l each of Nessler’s
d a
d saasa l
reagent obtained. das
d aasa l Absence
d a
d
of
saasa l
ammonium
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a and NaOH. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP I
Takei.O . rgrg1 ml of the salt solution
about
O i . O . rginrg
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 1sti.group
O O . rgrg
O
a i
ala tube Add about 1ml a i
asladillaHCl, No ppt is formed. a i a i
2 saa
d a
d a sltest d a
d saof d a
d saaslala metal d a
d
ions
lala
saas(Pb 2+
) d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa and shake it ww .PPaa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww . wwwwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
GROUP II
To the i . O . rgrg solution pass H2Si.O
O
above gas.
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Presence of 2nd
O i . O . rgrg
O
3 sa l a
al a i l
asala a i l
asal
A Black ppt issformed a a i l a a
al 2+)
as(Cu i group
asla
d a a s d a sa d a a d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
metal
.P.P
ions a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
Analysis of the 2nd group ppt:
i O
.for. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
Test
asa
sai). l copper:
d a
d
l
saasa add No ppt is obtained, d a
d
l
saasa but the d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa1a To one portion of aa
the
.P.P
solution a
.P.P a a a of Copper
Presence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ammonium hydroxide w ww
w wwww
solution is blue
wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
ii) To the grgblue coloured solution add
i .O . r1ml
O i O
.and. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
about
l a a i each of acetic acid l a a i l a a i l a a i
2d a
d
a l
saaspotassium ferro d
cyanide a
d saasa l
A red brownd a
dppt
l
saasais obtained Presence d a
d
l
asaCopper
saof d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwwConfirmed
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Result: Orgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i .
lala PresentO a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
The
d a
d saasAnion : SULPHATE
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.PaThe cation Present ww a a
.P.:PCOPPER a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wsalt
w : COPPER SULPHATE wwww wwww wwww
ww The Given simple ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O SYSTEMATIC i . O . O grg
rANALYSIS OF SIMPLE i . O . rgrg
O
SALT-III i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.SP ad
aNO Experiment
.P.Pa ad a ad
Observation
.P.P .P.P d
a aInference .P.Pa ad
www www Analysiswwwof anions www www
Colour: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg May be Copperi.O.O
O rgrg
1 sNote
d a
d a
l
asa the colour of the salt
d a
d saasa l Green
d a
d saasa l
d a
Carbonate
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Action of heat: w ww
w A wwww
colourless, odourless gas wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate
a testO
i . rgrg
. itube
O i .O . rgrgevolves
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saFlame l
asa test:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Small amount of salt .P.Pa+aA drop of aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Conc. HCl ,form ww a paste. Take the ww ww ww
Presence of a copper
3. paste at the Bluish green flame.
i . O . rgrg charred end of thei.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg salt
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala and introduce it anear ala i a i a i
d a
d sasplinter d d saaslathe d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Bunsen flame a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww www
w
ww Action of dil.w w HCl: w
Awcolourless, odourless gasw w ww
Small amount
i . O . rgrg of salt + 1mL of idil.
O . O . rgrgevolves as a brisk i.O.O
O rgrg Presence of carbonate i .O . rgrg
O
4.
l a a i
asal. Gently heat it
HCl l
asala a i Effervescence l a a i
al turns lime is Confirmed
aand l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa s d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
water .milky
P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Action of w ww 2SO4:
Conc.H www www www
Small amount grg of a salt in a dry.O testg
5 i . O . rConc.
O i . r rgNo Charactristic gas
O i .O . rgrg Absence of Chloride,
O
evolves i .O . rgrg
O
tube
l a a i + H SO and gently
l a a i heat l a a i l a a i
saasita l saasa l saasa l Bromide, saasa
Nitratel saasla
2 4
aad a
d aad a
d aa d a
d aad a
d d
aa ad
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww w
ww w w
ww w
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d ad saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Action of MnO
ww and Conc. H SO : ww ww ww
2 2 4
Small .O O grg of salt in a dry test
ramount .O Orgrg .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O
d
6 a
d saastubel
a + pinch of MnO2 a+saConc.
d d
asa l
d a
d
l
saasaGas is
No Characteristic Absence
d a
d
l
saofaschloride,
a
d a
d saasla
a a H2SO4 and gently.P.heat
.P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww P it
w
evolved.
wwww wwwbromide
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Action of Conc. H 2 SO 4 and copper
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa test tube + few copper
turning: small
ww .P.Paturnings +
amount of salt in a dry
ww.P.Pabrown gas ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 7. w w
w w wNo
wwreddish
w w ww
w Absence of nitrate. wwww
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad Action of dil. NaOH
.P.P .P.P ad
asolution: Small a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w ww
www 8. amont of a salt www + dil.NaOH solution w ww
No Characteristic gas is www Absence of ammonium www
and gently Observed. salt
i . O . rgrgheat it.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
asa l
saChromyl chloride test: d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P .P.P aina+ a pinch of aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww
9 potassium dichromate and three
wNo
w Red Orange Vapour isww Absence of chloride. ww
Observed.
drops Conc.
i . O . rgrg H2SO4.Gently heati.O
O
it. rgrg
. O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.PAnalysis
.P .P.P a a extract aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w with Sodiumwcarbonate
w w w wwww wwww wwww
ww Preparation of Sodium ww carbonate extract ww ww ww
Take 1g of the rgiven
. O O grg salt + 3g of solid .sodium O rgrg carbonate + 20g ofi.O
O Orgrg water. Boil the solution
distilled
. O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i . a i i .
slala filter.The filtratedisadcalled saaslalasodium carbonatedaextract. saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
for few a
d a
d samins, d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa Test for halides: .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww w w
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
w w ww ww
10. +dil.i.HNO O . rgr3g+ 1ml of AgNO3, and
O i . O . rgrgNo Characteristic ppt
O i . O . Orgrg Absence of chloride,
is
i . O . rgrg
O
l a
asal ita i l
asal a a i Observed. l
asal a a i bromide, l
asal a
sulphide a i asla
d a sashake
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
www www
www www www
One ml
i .O . rofgrthe
i rgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
11as
d d a
l
asa + dil. Aceticacid a+ sa1ml
extract
d d
asaof l No white pptas
d d
is
a
l
asobtained
a Absence
d a
d
l
saofassulphate
a
d a
d saasla
a a barium chloride solution
.P.P .P.P a a and shake aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with
i . O . rgrleadacetate:
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
d
12 a
d
1ml
sa+as1ml
a l of the sodium carbonate
d ad
a l
extract,
saasheat No white d
ppta
d
l
sisaasobtained
a Absenced a
d
l
saofassulphate
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P of dil acetic acid
.P.P aa and it + 1 aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w ml of Lead w ww
w
Acetate wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Brown ring
i . O . rgrg test:
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a the sodium carbonate ala i a i a i
d a
d
aslalof
sa1ml d ad saaslaextract d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa + dil.H 2 SO 4 + .P.Pa
freshly aprepared a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwwsolution
w wwww wwwAbsence
w www
w
ww 13 ferrous sulphate ww then add wNo
w brown ring is formed ww of nitrate ww
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
test
l
asala i
tube.
a l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
w w w Ammonium w w w
molybdate test: w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
14 1ml each
i . O . rgrofg ammonium molybdate
O i . O . rgrgNo canary yellow ppt
O i . O .
isg g
Orr Absence of phosphate
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i formed. l a a i l a a i
d a
d saand l
asa Conc. HNO3
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d ads aas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww Test with sodium
ww nitro bruside:
ww ww ww
1ml O
. of O grgsodium carbonate extract
rthe O O
.dropsrgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
+ l
1ml of dil. aommonia.
d adsaasa
+ few l saasa
No purple oraviolet
d d
l
d a
d
l
saofassulphide.
a
d a
d saasla
a a of sodium nitro bruside.
.P.P15
.P.Paa .P.P
colourationa aappears aa
Absence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d d saaslala of salt solution:dadsaaslala
Preparation
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.Paa small amount ofwsalt
.PTo a a a a HCl, shake it and gently a
.P.Paheat it. This a
.P.Pa
ww w.Pin.Pa test tube add 2 tow3ml w.Pof
.Pdil. ww ww
ww
ww solution is called “original wwwwsolution”. wwww wwww wwww
GROUP
i . O . rg0rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asalof the original salt solution
1ml l a a i
asal add No chocolate l a a i
asal ppt is l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sbrown
a d a sa d a sa
a1ad about 1ml each of.P
.P.P a ad reagent obtained.
Nessler’s
.P .P.P a ad a ad of ammonium
Absence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www and NaOH. www www www www
GROUP i .O . rgIrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saTake l
asa about 1 ml of the salt
d a
d
a l
saassolution in
d a
d saasa l Absence
d a
d saofas1stl
a group
d a
d saasla
a2a a test tube Add about
.P.P .P.Pa1ml
a of dil HCl, No ppt.Pis.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww formed. wwwmetal
w ions (Pb2+) wwww
ww and shake itww ww ww ww
GROUP i .O . rgIIrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saTo l
asathe above solution pass
d a
d
l
saasHa2S gas. d a
d saasa l Presence
d a
d
l
asa2nd group
saof d a
d saasla
a3a
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P
A Black a a is formed
ppt aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwwmetal
w ions (Cu2+) wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis ofi.O the
. rgr2nd
O g group ppt:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
Padasalai
d a
d saTest d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a for
.P.Pa i). To one portionww
copper:
.PPaa a a
.Pis.Pobtained, a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww 1 ww ww of.the solution add wNo wwwww
ppt but the
wwwwwPresence
w of Copper wwwwww
ammonium hydroxide solution is blue
i . O . rgrgblue coloured solution

O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ii)
l a To
a i the
al 1ml each of acetic
asabout a l a a
al and i add l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa s
acid d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
P.P
.cyanide P.P a ad
.brown a ad of Copper
.P.P
Presence a ad
.P.P
w w w 2 potassium w
ferro
w w A w
red
w w ppt is obtained w w w w ww
www www www wwwConfirmed www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Result:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Anion Present
.PThe
.P aa
P.P
: .CARBONATE .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w www w www w www w wwww
ww The cation Presentww : COPPER ww ww ww
The Given simple salt : COPPER CARBONATE
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P aa
.P .POF
.P a aSIMPLE SALT- IV .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala
Analysis of anions
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Colour: a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 1 Note the colour wwww wwww
Brown wwwMay
w be an iron salt www
w
ww ww of the salt ww ww ww
Action
i . O . rgrheat:
of
O g
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
asa
A l a a i
l amount of a salt issaheated
small l a a i No
al in Occurs asaasalCharacteristic l a a i
Change Absence of l a
Zinc,
asal a i asla
2. as a a a s a sa a s a
d
a ad a test tube d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
Ammonium, Nitrate d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www www w w
www w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d adsa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Flame test: w
w ww ww ww
SmallO
i . rgrg of salt + A drop of
. iamount
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
Conc. l HCl ,form a paste.
d a
d saasa
Take l the No Characteristic
d ad
l
saasaflame Absence
d a
d
l
saofasCopper,
a
d a
d saasla
a a paste at the charred
.P.P3.
.P.P aend
a of the Colour aObserved.
.Pis.P a .P.Pa a Calcium aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w wBarium,
w w wwww
ww splinter and ww
Bunsen flame
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala of dil. HCl: a i a i a i
d a
d saAction d a
d saaslala No d a
d
Charactristic
la
saaslagas Absenced a
d saofaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P4.a Small amount ofwsalt a
.P.P+a1ml of dil. HCl evolves .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww itwww wwww wwwCarbonate,Nitrate,
w wwww
ww . Gently heat ww ww ww Sulphide
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
Action
asal a i of Conc.H SO :
4 a al l a a i l al a i
asaevolves. l
asal a a i asla
d a sa
2
d a sa s A colourless d a s
gas
a It d a sa d a sa
a ad Small amount of.aP.P
.P.P a adin a dry test gives .aP.dense
salt a ad white fumes
P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www 5 tube + Conc. www2 4 H SO and gently heat ww a glass rod dipped inwwwPrsence of Chloride www
wwhen
it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgliquid ammonia is brought
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l close to its
d
mouth
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Action of MnO .and
.P.P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w w w2wP.P Conc. H2SO4: ww
w ww.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
ww Small amount ww of salt in a dry test wAwgreenish yellow gas turning ww ww
6 tube +rpinch
i . O . O grg of MnO2 +
i . O . rgrgstarch iodide paperi.O
O
blueg g
. rr
O Prsence of Chloride
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i evolves l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
Conc.H 2 SO 4 and gently
d a
d saasa
heat l it
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Action of Conc. ww H2SO4 and copper ww ww ww
turning:
i . O . rgsmall
O rg amount of salt ini.O . Ogrg
a rdry
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a + few copper turnings a i a i a i
aslaltube saaslala+ saaslalgasa lala saasla
Padasalai
satest No reddish brown saofasnitrate.
a
7.
d a
d a d a
d a d a
d Absence
a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Conc. H 2 SO 4 . .P.Pa
Gently
ww
heat it
ww.P.Pa
evolves
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww ww wwww
Action i . O . rgrdil.
O
of g NaOH solution: .Small
i O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal of a salt + dil.NaOH l a
al a
assolution i l a a
l is
asagas i l a
al a i asla
a saamont a sa No Characteristic
a sa Absence a saofasammonium a sa
d
a ad and gently heat it..P.P
8. d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
Observed.
w w .P.P
salt
w w.P.P
w
w
www www w wwww wwww w
www
Chromyl chloride test:
i .O . rgrg of salt in + a pinch
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Small
l a a iamount l a a i of l a a i l a a i
d a
d
asa l
sapotassium dichromatedand a
d
l
saasthree
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently w ww
w heat it. w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride.
hydroxide
i .O . rgrsolution.
O g If a yellow
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
solution is obtained, add
d a
d
dil.
saasa l
Acetic
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P acid and lead acetate
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis with
. O O grg
rSodium carbonate extract
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d d saaslala of Sodium carbonate
Preparation
a d a
d
la
saaslaextract d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.Pa 1g of the givenwsalt
.PTake .+P.Pa
3gaof solid sodium carbonate a
.P.Pa+ 20g of distilled water. a a the solution
.P.PBoil a
.P.Pa
wwww ww w ww w ww www
ww for few mins, filter.The wwwfiltrate is called sodiumwcarbonate w w extract. w w w ww w
Testi.for O . rghalides:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al of sodium carbonate l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a sa1as ml a sextract
a A curdy whitesppt
a a a s a a s a
d
a ad +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of d
a ad 3, and d
ainaddil. Ammonia is d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w 10. w .P.AgNO
w P w .P.P
insoluble
w w .P.P
w
Presence of chloride www .P.P
w
www shake it www w w
ww
wformed wwww www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Test with barium
ww chloride: ww ww ww
One ml
i .O . rofgrthe
i rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
11asa
d d a sa
extractl + dil. Aceticacid
d
+
a
d saasa
1ml l
of No white pptas
d d
isa
a a l
sobtained Absence
d a
d
a l
saofassulphate d a
d saasla
a a bariumchloride solution
.P.P a aand shake
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with rgrleadacetate:
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
12 a
1ml
ala
sa+asl1ml
of the sodium carbonate
a
lala
extract,
saasheat No white ppt a
lala
sisaasobtained Absence a
lala
saofassulphate a saasla
a d d of dil acetic acid
a d d
and it + 1 a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ml of Lead Acetate ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
Brown ring grg test:
i . O . rthe
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
1mL l a a oi f sodium
al SO + freshly prepared
asdil.H carbonate l
asal a a i
extract l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa+ d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P
2 4 a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 13 ferrous sulphate w w w
solution then add Now w w
brown ring is formed w w w
Absence of nitrate w w w
www www
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
www www www
test tube.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Ammonium molybdate
.P.P a a test:
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1 ml of the extract ww + dil HNO3 + about ww ww ww
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each
i . O . rgrofg ammonium molybdate
O i . O . rgrgformed.
O i . O . rgrg Absence of phosphate
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
and
saasa l Conc.HNO 3
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Test with w ww
w
sodium nitrobruside: w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ 1mli . O . rofgrdil
O g .aommonia. + few.drops
i O . rgrgNo purple or violet i.O.O
O rgrg Absence of sulphide. i . O . rgrg
O
15 a a i a i a i a i
lalsodium saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d saasof nitro bruside.
d a
d
colouration a
d
appears
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Preparation of salt solution:
To a smallaiamount . O . rgrg of salt in a test tubei.Oadd
O . rgrg2 to 3ml of water, shake
O i . O . rgitrgand gently heat it. This
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a i
asisalcalled “original solution”. l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d s
solution
a a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www GROUP 0 www www www www
1ml of the original salt solution add
1 about i . O1ml
. rgreach
O g of Nessler’s reagent
O . rgrisg Absence of ammonium
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
l l obtained. l l
a asa NaOH.
saand a saasa a saasa a saasa a
aad d aad d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w GROUP I ww w w www w w
ww w w
ww w
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in
2 a test i . O . rgrgAdd about 1ml of dili.HCl,
O O . rgrgNo White ppt is formed.
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 1sti2+.group
O O . rgrg
O
l a a i
tube l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saand l
asa shake it
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l metal
d
ions
a
d saasa(Pb l )
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww GROUP II ww ww ww ww
To the above rgrg solution pass H2Si.O gas.rgrgNo Black ppt is formed rgrg Absence of 2ndi2+.Ogroup rgrg
3
a i . O
i . O a i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala metal ions
d a
d
lala )
saas(Cu d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww
wabout
w wwww wwww wwww
ww GROUP III To ww 1ml of the salt ww ww ww
solution add about 1ml each of
4 NH4Cl, i . O . rg g
NHr 4OH and shake it lwell
O i . O . rgrgA brown ppt is formed
O i . O . rgrg presence of 3rd
O i . O . rgrg
group
O
l
asal a a i asal a a i l
asal a a i metal ions l a
al )
as(Fe a
3+ i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Analysis of the 3rd ww w ppt:
group www www www
To the i .O . rgrgadd a pinch of sodium
ppt
O i .O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
1dad
asa l
saperoxide and boil it
d a
d saasa l A red or brown
d a
d saasppt l
a is Presence
d a
d
l
asaIron
saof d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
obtained aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww i.) To one portion ww of the red ppt add ww ww ww
about 1mL
i O
.add. rgrgof dil HCl and boil iti.and
O O. Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
then l about 1ml of
d ad saasa
potassium l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a ferocyanide
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.Pppt
.P a a of Iron is
Presence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 2 w ww
w Aw
www
blue is obtained wwwConfirmed
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d ad saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ii.) To an anotherww a
.P.Pa of the ppt a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w portion
wwww wwww wwww
ww add about 1mL w w of dil. HNO3 ww ww ww
A blood red colouration is Presence of Iron is
3 boil it O
i .
and
. rgrthen
O g add about 1ml of.O.O
i rgrgseen i . O . rgrg Confirmed i.O.O
O rgrg
l
asal
KCNS a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Result: www www www www
The Anion Present : CHLORIDE
i . O . rgrg
O : FERRIC lalia .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
The cation l a a i
Present i l a a i l a a i
Thed a
Given
d
l
saasa simple salt : FERRIC d ad saasCHLORIDE
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O SYSTEMATIC
i .O . O grg
rANALYSIS OF SIMPLE O
i . rgrg V
. SALT-
O i .O . rgrg
O
S NO
d a
d saasa l Experiment d ad saasa l
a saasa
Observation
d d
l
d a saasa
Inference
d
l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.Panions
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w Analysis wwwofw wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Colour:rgrg rgrgColourless rgrg Absence of copper, rgrg
1 Note a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala slala saasla
Padasalai
the colour of the salt Iron saltssa
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Action of heat:ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
wAbsence
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 2. A small amount w w w
w of a salt is heated in w No
w ww
Characteristic Change wwww of Zinc, wwww
a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a
asal test:
Flame i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad Small amount of salt
.P.P .P.Pa+aAddrop of a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Conc. HCl ,form wwwa paste. Take the wNo wwCharacteristic flame www Absence of Copper, www
3. paste at the charred end of the
splinteri . O .
grg introduce it near the.OO
rand
O i . rgrgColour is Observed.i.O.O rgrg Barium, Calcium i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saBunsen l
asa flame
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w www w www w wwww
ww Action of dil. wwHCl: ww ww Absence of ww
4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl
i . O . O grg it
rheat i . O . rgrgNo Charactristic gas
O i . O
evolves
. rgrg Carbonate,Nitrate,
O Sulphide lalia .O . rgrg
O
. Gently
l a a i l a a i l a a i i
d a
d
a l
saasAction d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P of Conc.H a a4
SO
.P.2P : aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Small amount w w
w
of wa salt in a dry test wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww Absence of Chloride, ww
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
itai.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Action of MnOw2w a
P.PaConc. H2SO4:
.and a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w wwww wwww www
w
ww Small amount w w of salt in a dry test ww ww ww
tube + pinch of MnO + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
i . O . rgrg
O
2
i . O . rgrgevolved.
O i . O . rgrg bromide
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
Conc.H
asal a i 2 SO 4 and gently heatl
asal a a
it i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Action of Conc.
ww H SO and copper ww ww ww
2 4
turning:
i .O . rgsmall
O rg amount of salt ini.O aO
.
grg
rdry i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
7.
d a
d satest l
asa tube + few copper turnings
d ad saasa + l No reddish
d a
d saasa
brown lgas
Absenced a
d
l
saofasnitrate.
a
d a
d saasla
a a Conc. H2SO4. Gently
.P.P .P.P aheat
a it aa
.P.P
evolves .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrdil.
O g NaOH solution: .Small
i O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Action
a i of
aslala of a salt + dil.NaOH a
lala i ala isi a
lala i
d a
d saamont d ad saassolution d a
d saaslagas
No Characteristic Absenced a
d saofasammonium d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa and gently heat w
8.
.PPa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwit.w.
ww Observed.
ww wsalt
w ww
ww
ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
Chromylgchloride test:
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Small
l
asala a i
amount of salt in + a l a
pinch
al
asthree a i of l
asa al a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa No Red a
Orange
d sa Vapour is d a sa d a sa
a9ad
.P.P
potassium dichromate a ad
.P
and
.4P.Gently a ad
.P.P a ad of chloride.
Absence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w drops Conc. H
w w
SOw heat it. w w
Observed.
w w w w w ww
www www2
www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Analysisla a i Sodium carbonate lextract a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
with
l l l l
d a
d saasa of Sodium carbonate
Preparation d ad saasaextract d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.PTake
.P .+P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1g of the givenw ww
salt
w 3g of solid sodium carbonate wwww + 20g of distilledw ww
water.
w Boil the solution ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
i O
.for. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
Test l halides:
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a 1 ml of sodium carbonate
.P.P .P.P a a extract aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w +dil. HNO + w
1mlw
w w
of AgNO , and Nowww w
Characteristic ppt is www w
Absence of chloride, ww ww
ww 10. 3 ww 3 wObtained.
w ww bromide, sulphide ww
shake it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Test with barium
ww.P.Pa
chloride:
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww One ml of the wwwsodium
w carbonate wAwww w ww w ww
white ppt insoluble in dil w Prsence of sulphate is w
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
i . O
bariumchloride
. rgrg solution and shake
O i . O . rgrgH2SO4 is formed i.O.O
O rgrg Confirmed. i.O.O rgrg
l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Test with w w
leadacetate:
w w w w w w w w ww
www www www
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess
www www
12 + 1ml ofrg rgacetic acid and heati.O
dil it Orgr1gof ammonium acetate
+ risgrg Presence of sulphate rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
asaof Lead Acetate
saml d ad saasa l formed
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Brown ring test: w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 1ml o f the sodium ww carbonate extract ww ww ww
+ dil.H2SO
i .O . rgr4g+ freshly prepared i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
13 sa
d a
d a sa l
ferrous sulphate solution
d ad saasa
then l
add No brown ringsa
d a
d a
l
saformed
is Absence sofa
d a
d a a l
snitrate d a
d saasla
a a Conc. H2SO4 along.P.the
.P.P a asides of the
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
ww test tube. ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
sa1aslml saasla+laabout saaslala saaslala saasla
a d
a a
d of the extract + d
dil
a ad
HNO a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.P14 ww.P.Pa molybdate No canary
3
ww.P.Payellow ppt is .P.Pa of phosphate ww
wAbsence
w .P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml each ofw w w
ammonium
w w www
formed. wwww wwww
and Conc. HNO3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al with sodium nitrobruside:
asTest asall a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a d a s a
a ad 1ml of the sodium
.P.P a ad
.P.carbonate
P extract a ad
www 15 + 1ml of dilw.aommonia. ww + few drops w ww
No purple or violet wwwAbsence of sulphide. www
of sodium colouration appears
i . O . rgrgnitro bruside.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Preparation of saltww solution:
ww ww ww
To a small amount
i .O . rgrg of salt in a test tubei.Oadd
O . Orgrg2 to 3ml of water, shake i .O . rgitrgand gently heat it. This
O i .O . rgrg
O
solution
d a
d saasais l
called “original solution”.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a GROUP 0
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww 1ml of the original ww salt solution add ww ww ww
No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml rgreach
g of Nessler’s reagent rgrgobtained. rgrg Absence of ammonium rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a aslala
saand NaOH.
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa GROUP I ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube
i . O . rgrgAdd about 1ml of dili.HCl,
O i . O . rgrg metal ions (Pbi2+.O
O ).Or
rg g
l a a i
asalshake it l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a saand
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www GROUP II www www www www
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O i .O . rgrg metal ions (Cui2+.O
O ).Or
rg g
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w GROUP III ww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww
To about 1ml of the salt solution add
ww ww Presence of 3rd groupww
4 about i . O1ml
. rgreach
O g of NH4Cl and NH
i . O 4O
. rgrgA gelatinous white ippt
OH
. O . risgrg metal ion (Al3+i).O.O
O rgrg
saasla
l l formed l l
a asa shake it well
saand a saasa a saasa a saasa a
aa d d aad d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w w
ww Analysis of the 3rd ww w w
group ppt: ww w w w
ww w w
ww w
Testi.for O . rgAluminium:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la ppt add a pinch of ssodium a
aslala i a i a i
aslathe saaslala is la
aslaAluminium saasla
Padasalai
saTo A colourless solution saof
1dad d a
d a d a
d d
Presence a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa peroxide and boilww .PPa a a
.P.Pa
obtained a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww it . ww wwww ww
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is
i . O . rgrgshake it
O i . O . rgrgobtained
O i . O . rgrg Presence of Aluminium
O i . O . rgrg
O
2 dil.HCl
l
asal a a i and
l
asala a i l
asala a i is Confirmed l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Result: www www www www
The Anion Present : SULPHATE
The cation i .O . rgrg
Present
O : ALUMINIUM i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
The
d a
d saasGivenl
a simple salt : ALUMINIUM
d a
d saasa l SULPHATE as
d d aasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ww OF SIMPLE SALT-wVIw ww
S NO
.O rgrg Experiment .O rgrg Observation rgrg
.O
Inference rgrg
s a laalia i . O
s a laalia i . O
s a laalia i . O
s a laalia.Oi.O
saasla
d a
d a s d a
d a s Analysis of anions
d a
d a s d a
d a s d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Colour: w ww
w w ww
w w wAbsence
w w w ww
w
ww 1 Note the colour ww wColourless
w ww of copper, ww
of the salt Iron salts
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i a i a i
slala in A reddish dbrown la with a Presencesof aslaalanitrate
Action of heat:
d a
d saAaslasmall amount of a d
salta
d saaheated
is adsaaslagas d a
d a d a
d saasla
a
.P.P2.a a test tube .P.Paa a
.P.Paevolves
fishy odour a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwwsalt
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
FlameOtest:
i . . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal amount of salt + Aadrop
Small l a
asalof a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
a ad Conc. HCl ,form a.P
.P.P a adTake the No Characteristic
paste.
.P a ad flame
.P.P a ad of Copper,
.P.P
Absence
a ad
.P.P
www 3. paste at thew ww end of the
charred ww is Observed.
wColour wwwBarium, Calcium www
splinter and introduce it near the
.O O grg
rflame .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Bunsen
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saa s d a
d sa a s d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Action of dil.w
w HCl: ww ww ww
A reddish brown gas with the
SmallO
i . Orgrg of salt + 1ml of dil.
. iamount i .O . rgrgfishy odour turningi.aO.moist
HCl
O Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
4.
d a
d saasa
. l
Gently heat it
d a
d saasa l
d a
ferrous sulphate
d
l
saasapaper brown Presence d a
d
l
asanitrate
saof d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
evolves
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgof
O rgConc.H2SO4: i . O . rgrg
O
Action
a
lala i ala i a i
lalaturning a i
d a
d saasSmall amount of a salt d a
dinsa aasladry Reddish brown
d a
test acidified aferrous
d saasgas d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P5a tube + Conc. Hw2SO a a
.P.P4 and .P.Pa sulphate a
.P.Pa of nitrate a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w gently heat paper w ww
w green evolves. wwwPresence
w wwww
ww it
w w w w ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a
Actiona i of MnO and Conc. l a
asal 2 4
H a i
SO : l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
2
a ad Small amount of.salt
.P.P P.P a ainda dry test a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w Now w w
Characteristic Gas is w w w
Absence of chloride, w ww
www 6 tube + www 2
pinch of MnO + ww
wevolved. wwwbromide www
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
asa
saAction l
d a
d
l
saasacopper d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P of Conc. H
.P2 aa
SO
.P 4
and a brown
.P.P
A reddish a gas with
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww turning: ww
small amount of salt in a dry wfishy
w odour turning a moistww ww
test tube + few copper turnings +
7.
Conc. i . OH. r2gSO
O rg 4. Gently heat it i.O . rgrgferrous sulphate paper
O i . O . Orgbrown
rg Presence of nitrate i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l evolves
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Action of dil. wwNaOH solution: Small ww ww ww
ofrgargsalt + dil.NaOH solutionrgrg No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8. amont
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . Orgrg salt i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i Observed. a i a i
Padasalai
and gently heat it.
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Chromyl chloride ww .Pa
.Ptest: ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w w w w ww w ww
Small amountwof salt in + a pinch of w w w
rgrgdichromate and three rgrg No Red Orange Vapour is
rgrg Absence of chloride. rgrg
9 potassium i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O
asall
drops a a iConc. H SO .Gently asall
heata a i
it. Observed. l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
2 4
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Analysis with Sodium wwwcarbonate extract www www www
PreparationO ofrg rg
Sodium carbonate extract O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
Take 1g
d a
d saasof l
a the given salt + 3g of
d a
d
l
asa sodium carbonate +asa
sasolid d d
l
asaof distilled water. Boilasthe
20g
d d a
l
asasolution
d a
d saasla
.Pfor
.P .P.P a ais called sodium carbonate a aextract.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test for halides:
1 mli.of O . rgrg carbonate extract
sodium
O i .O . rgrg
O
10.
d a
d sa+dil. l
asa HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO
d a
d sa3as, and
a l No
d a
d saasa
Characteristic l
ppt is Absence
d a
d saasa
of l
chloride,
d a
d saasla
a a shake it
.P.P .P.P aa Obtained.aa
.P.P a a sulphide
bromide,
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Testi.with O . rgrbarium
O g chloride: i.O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaml of the sodium carbonate a i a i a i
d a
d saOne d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P11a extract + dil. Aceticacid a
.P.Pa+ 1ml of a a is obtained
.P.Pppt
No white a
.P.Pa of sulphate a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwwAbsence
w www
w
ww bariumchloride w wsolution and shake w w ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal with leadacetate: asaasal
Test l a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d d a s a d a s a d a s a
.P.P P.P a ad extract, a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w 12 w w w Now w w
white ppt is obtained w w w
Absence of sulphate w w w
www + 1ml of dil www
acetic acid and heat it + www www www
1ml of Lead Acetate
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Brown ring test:
ww ww ww ww
1ml ofOthe
i O
. i.SOrgrg sodium carbonate extract
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
+ l
saasa 2 4
dil.H + freshly
d a
d saasa
prepared l
d a
d saasa l
d
Presencea
d
asa
saof l
nitrate d a
d saasla
a13
.P.P a ferrous sulphate solution .P.P a a then add A brown aring
.P.P a is formed aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwwconfirmed
w wwww
ww Conc. H 2 SO w4 w
along the sides of the ww ww ww
test tube.g
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
d a
d saAmmonium d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 1 ml of the extract molybdate
.P a
.Pa
test: a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww + dil HNO3 + about www ww wwww wwww
ww ww w canary yellow ppt is w
No w ww
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
rgrgHNO3 rgrg formed. rgrg rgrg
l a a.
and iConc.O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Test with sodium d
ad
anitrobruside: d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 1ml of thew
w
ww carbonate extract www
sodium
w w
www w
www
15 + 1ml rofgdil
i . O . O rg .aommonia. + fewi.drops O . rgrgNo
O
purple or violet
i .O . rgrg Absence of sulphide.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i colouration appears
l a a i l a a i
saasla
of lsodium nitro bruside. l l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Preparation of saltww solution: ww ww ww
To a small amount
i . O . rgrg of salt in a test tubei.Oadd
O . rgrg2 to 3ml of water, shake
O i . O . rgitrgand gently heat it. This
O i .O . rgrg
O
solutionaisl a a i
called “original solution”. l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a GROUP 0
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 1ml of the original ww salt solution add wNo w chocolate brown ppt isww ww
1 about 1ml
i . O . rgreach
i . O . rgrgobtained.
O i . O . rgrg
O
Absence of ammonium
i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
and NaOH.
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa GROUP I ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w ww w ww w ww
Take about 1 w ml of the salt solution in w w
Absence of 1st group
w
2 a test tube
O ).O rgrg
l a a i
asalshake it
and l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w GROUP II w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www
To the above solution pass H2S gas.
www www www
Absence of 2nd group
3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O ).O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w GROUP III www
w To wwww wwww wwww
ww about 1ml ofwthe w salt solution add ww ww Presence of 3rd groupww
A gelatinous white ppt is
4 about 1ml r gr g
each of NH4Cl and NH4OH r gr g r g r g metal ion (Al3+) rgrg
l alia O O
. i. it well l O
alia. i. O formed
l O
alia. i. O l alia.Oi.O
d a
d saa
and
s a shake
d a
d saas a
d a
d saas a
d a
d saas a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Analysis of the 3rdww group ppt: ww ww ww
Test for
i . O . rgAluminium:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la ppt add a pinch of ssodium a
aslala i a i a i
aslathe saaslala la
A colourless solution is
1 asTo
a a a a Presencea aslaAluminium
saof a saasla
a d d a d d obtained a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa peroxide and boil
ww .P.Pa
it
ww
ww w w
w w wwww wwww wwww
To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is
Presence of Aluminium
2 dil.HCl
i . O . rgrgshake it
and
O i . O . rgrgobtained
O i . O . rgrg is Confirmed i.O.O
O rgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a aResult:
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www The Anion Present www : NITRATE www www www
The cation Present
ia.O rgrg
O
.simple
: ALUMINIUMrgrg
i .O . ONITRATE i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d
The aGiven
a
d sasa l salt : ALUMINIUM
d a
d saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d ad saa s d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VII
rg g rg g rgrg rgrg
S NO ala a ia.Oi.Or Experiment alaalia.O i.Or l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d sas l
d ad sas d a
d saasa
Observation l
d a
d saasa
Inference l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa Analysisw of aa
.Panions
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w ww w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note therg rg of the salt rgrgColourless rgrg Iron salts rgrg
a i . O
i . O colour
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a aslala
saAction a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d of heat: a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.P2.a A small amount w ofw.P Pa
a. salt is heated in Salt .P
wisw .Pa when hot, wwMay
Yellow .P.Pbea a zinc salt
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w ww
w when cold
White ww w wwww
a test tube
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Flame
l a a i test:
asal amount of salt + Aadrop l
asalofa a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a saSmall d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Conc. HCl ,form a.P
.P.P .Pa adTake the a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w wpaste.
w w w w w w w ww
www 3. paste at thewcharred ww end of the www
No Characteristic flame www Absence of Copper, www
Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter rand
.O grg introduce it near the.OO
Oflame rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
d a
d
Bunsen
saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Action of dil.w ww
HCl:
w wwww wwwAbsence
w of wwww
ww ww ww
4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
ww ww
. Gentlyrheat
l a ia.Oi . Ogrg it l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg Sulphide
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasAction of Conc.H2SOa
d 4:s
d aasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Small amount of.aP.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww salt in a dry test ww
w ww wwwAbsence
w of Chloride, ww ww
ww 5 tube + Conc. wwH2SO4 and gently heat wNo w Charactristic gas evolves ww Bromide, Nitrate ww
it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
saaslaHla2SO4: saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
d a
d saasAction of MnO2 and d a
Conc.
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa Small amount w a
P.Pain a dry test
.salt a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ofw
w wwww wwww wwww
ww w w
tube + pinch of MnO2 +
w w
w Characteristic Gas is w Absence of chloride, w
No w
6
Conc.H
i . O . rg2rSO
O g 4 and gently heat it.O.O
i rgrgevolved. i . O . rgrg bromide
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P Pa ad
.SO a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w Action of Conc.
w w Hw and copper w w w w w w w w w
www www 2 4
www www www
turning: small amount of salt in a dry
7. test itube
.O . rg+rgfew copper turningsi.+O.O
O rgrgNo reddish brown gas i .O . rgrg Absence of nitrate.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saConc. l
asa H2SO4. Gently heat
d ad saitasa l evolves
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small
i .O . rgargsalt + dil.NaOH solution
O i .O . rgrgNo Characteristic gas
O i .O . risgrg Absence of ammonium
O i .O . rgrg
O
8. amont l a a i of l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saand l
asa gently heat it.
d ad saasa l Observed.das
d aasa l salt das
d a asa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww Chromyl chloride ww test: ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgNo Red Orange Vapour
O i . O . rgrisg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
potassium
9 salala i dichromate and a
three
lala i a i a i
d a
d a s Conc. H2SO4.Gently
drops d ad saasheat it. Observed.da dsaaslala d a
d a slala
Absence sofachloride.
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis with rSodium grg carbonate extract rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal
Preparation of Sodium carbonate
a saasal extract
a s aasal a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g d
a adof solid sodium carbonate d
a ad
+ 20g of distilled water. d
a ad
Boil the solution d
a ad
w .Pfor
w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www few mins,
www
filter.Thew filtrate is called sodium w
www
carbonate extract. w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Test for halides:
ww ww ww ww
1 ml of
i O
.HNO. rgrg carbonate extract
sodium
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
asa l l No Characteristic ppt
l is Absence of chloride,
l
10.as
d d a
+dil. 3 + 1ml of AgNO
d a
d sa3asa
, and
Obtained. d a
d saasa d
bromide, a
d
asa
sasulphide d a
d
a a shake it
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with
i . O . rgrbarium
O g chloride:
i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaml of the sodium carbonate a i a i a i
d a
d saOne d a
d saaslala A white ppt d a saaslala in dil
insoluble
d d
Prsence a
dof
lala
saassulphate is d a
d saasla
a a
.P.P11 extract + dil. a
.P.Pa
Aceticacid + 1ml of a a
.4Pis.Pformed a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww bariumchloride ww
wsolution
w and shake
Hw ww
2SO
w wwwConfirmed.
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Testl
asal a a i
with leadacetate: l
asal a a i l a a i
asalin excess asall a a i asla
d a sa d a sa a
A whit pptdsolublesa d a sa d a sa
ad
a12
.P.P
1ml of the sodium a ad
carbonate
P.P
.acid
extract,
.P.P
of ammonium
a ad acetate is a ad of sulphate
.P.P
Presence
a ad
.P.P
w w w + 1ml of dil w w
acetic w and heat it + 1 w w w w w w w ww
www ml of Lead Acetate
www ww
wformed www www
i .O . rgrg test:
O i .O . rgrg
O
Brown
l a a i ring l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d sa1ml l
asa o f the sodium carbonate
d a
d
l
saasaextract d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w + dil.H2SO4 + w ww
freshly
w prepared w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
Conc.O
i . iH. r2gSO
O rg 4 along the sides ofi.O thergrg
. O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d satest l
asa tube.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Ammoniumwmolybdate w test: ww ww ww
1 ml of the
i . O . rgrgextract + dil HNO3 +i.O
O . rgrgNo canary yellow ppt
about
O i . O . O
isrgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a of ammonium molybdate a i a i a i
saaslaleach saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
14 1ml Absence of Phosphate
a a formed. a a a
ww.P.Pa and Conc. HNO 3 PPa
ww.. ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ww wwww
Test with sodium nitrobruside:
1mli.O of O grgsodium carbonate extract
rthe . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O
l a a i .
l of dil .aommonia. s+asfew l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa as+a1ml a a al drops No purple oraviolet sa asal a sa al
assulphide. a sa
d
15
a ad of sodium nitro bruside. d
a ad d d
a aappears d
Absence
a ad of d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
colouration
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
Preparation i .O .
of rgsalt
O rg solution: i .O . rgrg
O
d
l
saasa amount of salt in adtest
Todaasmall a
d saastube l
a add 2 to 3ml of water,
d a
d
l
saasashake it and gently heat d a
d
l
saait.saThis d a
d saasla
a a is called “original.Psolution”.
.Psolution
.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP 0
1ml iof .O rgrg
O
the
. original salt solution iadd .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i No chocolate brown l a a i
ppt is l a a i
1 asabout
d d a
l
asa 1ml each of Nessler’s
d a
d saasa l
reagent obtained. as
d d a asa l Absence
d a
d
l
saofasammonium
a
d a
d saasla
a a and NaOH.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP I
i . O . rgrg1 ml of the salt solution
O i . O . rginrg
O
Take a i
about
ala tube Add about 1mL a la i a
lala i a i
2
d a
d saaasltest d a
d saasofladil HCl, No White d a
ppt
d saisasformed. Absence
d a
d saaslala
of 1st
2+
group
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa and shake it ww a
.PPa .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
metal ions (Pb ) a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww . ww wwww ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
GROUP g
i . O . r IIrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Tolathe
asal a i above solution pass Hl
asal a S a i
gas. l a
al a i Absence of l a
2nd
asal 2+ a i
group asla
isa
2
3
d a sa d a sa No Black ppt d a sa sformed d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad metal
.P.P d (Cu )
a aions a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt
.O O grg about 1ml each of .NH
radd O rgCl
O rg .O Orgrg Absence of 3rdi.O rgrg
group
O
solution
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
l l l l saasla
4
4 as a asa NH OH and shake itaswell a asa a
No ppt is obtainedsaasa a
metal ions saas(Ala / Fe3+)
3+
a
aad d and 4 aad d aad d aad d d
aa d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w w
ww w wwww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saa s d a
d saa s d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww w
GROUP IV Towthe above solution
ww ww ww
Presence of 4 th group
pass (H
.O O grggas
r2S) .O Orgrg .O Orgrg 2+.OO rgrg
l a i
a i . l a ia i. A dirty white ppt lis a ia i .
obtained metal ion (Zn l a ia) i.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww Analysis of the 4th ww group ppt: ww ww ww
Testi.for O . rgZinc:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg
a i
la ppt add dil HCl andsaboil a i a i a i
1dad
aslathe
saTo d a
d a slalait d a
The ppt dissolves
d saaslala d
Presencea
d saof la
aslaZinc
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
To the 1 ml of Original solution add
2 dil.NaOH i . O . rgringdrops to excess i.O.O
O rgrgWhite Ppt Soluble iin.O.excess Orgrg Presence of Zinc i . O . Orgrg
is
asall a a i l
asal a a i NaOH is l
asal
Obtained a a i Confirmed l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www To the 1 ml www
of Original solution add 2 ww Ppt Soluble in excess
wWhite wwwPresence of Zinc is www
3 ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution NaOH, insoluble in dilute
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgacids, is Obtained i.O.O
O rgrg Confirmed i.O.O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aResult:
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The Anion Present w ww
w : SULPHATE w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
The cation Present : ZINC
The Given i .O . rgrg salt : ZINC SULPHATE
O
simple i .O . rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P P.Paa
.SYSTEMATIC P.P
.OF aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w ANALYSISw www SIMPLE SALT- VIII w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
Analysis of anions
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Colour: ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa .P.Pa of copper,
wAbsence
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 1 Note the colour ww ww of the salt w w w
Colourless
w w w w
w Iron salts wwww
Action
i . O . rgrheat:
of
O g
i . O . rgrg
asa l a a i
l amount of a salt issaheated l a a
al in i Salt is Yellow l
asal
whena a i
hot, l a
asalsalta i asla
2. as aA small a a s a sa May beaas azinc a sa
d
a ad a test tube d
a ad White P d
a adcold d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.when
.P w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www w w w
www w
www w
www
Flame test:ww
Small amount
i .O . rgrg of salt + A drop of
O i .O . rgrg
3.d a
d saasa
d a
d saasa
d a
d
l
saasaflame Absence
d a
d
l
saofasaCopper, d a
d saasla
.P.P .P.Paend
a of the Colour aObserved.
.Pis.P a a a Calcium
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w splinter and w ww
w
introduce it near the w www w wBarium,
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Bunsen flame
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgA colourless gas with
O i .O . argrotten
O rg i .O . Orgrg
d a
d saasa
Action l of dil. HCl:
d a
d saasa l egg smell turning
d a
d
l
saasaa paper d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P .P.Pa+a1ml of dil. HCl dipped.Pin alead
a acetate a a of sulphide is .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w 4. w ww
w w www.blackP
w wPresence
w w wwww
ww . Gently heatww it ww
shining ww Confirmed ww
evolves
i . O . rgof
O rgConc.H SO : i . O . rgrg
a
Action
lala i ala i a i a i
d a
d saasSmall amount of a
2
d
salt
4
a
d saaasladry
in test d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P5a tube + Conc. Hw2SO .PPaa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa of Chloride,
Absence a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. 4 and gently heat wNo w
w www
Charactristic gas evolveswww
w w wBromide, Nitrate wwwww
w
it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg
l a
al
asAction a i of MnO2 and Conc. l a a
asaHl 2SO4:i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a sa d a s a
a ad Small amount of.salt
.P.P P.Pa ainda dry test .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w
No w w
Characteristic Gas is w w w
Absence of chloride, w w w
www 6 tube + pinch wwofwMnO2 + ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . Orgrg
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Action of Conc.
2 4
turning:
i .O . rgsmall
.
grg
rdry i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
7.
d a
d satest l
d ad saasa l No reddish
d a
d saasa
brown lgas
Absenced a
d
l
saofasnitrate.
a
d a
d saasla
a a + Conc. H2SO4. Gently
.P.P .P.P a aheat it aa
.P.P
evolves .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrdil.
i O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Action
a i of
lala i ala isi a
lala i
d a
d saaslagas
d saasla
a
8.
.PPa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwit.w.
ww Observed.
ww wsalt
w ww
ww
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Small
l
asala a i
pinch
al
asthree a i of l
asa al a i l
asal a a i asla
Orange
a9ad
.P.P
.P
and
.4P.Gently a ad
Absence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w drops Conc. H
w w
SOw heat it. w w
Observed.
w w w w w ww
www www2
www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
with
l l l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.PTake
.P .+P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
salt
water.
ww ww ww ww ww
i O
.for. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
Test l halides:
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w +dil. HNO + w
1mlw
w w
of AgNO , and wwww www w wwww
ww 10. 3 ww 3 wAwblack ppt is formed ww Presence of sulphide ww
shake it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa
chloride:
ww
w carbonate ww ww wwww wwww
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
i . O
bariumchloride
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Test with leadw w w
acetate: w ww w w w w ww
www www
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
www www www
dil it Orgr1gNo white ppt is obtained
+ rgrg Absence of sulphate rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saml l
asaof Lead Acetate
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 1ml o f the sodium ww carbonate extract ww ww ww
+ dil.H2SO
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
13 sa
d a
d a sa l
d ad saasa
then l
add No brown ringsa
d a
d a
l
saformed
is Absence sofa
d a
d a a l
snitrate d a
d saasla
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w wwww www w wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
a d
a a
dil
a ad
HNO a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
3
ww.P.Payellow ppt is .P.Pa of phosphate ww
wAbsence
w .P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml each ofw w w
ammonium
w w www
formed. wwww wwww
and Conc. HNO3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.P a ad
.P.carbonate
P extract A purple a ad
w w w w w w w ww or violet colouration w w w w w w
appears wwwPrsence of sulphide. www
of sodium
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d ad saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww
To a small amount
i .O . rgrg of salt in a test tube,
O i .O . Orgrg3ml of dil.HCl + dil.HNO
add
i .O . rg3r, gshake it and gently heat
O i .O . rgit.rg
O
This solution
d a
d
l
saasa is called “originaldasolution”. d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww GROUP 0 ww ww ww ww
1ml of the original salt solution add
1 about i . O1ml
. rgreach
O . rgrisg Absence of ammonium
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
d a
d saand NaOH. d ad saaslala obtained.
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww GROUP I w w w w ww ww
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in
2 a test i . O . rgrgAdd about 1ml of dili.HCl,
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 1sti2+.group
O O . rgrg
O
l a a i
tube
asalshake it l
asala a i l
asala a i metal ions l a
al )
as(Pb a i asla
d a saand d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
3
To the above
i . O . rgrg solution pass H2Si.O
O
gas.
. rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O i .O . rgrg Absence of 2ndi2+.Ogroup
O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l metal ions
d a
d saas(Cu l
a )
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww GROUP III To wwabout 1ml of the salt ww ww ww
solution add about 1ml each of NH Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and i . O . rgrg
O i . O . r4grgNo ppt is obtained i.O.O
O rgrg metal ions (Al3+i.O /.Fergr3+g)
O
l a a
NH i OH and shake it welll a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l 4
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww GROUP IV w Towthe above solution ww ww ww
Presence of 4 th group
pass (Hr2S) grggas rgrgA dirty white ppt is iobtained rgrg metal ion (Zn2+i.)O.O rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a . O
i . O a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Analysis of the 4th www w
group ppt: wwww wwww wwww
Test .for
i O . rgZinc:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
l ppt add dil HCl andsaboil
asathe l a a
al it i l
asala a i l al
asaZinc a i asla
1 as aTo a a s a s
The ppt dissolvesa Presence a saof a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w.P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
To the 1 ml of Original solution add
2 dil.NaOH
i . O . rgringdrops to excess i.O.O
O rgrgWhite Ppt Soluble in excess
i . O . rgrg Presence
O
of Zinc isg
i .O . r rg
O
l a a i l a a i NaOH is Obtained l a a i Confirmed l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
w ww
w To the 1 ml ofw ww
Original
w solution add 2 White w ww
w Ppt Soluble in excess wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww Presence of Zinc is ww
3 ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution NaOH, insoluble in dilute
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgacids, is Obtained i.O.O
O rgrg Confirmed i.O.O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P Result: aa
.P.:P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w The Anion Present w ww
w SULPHIDE w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
The cation Present : ZINC
The Given i . O . rgrg salt : ZINC SULPHIDE
simple
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P a
.Pa
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS.P a
.PaSIMPLE SALT- IXwww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w wwOF
w w www
w
ww S NO
w w
Experiment
w w Observation
ww Inference
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg of anions i.O.O
O
Analysis rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad Colour:
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad of copper,
Absence .P.Pa ad
w w w 1 w w w w w
Colourless
w w w w w w w
www Note the colour www of the salt www wwwIron salts www
Action of
i . O . rgrheat:
O g
i .O . rgrgA colourless, odourless
O i .O . rgrgas
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
2. sA
d a
d aasa l
small amount of a salt
d ad
is l
heated
saasa in turning lime
d a saasa
water
d
lmilky Presence
d a
d saasa
of l
carbonate
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P a test tube
.P.Paa evolves
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Flame test: w
w ww ww ww
SmallO
. iamount
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
d a
d saasa
Take l the
d a
d
l Presence
saasais Observed. salt dadsaasa of l calcium
d a
d saasla
.P.P3.
.P.Paend
a of the Brick redaa
.P.PColour
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
ww splinter and ww
Bunsen flame
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
d a
d saAction d a
d saaslala A colourless,
d a
d
aslala gas
saodourless d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P+a1ml of dil. HCl evolves a
Paa brisk
.P.as a
.P.Pa of carbonate ww a
.P.Pa
wwww itwww w ww
w wwwPresence
w ww
ww . Gently heat ww wEffervescence
w and turns lime ww is Confirmed ww
water milky
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a
Action
asal a i of Conc.H SO :
4 a al l a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa
2
d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Small amount of.aP.P
.P.P a adin a dry test
salt a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad of Chloride,
Absence a ad
.P.P
w w w 5 w w w No
w w w
Charactristic gas evolves w w w w ww
www tube + Conc.www2 4 H SO and gently heat www wwwBromide, Nitrate www
it
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
a l
saasAction of MnO2 and Conc.
d a
d saasaH2SO4:l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Small amount of.salt
.P.P aa aa aa aa
w ww
w w wwwP.P in a dry test Noww ww.P.P
Characteristic Gas is ww
.P.P
wAbsence
w of chloride, ww
.P.P
ww
ww 6 tube + pinch wwof MnO2 + ww ww ww
evolved. bromide
Conc.Hg
i . O . r 2rSO
O g 4 and gently heat it.O.O
i rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Action of Conc. H.P
.P.P a a4 and copper
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www2.SO w ww
w wwww wwww
ww turning: small wwamount of salt in a dry ww ww ww
test tube + few copper turnings No reddish brown gas
7.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgevolves
O i . O . rgrg Absence of nitrate.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
+ lConc. i H SO . Gently heat a
it i a i a i
saasala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
2 4
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww w w w w w w w ww w ww
Action of dil.w NaOH solution: Small w w w
8. amont O ofrgargsalt + dil.NaOH solution O rgrgNo Characteristic gas O risgrg Absence of ammonium O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
a saasalgently heat it.
and
a sa asal Observed.
a sa asal salt
a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .Ptest:
w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Chromyl w
chloride
www w
www w
www w
www
9 potassium i .O . rgrgdichromate and three
O i .O . rgrgNo Red Orange Vapour
O i .O . rgrisg Absence of chloride.
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d sadrops l
asa Conc. H2SO4.Gently
d a
d saasheat l
a it. Observed.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Preparation i .O of
. rgSodium
O rg carbonate extract i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Takea1g
d d saasof l
a the given salt + 3g of
d a
d
l
asa sodium carbonate +asa
sasolid d d
l
asaof distilled water. Boilasthe
20g
d d a
l
asasolution
d a
d saasla
.Pfor
.P .P.Pa ais called sodium carbonate a aextract.
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Test for halides:
i . O . rgrg carbonate extract
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
1 lmla i
of sodium
asalaHNO3 + 1ml of AgNO a
ala i ala isi a
lala i
d
10.a
d sa+dil. d a
d sa3as, land d d saaslappt
No Characteristic
a Absence
d a
d saofaschloride, d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa shake it a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
Obtained. a
.P.Pa sulphide a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwwbromide,
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test i . O .
with rgrbarium
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal ml of the sodium carbonate asall a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a saOne d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad extract + dil. Aceticacid
.P.P .P.Pa a+d 1ml of a ad
w w w 11 w w w No
w w w
white ppt is obtained w w w
Absence of sulphate w w w
www bariumchloride
w
wwsolution and shake www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww Test with leadacetate:
ww ww ww ww
1ml ofOthe
i rgrg
. iof.O sodium carbonate extract,
O i .O . rgrg
O
12 + l1ml a a l a a i a
No white ppt is obtained
l a i Absence of sulphate
l a a i
d a
d saasa l dil acetic acid
d
and
a
d saasa
heatl it + 1
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a ml of Lead Acetate.P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww Brown ringwtest: w ww ww ww
1ml of the
ila.O rgrg
O
.2SO
sodium carbonate extract
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
+aldil.H
sasa 4 + freshly
d d saaslala
prepared
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
13 ferrous sulphate a
.P.Pa
solution then add No brown a
.P.Pa ring is formed a
.P.Pa
Absence of nitrate a
.P.Pa
wwww Conc. H2SOw w ww
w
along the sides of the ww wwww wwww wwww
ww 4w ww ww
test tube.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P
Ammonium molybdate
.P a ad
.P
test:
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 1 ml of the extract
w w w + dil HNO + about w w w w w w w w w
www 14 www 3
ww
wNo canary yellow ppt is www
Absence of phosphate
www
1ml each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc.
i . O . rgrgHNO3
O i . O . rgrgformed.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Test with sodium
.P.P .P.Panitrobruside:
a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w www w w w
w w
ww 1ml of thew w carbonate extract ww
sodium ww ww
+ 1ml of dil .aommonia + few drops No purple or violet
15
O i . O . rgrgcolouration appearsi.O.O
O rgrg Absence of sulphide. i .O . rgrg
O
of
l a a i
sodium l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
solution is acalledi “original solution”. a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa GROUP 0 ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml of the original ww ww salt solution add w w w
w chocolate brown ppt is w w ww w w
w w
No
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent Absence of ammonium
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgobtained.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
andl
asala i
NaOH.
a l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad GROUP I
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Take about w 1w
w
ml of the salt solution in ww
w wwwAbsence of 1st group www
2 a test tube
O ).O rgrg
d a
d
and
saasa l shake it
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w GROUP II w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww To the above ww solution pass H2S gas. ww ww Absence of 2nd groupww
3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O i . O . rgrg metal ions (Cui2+.O
O ).O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a GROUP III To about
.P.P .P.Pa1ml
a of the salt .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwwAbsence
w w ww
w
ww solution addwabout w 1ml each of ww ww of 3rd group ww
3+ 3+
4 NH4Cl, NH grg4OH and shake it well.OO grg No ppt is obtained grg metal ions (Al / Fe grg)
. O r
O r . O r
O . O r
O
a sa aslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a sa aslaaliai. a saasla
ww.P.Pa GROUP IV To the ww.P .Pa solution
above ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
wAbsence
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w ww w w w
w w wwww of 4 th group w w
w w
pass (H2S) gas 2+
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn )
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad GROUP V To the .salt
.P.P P.P ad
a solution add .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 1ml each ofw ww
NH 4Cl, NH4OH and
www www Presence of 5th group www
6 A white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)
(NH4)2CO
i .O . rgr3gand shake it well. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Analysis of the 5th ww group ppt:
ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saTo l
asathe ppt add about 1mlasaofasdil.
d d
a l
d a
d saasa l Presence
d a
d
l
asa(Ba2+/
saof d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a acetic acid and gently
1 aa
.P.P The ppt
.P.P aa
dissolves. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w
heat it.
w ww
w wwwCa2+)
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgA white ppt is obtained.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalafor Calcium a i a i a i
d a
d saTest d a
d saaslala d d saaslala add a
Filter.To thearesidue
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa To the solution add a
.P.Pa drop of a
Pa HCl. Take the wPresence
.P.Conc. a
.P.Pa of Calcium is ww a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w ww w ww
ww 2 about 1ml ofwammonium w sulphate w w
residue and introduce near ww Confirmed ww
the Bunsen flame.A crimson
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgred colour is seen i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www wIfwnowppt is obtained, to thewww www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgsolution add abouti.1ml
O O . rgofrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa
potassium ferrocyanide l and Presencesof
d a
d a
l
asaCalcium is
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P shake.P aAapale yellow ppt Confirmed
it..P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w
w w www w wwww
ww ww wappears.
w ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d d saasa
Result:
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa aThe Anion Present .P.:P aCARBONATE
a .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww : CALCIUM
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww The cation ww
Present ww ww ww
The Given simple salt : CALCIUM CARBONATE
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala ANALYSIS OFdSIMPLE saaslalaSALT- X saaslala saasla
Padasalai
a SYSTEMATIC
a a a a
a d
a d a d d a d a d d a d d
ww.P.SPNO ww .P.Pa ww.P.P a
ww .P.PaInference .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww wExperiment
w
w w w w
w w Observation
wwww wwww
Analysis of anions
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a
Colour: a i l
asala a i l
asala a i ofa l a
al a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa Absence
d a sa scopper,
d a sa
.P.Pa ad Note the colour of.the
1 ad
a salt
P.P Colourless
.P.P a ad ad
asalts
.P.P
Iron .P.Pa ad
www Action of heat: www www www www
No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc,
2. A small ramount
. O O grg of a salt is heated . O ringrgOccurs
O .O rgrg Ammonium, Nitrate
O .O rgrg
O
a
aaltest ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d sasa l tube
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Flame test: aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Small amount wwof salt + A drop of ww ww Presence of Barium ww
Conc. HCl ,form
grg a paste. Take the
3. paste i .O . rthe
O i .O . rgrgApple green Colouri.O
O
is rgrg
. O
salt
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
at charred end of the l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
asa and introduce it anear
sasplinter d d
l
saasathe Observed.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Bunsen flameww ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Action ofgdil. HCl:
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrgNo Charactristic gas
O i . O . rgrg Absence of i.O.O
O rgrg
Small a
aslala i
amount of salt + 1ml of adil. i HCl a i a i
4. as
d d a. Gently heat it d a
d saaslala evolves
d a
d saaslala d d saaslala
Carbonate,Nitrate,
a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwwSulphide
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
. O O grg of a salt in a dry.O
ramount rgrgA colourless gas evolves.
O . O rgrgIt
O .O rgrg
O
Small
l a ia i . l a ia i .
test
l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa al + Conc. H2SO4 and
astube a saasal heat gives a dense
gently a saasal fumes
white
a saasal a s a
d
a5ad d
a ad d
a ad rod dipped in Prsence
when .aPglass d
a adof Chloride d
a ad
w .P.P
w it w .P.P
w w w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
ww ammonia is brought www
wliquid w w
www
close to its mouth
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d ads aas d a
d saa s d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Action of MnO
ww and Conc. H SO : ww ww ww
2 2 4
Small . O O grg of salt in a dry test
ramount . O OrgrgA greenish yellow gas . O O grg
rturning .O rgrg
O
6 as
d d aastubel
a + pinch of MnO2 a+saasa
d d
l starch iodide
d a
d
paper
saasa l blue
Prsenceaof
d d
l
saasChloride
a
d a
d saasla
a a Conc.H2SO4 and.Pgently
.P.P aa evolves aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P heat it
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Action
i . O . rgrConc.
of
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala small amount ofasasalt a i
laa dry a i a i
d a
d saturning: d d
aslain
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P7.a test tube + few copper a
.P.Paturnings + a
.P.Pabrown gas
No reddish a
.P.Pa of Nitrate. a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w wAbsence
w w wwww
ww Conc. H2SOw 4w
. Gently heat it wevolves
w w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal of dil. NaOH solution: l a a
asal Small i asall a a i l
asala a i asla
d a saAction d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad gas is
.P.P
No Characteristic
a ad of ammonium
.P.P
Absence
a ad
.P.P
w w w amont of a salt w w
+ w
dil.NaOH solution w w w w w w w ww
www 8.
and gently heat wwwit. ww
wObserved. wwwsalt www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
Chromyl a i chloride test: l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
asa
saSmall l
amount of salt ind a
+d
l
saaaspinch
a of
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w potassium dichromate w ww
w and three w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.
ww ww ww
thergvapours rgrgA yellow ppt is obtained rgrg Presence of chloride. rgrg
9 Passi.O
l a a i . Org into dilute sodium
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
hydroxide solution. If a
d adsaasa
yellow l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a solution is obtained,
.P.P .P.P aadd
a dil. Acetic aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww acid and leadww acetate ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
la Sodium carbonate a
ala i a i a i
saaslawith saaslextract saaslala saaslala saasla
Padasalai
Analysis
a a a a a
wwww .Pa
.PPreparation of Sodium
w ww P.Pa
.carbonate extract
w ww.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
ww Take 1g of the givenw w w
salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate w w w + 20g of distilledw w w
water. Boil the solution w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal for halides: l
asal a a i asall a a i l
asala a i asla
d a saTest d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad 1 ml of sodium carbonate
.P.P .P.P a ad extract a ad ppt
.P.white
A curdy P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www 10. +dil. HNO3 +w1ml wwof AgNO3, and ww in dil. Ammonia iswwwPresence of chloride www
winsoluble
shake itrgrg
i . O . O i . O . rgrgformed
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Test with barium.P
.P.P .Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w wwchloride:
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww One ml of the wwsodium carbonate ww ww ww
11 extract +rgdil. rg Aceticacid + 1ml ofi.O rgrgNo white ppt is obtained rgrg Absence of sulphate rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
bariumchloride solution
d a
and
dsaasa l
shake
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Test with leadacetate:ww ww ww ww
12 + 1ml i . O . rgdilrgacetic acid and heati.O
O . rgr1gNo white ppt is obtained
O i . O . rgrg Absence of sulphate
O i . O . rgrg
O
a iof
aslaoflaLead Acetate a i
it + a i a i
d a
d saml d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww Brown ringwtest: w w w w w ww
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.Hi . O rgr4g+ freshly prepared i.O.O
O
2.SO
rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal sulphate solutionasthen l a a i
asaladd No brown ring l al a
aissaformed i l a
al a
asNitrate i asla
d
13 a saferrous d a d a s a d
Absencea s a
of d a s a
a ad Conc. H SO along.P.the
.P.P d
a asides
P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w 4 www of the w w w w w w w w w
www test tube.
2
www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww Ammonium molybdate
ww test:
ww ww ww
1 ml of
i .O . rgrgextract + dil HNO3 +i.O
the
O . OrgrgNo canary yellow ppt
about
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i is l a a i
14 s1ml
d a
d a
l
asa each of ammonium amolybdate
d d saasa l formed. da d saasa l Absence
d a
d saasa
of l
Phosphate
d a
d saasla
a a and Conc. HNO3 .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with sodium nitrobruside:
. O O grgsodium carbonate extract
rthe . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
1mla i i
of.
la of dil .aommonia. s+asfew a
lala i i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d saas+la1ml d a
d a drops No purple d d saaslala
oraviolet
d a
d
lala
saofassulphide. d a
d saasla
a15
.P.Pa of sodium nitrowbruside. .PPaa a
.P.Paappears a
Absence
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
www.
ww colouration
ww ww ww
ww
ww ww wwww ww
ww ww ww
i . O . rgsalt
O rg solution: i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Preparation l a a iof
asalamount of salt in a test l a a i
al add 2 to 3ml of water,
astube l al
asashakea i l al
ait.saThisa i asla
To d
a a sa
small d a sa d a sa it and gently d a
heat sa d a sa
a ad
.Psolution
.P a ad
.Psolution”.
.P .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w is called “original
w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
GROUP 0
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1ml l a of
a i the original salt solution l a add
a i l a a i l a a i
1d a
d
l
asa 1mL each of Nessler’s
saabout d a
d
l
saasareagent No chocolate
d a
d
brown
saasa l ppt is
Absence d a
d
l
saofasammonium
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa obtained.
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w and NaOH. www
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUPrg I g rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O r i .Oi . O i .Oi . O i O
.group
i . O
Takel a
saaastest
a l a about 1 ml of the salt l a a
solution
l in
saasofadil HCl, No White d l al a
saisasformed.
a Absence saasa 2+
of l a
1stl a saasla
2
aad a
d tube Add about aad
1mLa
d aa a
ppt
d d a
d
a aions (Pb ) aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
wmetal
w ww.P.P
w
ww w and shake it ww
ww wwww w
ww w ww ww
GROUPrg IIrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
aslathela above solution pass saasHla2Slagas. No Black ppt lala lala group saasla
Padasalai
3d a
d saTo d a
d d a
d saisasformed Absence sofa
d a
d a s2nd d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Paions (Cu )
2+ a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwwmetal
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUPrg IIIgTo about 1ml of the saltrg g rgrg Absence of 3rdi.O rgrg
i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O . O
group
i
s l
asal a
solution a add about 1ml each
s l
asal a
of a s l
asal a a s l a
as(Ala3+l a s asla
4d a
a ad 4 aNH Cl, NH OH and d
a ad
shake a ait well No ppt is d a a
obtained
a ad metal d a
ions
a ad a / Fe 3+
) d
a ada a
w .P.P
w
4
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www w
www w
www w
www wwww
GROUPrg IV To the above solution rgrg rgrg Absence of 4 th rgrg
l a ia O
.(H
i . OS)rggas l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
group
5d a
d
pass
saasa 2 l
d a
d saasa l
No dirty white
d a
d
l
asais obtained metal ion
sappt d a
d
asa2+)
sa(Zn l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP g
i . O . r VrgTo the salt solution iadd
O .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg Presence of 5th
O i .O . rgrg
group
O
1ml l a a
eachi of NH4Cl, NH4OH and l a a i l a a i l a a i
6d a
d
asa
sa(NH l
d a
d saasa l A white ppt d iss
a
d a asa l
obtained metal d a
ions
d saas(Ba l
a / Ca2+)
2+
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P 4 ) 2 CO 3 and shake
.P.Paait well.
.P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis of the 5th group ppt:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 2+ d a
d saasla
a
.P.P1a To the ppt add about a
.P.Pa1ml of dil.
.PPaa a
.P2+.Pa
Presence of (Ba / a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww acetic acid and wwwwww
gently heat it. wwwww.dissolves.
Thewppt
ww
ww
wCa
w ) ww wwww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asal l a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Test for Barium.
ww ww ww ww
To theOsolution
i . . rgrg add about 1ml of
O i . O. OrgrgA yellow ppt is obtained. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
l l Filter To the residue l add a l
d a
d saasa
potassium chromate
d a
d saasa drop of d
Conc.a
d
asa
saHCl. Take a d a
d saasa d a
d
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.ofP aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
portion
w the paste and wwwPresence
w of Barium is ww ww
ww 2 ww ww ww ww
introduce near the Bunsen Confirmed
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgflame. A transient green
O i . O . rgrisg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala imparted to a
d d
lala
saasflame
the
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Result:
The Anion i . O . rgrg
O
Present : CHLORIDE i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al Present
ascation l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a
Thesa
d Given simple salt.PP a s
: BARIUM
d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa aThe ad
.:aBARIUM CHLORIDEww .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O SYSTEMATIC
i .O . rgrg
ANALYSIS
O OF SIMPLE.SALT-
i O . rgrg XI
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aNO
.P.SP a Experiment
.P.Paa .P.Paa
Observation a aInference
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww of anions
Analysis ww ww
Colour: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg Absence of copper,
O i .O . rgrg
O
1 sNote
d a
d a
l
asa the colour of the salt
d a
d saasa l Colourless
d a
d saasa l
d a
Iron salts
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Action of heat: w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww wNow Characteristic Changeww Absence of Zinc, ww
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in
a testO
i . tube
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrgOccurs
O i . O . rgrg Ammonium, Nitrate
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
aslala test:i a i a i a i
Padasalai
d a
d saFlame d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa Small amount ofwsalt a
.P.P+aA drop of a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Conc. HCl ,form w w a paste. Take the No w w
w Characteristic flame w Absence of Copper, w w
3. paste at the
i . O . rgrg charred end of thei.O.O
O rgrgColour is Observed.i.O.O rgrg Barium, Calcium i . O . rgrg
O
asall a
splinter a i and introduce it near l
asal a
thea i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
.P.Pa ad Bunsen flame .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Action of dil. wwHCl:w www wwwAbsence of www
4. SmallO
ia. i.O rgrg of salt + 1ml of dil.
amount
i .O . rgrgNo Charactristic gas
HCl
O i .O . rgrg Carbonate,Nitrate,
evolves
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
.aGently
sasa l heat it
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l Sulphide sa
d a
d a sa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Action of Conc.H aSO
.P.2P a4: .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Small amount ww of a salt in a dry test ww ww Absence of Chloride, ww
5 tube +rConc. grg H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves
i . O . O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg Bromide, Nitrate
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa it l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa P.P
.andaa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Action of MnO w w2w
w Conc. H2SO4: www
w wwww wwww
ww Small amount
ww of salt in a dry test ww ww ww
6 tubeO
i . . Ogrg of MnO2 +
+rpinch
i . O . rgrgNo Characteristic Gas
O i . O . risgrg Absence of chloride,
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala 2SO4 and gently sheat a
aslalita i a i a i
evolved. bromide
d a
d saasConc.H d a
d a d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww www
w
ww Action of Conc. w w H2SO4 and copper w w ww ww
turning:
i . O . rgsmall
.
grg
rdry i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asaltube + few copper turnings l a
asal + a i No reddish brown l a
asalgas a i l a
al a
asnitrate. i asla
7.
d a satest
d a sa d a sa Absence
d a saof d a s a
.P.Pa ad Conc. H2SO4. Gently .P.P ad it
aheat evolves.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rg g
ofrdil. NaOH solution:
O i O
.Small
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Action
d a
d saamont l
asa of a salt + dil.NaOH
d a
d
a l
saassolution No Characteristic
d a
d
l
saasagas is Absence
d a
d
l
saofasammonium
a
d adsaasla
.P.Pa a and gently heat it..P.P
8. aa .P.P
Observed. aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w wsalt
w w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww Chromyl chloride
ww test: ww ww ww
SmallO
i . rgrg of salt in + a pinch
. iamount
O i .O .
ofrgrg
O No Red Orange lVapour i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a l a a i a a i l a a i
9 as
d d a asa l
potassium dichromate
d
and
a
d saasa l
three
d a
d saasa l is
Absence
d a
d
l
saofaschloride.
a
d a
d saasla
a a drops Conc. H2SO.4P.Gently
.P.P a a heat it. Observed.
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis with
. O Ogrg
rSodium carbonate extract
. O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d d saaslala of Sodium carbonate
Preparation
a d a
d
la
saaslaextract d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.Pa 1g of the givenwsalt
.PTake a
3gaof solid sodium carbonate
.+P.P a
.P.Pa+ 20g of distilled water. a a the solution
.P.PBoil a
.P.Pa
wwww ww w ww www w ww
ww for few mins, filter.The wwwfiltrate is called sodiumwcarbonatew w extract. ww w w w w
Testi.for O . rghalides:
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al of sodium carbonate l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa1asml d a sextract
a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of
.P.P a ad 3, and
.P.AgNO
P .P.Pa ad ppt is
No Characteristic a ad of chloride,
.P.P
Absence a ad
.P.P
w w w 10. w w w w w w w w w w ww
www shake it www ww
wObtained. wwwbromide, sulphide www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saTest l
asa with barium chloride:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a One ml of the sodium
.P.P .P.Pa carbonate
a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w A w ww
w
white ppt insoluble in dil w wPrsence
w w of sulphate is wwww
ww 11 extract + dil.wAceticacid w + 1ml of ww ww ww
H 2 SO 4 is formed Confirmed.
bariumchloride rgrg solution and shake rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Test with leadacetate:
.P.P .P.Paa .P aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w Aw ww
whit
w ppt soluble in excess ww ww wwww
ww 1ml of the ww
sodium carbonate extract, ww ww ww
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate
ml aofi.O . rgrgAcetate
O i . O . rgrgformed
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i
Lead a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Brown ring test:
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml of the sodium wwww carbonate extract ww ww ww
ww wwww
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous i . O . rgrg
O
sulphate solution then add i . O . rgrgNo brown ring is formed
O i . O . rgrg Absence of nitrate
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal H2SO4 along the a l a a
asaofl thei l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a saConc. d s
sides
a d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad test tube.
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
Ammonium
i .O . rgrg molybdate test: i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d sa1asml l
a of the extract + dil HNO
d a
d
l
saas3a+ about No canarydyellow a
d
l
saasappt is d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a14
.P.P a 1ml each of ammonium .P.Pa a molybdate .P.Paa a a of phosphate
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
formed.
w w wAbsence
w w wwww
ww and Conc. HNO ww 3 ww ww ww
i .O . rgrgsodium nitrobruside:
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Test
l a a i with l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saas1ml l
a of the sodium carbonate
d a
d
l
saasa extract d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Pa aor violet aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 15 ww
+ 1ml of dil .aommonia.
w w + few drops No w ww
purple
w w wAbsence
w w of sulphide. wwww
ww of sodium nitro
ww bruside. wcolouration
w appears ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala of salt solution:dadsaaslala
Preparation d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.Paa small amount ofwsalt
.PTo a a a a a a a
.P.Pa
ww w.P.P ww.Pof
.Pwater, w.P.P ww
ww
ww wwwwin a test tube add 2wtow w3ml
w wwww heat it. This ww
shake it andwgently ww
solution is called “original solution”.
i . O . rg0rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
GROUP
l a a i
asalof the original salt solution l a a
asal add i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P
1ml
.P a ad
.P a ad brown ppt is
No chocolate
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 1 about 1ml each w of
w w Nessler’s reagent w w w w w w
Absence of ammonium www
www and NaOH. w
w w ww
wobtained. www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d ads a as d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww GROUP I
ww ww ww ww
Take O
.Orgrg1 ml of the salt solution
about
ia. itube i .O . Orginrg i .O . rgrg Absence of 1sti.group
O O . rgrg
O
2 aaltest a l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsasa l Add about 1mL
d a
d saasa
of l
dil HCl, No White ppt
d a
d
is
saasa l
formed.
metal d a
ions
d saas(Pb l
a ) 2+
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a and shake it .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP II
To the
i . O . rgrg solution pass H2Si.O
above
O gas.
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 2ndi.Ogroup
O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
3
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala No Black ppt
d a
d saaslala
is formed
metal d a
ions
d
lala2+)
saas(Cu d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww w
GROUP III Towabout 1ml of the salt w w ww w w
grg about 1ml each of .NH Absence of 3rd group
solutionradd
i . O . O i O . r4gCl
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr3+g
O
4 and l a a i
asalNH4OH and shake itaswell l
asal a a i No ppt is obtained l
asal a a i metal ions l
asal
(Ala3+
a i
/ Fe ) asla
d a sa d a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www
GROUP IV To the above solution
www www www
pass.(H
i O . O grggas
r2S) i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 42+th
O i . O
group
. rgrg
O
saasla
5 l l No dirty white ppt is
l obtained metal ion (Zn l )
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww GROUP V To wwthe salt solution add ww ww ww
Absence of 5th group
1ml each
i . O . rgrofg NH4Cl, NH4OH andi.O.O
O rgrgNo white ppt is obtained i .O . rgrg metal ions (Bai2+.O
O /.Ca
rgr2+g)
O
6 (NH l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l4 ) 2 CO 3 and shake it
d
well.
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww GROUP VI w Towthe original salt ww ww ww
solutionradd
. O O grg 1ml each of NH4Cl,.OO rgrg . O rgrg Presence of 6th
O . O rgrg
group
O
a i i .
a and NH4H2PO4, and a i
la i . a i i . a i i .
saasla4lOH saaslascratch saaslala la)
asla2+ saasla
Padasalai
7 NH A white ppt is obtained.
d a
d d a
d d a
d metal d a
ion
d sa(Mg d a
d
a
.P.Pa the sides of the test a
.P.Pa
tube. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis of the 6th group ppt:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal for Magnesium: i)To l a a
al 1ml
asabout i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a saTest d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad of the original salt.solution P.Pa ad add dil. White.P .P
Ppt
d
a ainsoluble in excess ww a ad of
Presence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w
www 2
NaOH in drops www with shaking. ww is Obtained
wNaOH www Magnesium is www
Confirmed
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saii)To l
asa about 1ml of the original
d a
d
l
saasasalt d a
d saasa l
d a
d
asa
saof l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a solution add about.P1ml aa aa
.Pppt aa
Presence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3 w ww.P of
w A wwww
blue
.P is formed. wwwMagnesium
w is w ww
w
ww Magneson reagent. ww ww ww ww
Confirmed
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Result:
d a
d
l
saasAnion
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.PaaThe Present :aa
.P.:PSULPHATE
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The cation Present w ww
w MAGNESIUM wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala SYSTEMATIC
d a
d saaslala ANALYSIS OFdSIMPLE a
d saaslalaSALT- XII d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a a
.P.SPNO a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a a
.P.PaInference a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww wExperiment
w w w Observation ww w w
Analysis of anions
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l a
al a i asla
a saColour: a sa a sa Absence a sofa
a scopper, a s a
d
a1ad Note the colour of.the d
ad
a salt Colourless d
a ad d
ad
asalts d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P ww.P.P w .P.P
Iron
w ww.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
Action of heat:
2. A small
i . O .
grg of a salt is heated
ramount
O i . O . ringrgNo
O
Characteristic Change
i . O . rgrg Absence
O
of Zinc, g
i .O . r rg
O
l a a i l a a i Occurs l a a i Ammonium, l a i
Nitrate
a
d a
d saasa
a l
test tube
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Flame test: w
w ww ww ww
SmallO
. iamount
O
d a
d saasa
d a
d saasa
d a
d
l
saasaflame Absence
d a
d
l
saofasaCopper, d a
d saasla
.P.P3. aend
.P.P a of the aObserved.
.Pis.P
Colour a a a Calcium
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwwBarium,
w wwww
ww splinter and ww
Bunsen flame
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i
d a
d saAction d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala Absence
d a
d saofaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P+a1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate, a
.P.Pa
wwww itwww wwww wwww wwww
ww . Gently heat ww ww ww Sulphide ww
Actionrg of
rgConc.H2SO4: rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
Small amount of a salt
a
in
saasal
a dry test
a saasal Absence a saofas al
Chloride, a saasla
d
a ad tube + Conc. H2SO
5 d
ad gently heat
a4 and No d
a ad
Charactristic gas evolves d
a ad Nitrate d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
Bromide,
w ww.P.P
w
www it wwww w
www w
www w
www
Action
i .O . rgof
O rgMnO2 and Conc. Hi.2O SO
. Org4r:g i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
l
saasSmall
a amount of salt inaasaadry
d d
l
sa test No Characteristic d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a6a tube + pinch of MnO
.P.P a2a +
.P.P .P.P aa Gas is a a of chloride,
Absence
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
evolved. wwwbromide
w wwww
ww Conc.H2SO w4wand gently heat it ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saActionl
asa of Conc. H2SO4aand
d d
l
saasacopper d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a turning: small amount
.P.P a aof salt in a dry
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww
7. test tube + few copper turnings +
wNo
w reddish brown gas ww Absence of nitrate. ww
Conc. H2g evolves
i . O . r SO
O rg 4. Gently heat it i.O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Action of dil. NaOH ww
a
.P.Psolution: Small ww ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww w ww w w w ww
w Characteristic gas is w Absence of ammonium w w ww
No
8. amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution
and gently
i . O . rgrgheat it.
O i . O . OrgrgObserved. i . O . Orgrg salt i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P
Chromyl chloride a ad
test:
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Small amount www of salt in + a pinch of
ww
wNo Red Orange Vapour is w
w w www
9 potassium dichromate and three Absence of chloride.
drops.O
i . rgrg H2SO4.Gently heati.O
Conc.
O it..OrgrgObserved. i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.PAnalysis
.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w with Sodium w wcarbonate
w w extract w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of ithe .O O grg salt + 3g of solid .sodium
rgiven O Orgrg carbonate + 20g ofi.O Orgrg water. Boil the solution
distilled .O rgrg
O
l a a i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i .
for few
d a
d saamins,l
sa filter.The filtratedisadcalled l
saasa sodium carbonatedaextract. dsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Test for halides: ww ww ww ww
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
i . O . rgrg+ 1ml of AgNO , and
O i . O . OrgrgNo Characteristic ppt i . O . Orgrg Absence of chloride,
is i . O . rgrg
O
10. +dil. a
aslala it i
HNO a i a i a i
saaslala aslala aslala saasla
3 3
d a
d sashake d a
d Obtained. as
d d a bromide,
d a
d sasulphide d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rofgrthe
i rgrg i . O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
Onel a a i
ml
asal + dil. Aceticacid a+ sa1ml l
asaofal a i l a
al a
asobtained i l a
al a
assulphate i asla
d a saextract d d a s a d a s a d a s a
a ad bariumchloride solution
.P.P
11 a aand
.P.P d No white
.P.P a ad
ppt is a ad
Absence
.P.P
of
.P.Pa ad
w w w w w w shake w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww Test with leadacetate:
ww ww ww ww
1ml ofOthe
i . iof.Orgrg
sodium carbonate extract,
O i .O . rgrg
O
12 + l1ml a a l a a i a
No white ppt is obtained
l a i a
Absence of sulphate
l a i
d a
d saasa l dil acetic acid
d
and
a
d saasa
heatl it + 1
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a ml of Lead Acetate.P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww Brown ringwtest: w ww ww ww
1ml of the
ila.O O
.2SOrgrg
sodium carbonate extract
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d
+aldil.H
sasa 4 + freshly
d d saaslala
prepared
a d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa
13 ferrous sulphate a
.P.Pa
solution then add No brown a
.P.Pa ring is formed a
.P.Pa
Absence of nitrate a
.P.Pa
wwww Conc. H2SOw w ww
w
along the sides of the ww wwww wwww wwww
ww 4w ww ww
test tube.
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P
Ammonium molybdate
.P a ad
.P
test:
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w 1 ml of the extract
w w w + dil HNO + about w w w w w w w w w
www 14 www 3
ww yellow ppt is formed.
wCanary wwwPresence of Phosphate www
1ml each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc.
i . O . OrgrgHNO3 i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg is Confirmed i.O.O
O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Test with sodium
.P.P .P.Panitrobruside:
a .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w www w w w
w w
ww 1ml of thew w carbonate extract ww
sodium ww ww
+ 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet
15
i . O . Orgrgnitro bruside. i . O . rgrgcolouration appearsi.O.O
O rgrg Absence of sulphide. i .O . rgrg
O
of
l a a i
sodium l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
solution is acalledi “original solution”. a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa GROUP 0 ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml of the original ww ww salt solution add w w w
w chocolate brown ppt is w w ww w w
w w
No
1 about 1mL each of Nessler’s reagent Absence of ammonium
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrgobtained.
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
andl
asala i
NaOH.
a l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad GROUP I
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www Take about w 1w
w
ml of the salt solution in ww
w wwwAbsence of 1st group www
2 a test tube
i . O . OrgrgAdd about 1ml of dili.HCl, O . rgrgNo White ppt is formed.
O ).O rgrg
d a
d
and
saasa l shake it
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w GROUP II w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww To the above ww solution pass H2S gas. ww ww Absence of 2nd groupww
3
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O i . O . rgrg metal ions (Cui2+.O
O ).O rgrg
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a GROUP III To about
.P.P .P.Pa1ml
a of the salt .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwwAbsence
w w ww
w
ww solution addwabout w 1ml each of NH4Cl ww ww of 3rd group ww
3+ 3+
4 and NH OH No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al / Fe grg)
4rgrg and shake it well r grg rgrg r
. O O . O O . O O . O O
a sa aslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a saaslaaliai. a sa aslaaliai. a saasla
ww.P.Pa GROUP IV To the ww.P .Pa solution
above ww .P.Pa .P.Pa
wAbsence
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w ww w w w
w w wwww of 4 th group w w
w w
pass (H2S) gas 2+
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad GROUP V To the .salt
.P.P P.P ad
a solution add .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 1ml each ofw ww
NH 4Cl, NH4OH and
www www Absence of 5th group www
6 (NH ) CO and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)
4 2 rgr3g rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
O
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww w
GROUP VI Towthe original salt
ww ww ww
solution
.O O grg 1ml each of NH4Cl,.OO
radd rgrg .O rgrg Presence of 6th
O .O rgrg
O
group
7 sNH
d a
d a
l
asa4OH and NH4H2PO4,aand
d d
l
saasascratch A white pptdais d
asa l
saobtained. metal d a
d
ion
asa2+
saMg l
d a
d saasla
a a the sides of the test
.P.P aa
.P.tube.
P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis of the rgr6th
g group ppt: rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a aslala
saTest a
lala
saasabout a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d for Magnesium: a d d
i)To 1ml a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa of the original salt ww P.Pa
.solution ww.P.Painsoluble in excesswwPresence .P.Pa of
w ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 2 w w
w w add dil. w w
w w
White Ppt w w
w Magnesium is wwww
NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained
rgrg rgrg rgrg Confirmed rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa asal a saasal a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad ii)To about 1ml of the d
a ad
original salt d
a ad d
a ad of d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P1ml
w .P w .P.P
w w .P.P
Presence
w ww.P.P
w
www 3 solution add w
www
about of w w ppt is formed.
wAwblue w
wwwMagnesium is w
www
Magneson reagent.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Confirmed i.O.O
O rgrg
d d saasa
Result:
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aThe Anion Present .P.:P
.P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww PHOSPHATE
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww The cation Present ww : MAGNESIUM ww ww ww
The Given simple
i . O . rgrg salt : MAGNESIUM
O i . O . rgrPHOSPHATE
O g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF
.P.P aaSIMPLE SALT- XIII aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww S NO wExperiment
w ww Observation ww Inference ww
i . O . rgrg
Analysis
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a
Padasalai
d a
d saColour: d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.P1a Note the colour w a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
Absence of copper, a
.P.Pa
wwww wwofwthe salt wwww
Colourless
ww wIron
w salts wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Action ofgheat:
i . O . O rg of a salt is heated
ramount i . O . ringrgA colourless, odourless
O i . O . rgrgas
O g
i . O . rgrg
O
2. A l a
small
a
al tube
astest i l
asal a a i turning lime water l
asala a i
milky Presence of l
asal a a i
carbonate asla
d a saa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad evolves
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Flame test:www www www www
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. i .O .
HClrgrg,form a paste. Takeithe
O .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i No Characteristic l a a
flamei Absence of lCopper,a a i
3. aspaste
d d a
l
asa at the charred endaof
d d saasthe
a l
Colour is d a
d saasa
Observed.
l
Barium,d a
d saasa
Calcium
l
d a
d saasla
a a splinter and introduce
.P.P .P.Pa itanear the .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Bunsen flame ww ww ww ww
Action i .O . rgrdil.
O
of
g HCl:
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i A colourless, odourless
l a a i gas l a a i
d a
d saSmall l
asa amount of salt + 1ml
d a
d
l
saasofadil. HCl evolves asdaadbrisk saasa l
d
Presence a
d
l
asacarbonate
saof d a
d saasla
a4.a . Gently heat it .P.P
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P aa
.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
Effervescence
w and turns lime w wisw
w Confirmed wwww
ww ww wwater
w milky ww ww
Action
i . O . rgof
O rgConc.H2SO4: i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala amount of a salt insaasladry a i
la test a i a i
d a
d saasSmall d a
d a d a
d saaslala Absenced a
d
lala
saofasChloride, d a
d saasla
a
.P.P5a tube + Conc. Hw2SO a a gently heat No Charactristic
.P.P4 and .P.Paa gas evolves w.P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w ww
w w w w
Bromide, Nitrate www
w
ww it w w w w w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a
Actiona i of MnO 2 and Conc. l
asal aH a 2iSO 4 : l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P
Small amount of
.P.Pa ad
salt in a dry test
.P.P a ad Gas is a ad of chloride,
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w tube + pinch w w
of w
MnO + w w
No Characteristic
w w wAbsence
w w w w
www 6 www 2
ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww Action of Conc.
2 4
turning:
i .O . rgsmall
.
grg
rdry i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
7.
d a
d satest l
d ad saasa + l No reddish
d a
d saasa
brown lgas
Absenced a
d
l
saofasnitrate.
a
d a
d saasla
a a Conc. H2SO4. Gently
.P.P .P.P aheat
a it aa
.P.P
evolves .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrdil.
i O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Action
a i of
lala i ala isi a
lala i
d a
d saaslagas
d saasla
a
8.
.PPa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwit.w.
ww Observed.
ww wsalt
w ww
ww
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Small
l
asala a i
pinch
al
asthree a i of l
asa al a i l
asal a a i asla
Orange
a9ad
.P.P
.P
and
.4P.Gently a ad
Absence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w drops Conc. H
w w
SOw heat it. w w
Observed.
w w w w w ww
www www2
www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
with
l l l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.PTake
.P .+P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
salt
water.
ww ww ww ww ww
i O
.for. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
Test l halides:
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w +dil. HNO + w
1mlw
w w
of AgNO , and Nowww w
Characteristic ppt is www w
Absence of chloride, ww ww
ww 10. 3 ww 3 wObtained.
w ww bromide, sulphide ww
shake it
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa
chloride:
ww
w carbonate ww ww wwww wwww
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
i . O
bariumchloride
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Test with w w
leadacetate:
w w w w w w w w ww
www www
www www www
dil it Orgr1gNo white ppt is obtained
+ rgrg Absence of sulphate rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saml l
asaof Lead Acetate
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww wwww wwww
ww 1ml of the sodium ww carbonate extract ww ww ww
+ dil.H2SO
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
13 sa
d a
d a sa l
d ad saasa
then l
add No brown ringsa
d a
d a
l
saformed
is Absence sofa
d a
d a a l
sNitrate d a
d saasla
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
ala i a i a i a i
a d
a a
dil
a ad
HNO a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
3
ww.P.Payellow ppt is .P.Pa of Phosphate ww
wAbsence
w .P.Pa
ww
ww 1ml each ofw w w
ammonium
w w www
formed. wwww wwww
and Conc. HNO3
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a d a s a
.P.P a ad
.P.carbonate
P extract a ad
No purple or violet wwwAbsence of sulphide. www
of sodium colouration appears
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww
To a small amount
i .O . rgrg of salt in a test tubei.Oadd
O . Orgrg2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake
i .O . rgritgand gently heat it. This
O i .O . rgrg
O
solution
d a
d saasa is l
called “original solution”.
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a GROUP 0
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww 1ml of the original ww salt solution add ww ww ww
No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml rgreach
g of Nessler’s reagent rgrgobtained. rgrg Absence of ammonium rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
a aslala
saand NaOH.
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
ww.P.Pa GROUP I ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w wwww wwww w w
w w
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube
O ).Or
rg g
l a a
asalshake it i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a saand
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w ww w w w
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrgNo Black ppt is formed
O ).Or
rg g
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P
w ww
w GROUP III Towabout ww
w 1ml of the salt wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww
solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl
ww ww Absence of 3rd groupww
metal ions (Al3+ / Fe
3+
4 and NH rOH
O
. i. O gr g and shake it well O
. i. r
Og r gNo ppt is obtained
O
. i. r
O gr g . i. g
O r
O gr )
l a i
a 4
l a ia l a ia l a ia
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P .Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w GROUP IV Tow ww
w
the above solution wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww Absence of 4 th groupww
pass (H2S) gas
5
. O r
O grg . O r
O grgNo dirty white ppt is.O r grg metal ion (Zn2+.)OO
obtained
O rgrg
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa GROUP V To the ww .salt a
P.Psolution add .P.Pa
ww .P.Pa
ww ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w wwww w ww
w Absence of 5th group w w w w
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca
2+
6 (NH ) CO
4i.O 2 .Orgr3gand shake it well. i.O.O rgrgNo white ppt is obtained i . O . r
O gr g
i . O . r
O gr g)
asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P .P .Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w GROUP VI Tow w
thew original salt w w w w w w w w w
www solution add 1ml
wwweach of NH Cl, www www www
4
7 NH4OH i . O . O grg NH4H2PO4, and scratch
rand i . O . rgrgA white ppt is obtained.
O i . O . rgrg Presence of 6th
O 2+i.O
group
. rgrg
O
d a
d
l
asasides of the test tube.
sathe d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l metal ion
d a
d
Mg
saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Analysis of the 6th ww group ppt: ww ww ww
i O
.for. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
Test l Magnesium: i)To
d ad saasa l
about 1ml
d a
d saasa l Presence
d a
d
asa
saof l
d a
d saasla
a2a
.P.P of the original salt aa
solution
.P.P add dil. White
.P.Paa
Ppt insoluble in excess
.P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w NaOH in drops w ww
w
with shaking. w ww
w
NaOH is Obtained w wMagnesium
w w is
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww Confirmed ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaabout 1ml of the original ala i a i a i
d a
d saii)To d ad saaslasalt d a
d saaslala Presence
d a
d
aslala
saof d a
d saasla
a
.P.P3a solution add about
.P.Pa
1mla of a
.Pais formed.
.Pppt
A blue
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Magneson reagent. ww ww wwww wwwMagnesium
w is
w ww
w
ww ww ww ww Confirmed w w
Result: i.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al Present
asAnion l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a
Thesa
d cation Present .P:P a s
: CARBONATE
d a d a sa d a sa d a s a
a aThe
.P.P ad
.aMAGNESIUM .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
www The Given simple wwsaltw : MAGNESIUM CARBONATE www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
dadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d a
d saas d ad saas d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www wwww
ww ww SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ww OF SIMPLE SALT- w w
XIV ww
i .O . rgrg Experiment
O i .O . rgrg
O
S NO
l a a i l a a i Observation
l a a i Inference
l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
saasa Analysis of anions d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www wwww
ww Colour: ww ww ww Absence of copper, ww
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Iron salts
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala of heat: a i a i a i
d a
d saAction d ad saaslala A colourlessagas
d d saaslawithla the
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa A small amount w of.P a
a.P a is heated in pungent
salt a a turning red
.P.Psmall a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w wwww w www wwww
ww a test tube w w w w paper into blue
litmus w w Presence of an ww
evolves. It gives a dense
2.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgwhite fumes when ia.Oglass
O . rgrgrod ammonium salti.O.O
O rgrg
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l a
al is
asHCl a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa dipped in d a
Conc.sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w
brought
w w close to its mouth w w w w ww
www www www www www
FlameOtest:
i . i.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saSmall l
asa amount of salt + Aadrop
d d saasa ofl
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Conc. HCl ,form a.P
.P.P a a Take the No Characteristic
paste.
.P aa
.P.P flame
a a of Copper,
.P.P
Absence
aa
.P.P
w ww
w 3. w w
w w www w w ww w wwww
ww paste at thew w
charred end of the wColour
w is Observed. ww Barium, Calcium ww
splinter and introduce it near the
.O O grg
rflame .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Bunsen
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Action of dil. HCl:.P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w No www w
Charactristic gas w ww w
Absence of wwww
ww Small amount wwof salt + 1ml of dil. HCl ww ww ww
4. . Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Sulphide
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
Padasalai
d a
d saasAction d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa of Conc.H 2a
.P.Pa
SO 4 : a
.P.Pa gas evolves. It ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Small amount www
ofwa salt in a dry test ww wwww
A colourless
w w wwww
ww ww gives a dense white fumes w w ww
tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat
5
itai.O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgwhen a glass rod dipped
O i . O . rgrgin Prsence of Chloride
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a i l
asal a a i liquid ammonia l
asal
is a a i
brought l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P close to a d
itsamouth
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www Action of w ww2 and Conc. H2SO4: www
MnO www www
Small
i . O . O grg of salt in a dry test
ramount i . O . rgrgA greenish yellow gas
O i . O . rturning
O grg
i . O . rgrg
O
saasla
astubel l starch iodide paper l blue l
6 as a a + pinch of MnO2 a+saasa a saasa PrsenceaofsaasChloride
a a
d d
a a Conc.H2SO4 and.Pgently aad d evolves aa d d aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww.P heat it ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww
w
ww w ww w w ww ww www w wwww
Action of
i .O . rgrConc.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d
asa l
saturning: small amount of ssalt
d ad a
l
asain a dry
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a7.a test tube + few copper
.P.P a aturnings +
.P.P No reddisha abrown gas
.P.P a a of nitrate.
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w wwAbsence
w wwww
ww Conc. H 2 SO w4 w
. Gently heat it ww
evolves ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala of dil. NaOH solution: a i a i a i
d a
d saAction d ad saaslalaSmall A colourless d a
d saaslawith
gas
la
the pun d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa amont of a salt +wdil.NaOH a
.P.Pa solution gentwsmell a
.P.Pagiving dense white ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww w w w www
w
ww and gently heat w w it. w w
fumes
w w Presence of ammoniumw w
8.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgwith a glass rod dipped
O i . O . rgin
O rgdil. salt i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i HCl evolves sa l a
al a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a a s d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w www w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i ala
i.O
d a
d sa as d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Chromyl chloride
ww test: ww ww ww
SmallO
i . rgrg of salt in + a pinch
. iamount
O i .O .
ofrgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
potassium dichromate
d
and
a
d saasa
threel
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently
.P.P .P.Pa a heat it. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 9 Pass the ww
vapours into dilute sodium wAwyellow ppt is obtained ww Presence of chloride. ww
hydroxide solution. If a yellow
i
solution . O . risgrgobtained, add dil. Acetic
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaand lead acetate asaaslala a i a i a i
d a
d saacid d d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgSodium
O rg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Preparation l a a iof
al the given salt + 3g of
asof
carbonatelaextract a i
asal sodium carbonate +asa l
asaofal a i l al a
asasolutioni asla
d
Take a sa
1g d a sasolid d 20g distilled water. d
Boila sa
the d a sa
a ad
.Pfor
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w few mins, filter.The w w w
filtrate is called sodium carbonate w w w extract. w w w w ww
www www www www www
Test forrg halides:
rg rgrgA curdy white ppt i.O.O rgrg rgrg
1almla ia. Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a a i l a ia.Oi . O
d ad
l of sodium
sa HNO + 1ml of AgNO
sa+dil. carbonate
d a
d
extract
saas, and
a l
insoluble d
in a
dil.
d
l
saasAmmonia
a is d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a10.
.P.P a 3
.P.Paa 3 aa
.P.P a a of chloride
.P.P
Presence aa
.P.P
w ww
w shake it w ww
w ww
formed
w w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i O
.with. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
saasla
Test
asa l barium chloride: l l l
d adsaOne d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.P
ml of the sodium
.P.Paacarbonate aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 11 extract + dil. Aceticacidw ww
w + 1ml of Now ww
w
white ppt is obtained w wAbsence
w w of sulphate wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
bariumchloride solution and shake
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalawith leadacetate: asaaslala a i a i a i
Padasalai
d adsaTest d d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa 1ml of the sodium a
P.Pa
.carbonate a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w extract, w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 12 + 1ml of dil acetic w w acid and heat it + 1 No w w
w white ppt is obtained w Absence of sulphate w w
ml of Lead
i . O . rgrgAcetate
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal ring test: asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d a saBrown
.P.P a ad extract
P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www + dil.H2SO4 w +w w prepared
freshly www www www
13 ferrous sulphate
i .O . rgrg
O
solution then add rgrgNo brown ring is formed
i . O . O i . O . rgrg Absence of nitrate
O i . O . rgrg
O
d ad
Conc. l
saasa 2 4 H SO along the
d
sides
a
d saasa l
of the
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a test tube.
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .ofO . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1 lmla a i the extract + dil HNOl3a+ a i
about l a a i l a a i
d
14 ad
asa
sa1ml l
each of ammonium d a
d saasa
molybdate
l No canary yellow
d a
d
l
saasappt is d
Absence a
d
l
saofasphosphate
a
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
formed. aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w and Conc. HNO w w
w3 w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
TestOwith
i . . rgrgsodium nitrobruside:
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalaof the sodium carbonate a a i a i a i
d adsaas1ml d a
d saaslalextract d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.P15a + 1ml of dil .aommonia. a
.P.Pa + few drops No a
.P.Pa
purple or violet a
.P.Pa of sulphide. a
.P.Pa
wwww w wbruside.
w w w ww
w
colouration appears w wAbsence
w w www
w
ww of sodium w w
nitro w w w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal of salt solution: asaasal l a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
d s
Preparation
a a d d a sa d a s a d a s a
a aadsmall amount of salt.Pin.P
.PTo
.P
d tube add 2 to 3ml.PofP
aaatest ad shake it and gently
.awater, ad it. This
aheat
.P.P .P.Pa ad
www solution is called “original www solution”. www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww GROUP 0 w
w ww ww ww
1ml ofOthe
i . . rgrg
i . O. OrgrgA chocolate browni.ppt O . Ogrg Presence of 0 group
ris i .O . rgrg
O
1 about
d a
d saasa l 1ml each of Nessler’s
d a
d saasa l
reagent obtained.
d a
d saasa l metal d a
ion
d
asa4 )
sa(NH l +
d a
d saasla
a a and NaOH.
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP I
Takei.O . rgrg1 ml of the salt solution
about
O i . O . rginrg
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 1sti.group
O O . rgrg
O
a i
ala tube Add about 1ml a i
asladillaHCl, No White ppt a
lala i a
lala i
2 saa
d a
d a sltest d a
d saof d a
d saisasformed. metal d a
d
ionssaas(Pb 2+
) d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa and shake it ww a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww . wwwwww
wwwwww
wwwwww
GROUP II
To the i . O . rgrg solution pass H2Si.O
O
above gas.
. rgrg
O i . O . rgrg Absence of 2ndi.Ogroup
O . rgrg
O
3 sa l a
al a i l
asal a a i No Black ppt sisa l a
al
formeda i l a a
al 2+)
as(Cu i asla
d a a s d a sa d a a s d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
metala ad
.P.P
ions a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www www www www www
GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt
solution . O O grg about 1ml each of .OO
radd rgrg . O rgrg Absence of 3rdi.O
O rgrg
group
O
l a ia i . l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a a i .
l l l l saasla
3+
4 sNH as a Cl, NH OH and shake s as
it a
well No ppt is obtained
s as a metal ions s as a
(Al / Fe3+)
aad a
d a 4 4
aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w wwww wwww www w
passi.(H O O grggas
r2S) . O rgrg
O . O rgrg Absence of 42+th
O . O rgrg
group
O
5 sala ala i . l a i
a i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d a s d a
d saasa l No dirty white
d a
d saasa
ppt l
is obtained metal ion
d a
d saasa
(Zn l )
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww GROUP V Tow
w the salt solution add ww ww ww
1ml each
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgr2+g
O
a i
aslal4a)2CO3 and shake it awell. a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala
2+
i
saasla
Padasalai
6 (NH No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba / Ca )
d a
d sa d d sa d a
d sa d a
d sa d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww w
GROUP VI Towthe original salt ww ww w w
solution
. O O grg 1ml each of NH4Cl,.OO
radd rgrg . O rgrg Absence of 6thi.O
O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asa4lOH and NH4H2PO4,aand l al i
a i . l a ia i . l a a .
group
i asla
7 sNH
a a saasascratch No white ppt s
a isa
a s al
obtained.
a sa asa2+ l
a sa
d
a ad the sides of the test d
a ad d
a ad metal d
ion
a ad (Mg ) d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.tube.
w P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Analysis of the Ammonium
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a To 1ml of the original
.P.P asalt
.P.P a solution a a brown ppt is
A chocolate
.P.P a a of
Presence
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w add about 1ml w w
w w wwww www w w w
w w
ww 1 wweach of Nessler’s obtained.
ww ww Ammonium is ww
reagent and NaOH. Confirmed
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d d saasa
Result:
a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aThe Anion Present .P.:P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww CHLORIDE
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww The cation Present ww : AMMONIUM ww ww ww
The Given simple salt : AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OFa
.P.PaSIMPLE SALT- XV a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww S NO w w
Experiment ww Observation ww Inference w w
i . O . rgrg
Analysis
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i asla
a1ad
.P.P
Colour: a ad
P.P
.the a ad
.P.P
Colourless
a ad of copper,
Absence
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Note the w
colour w
ofw salt w w w w w w w ww
www www www www Iron salts www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d saa s d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww Action of heat:
ww ww ww ww
A colourless gas with the
A small
.O O grg of a salt is heated
ramount .O Oringrgpungent small turning .O O grg
rred .O rgrg
O
d a
d saasa
a l
test tube
d a
d saasa l litmus paper d a
d saasablue
into
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aItagives a dense
.P.P
evolves. .P.Paa
Presence of an aa
.P.P
w ww
w 2. w ww
w wwww w wammonium
w w salt wwww
ww ww wwhite
w fumes when a glasswrod w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgdipped in Conc. HCl
O i . O
isrgrg
. O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala brought close
d a
d saaslala
to its mouth
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww Flame test: w w w w w w ww
Small amount of salt + A drop of
i . O . rgrg,form a paste. Takeithe
O . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Conc.
l a a iHCl
asal at the charred endaof l
asthe a
al a i No Characteristic l
asala a
flamei Absence l
asal
of a a i
Copper, asla
3.
d a sapaste d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P ColourPisP ad
. .aObserved. a adCalcium
Barium,
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w splinter and w w
introduce
w it near the w w w w w w w ww
www Bunsen flamew
w w www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
Action a i of dil. HCl: l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
asa
saSmall l
amount of salt + d a
d
1ml
l
saasofadil. HCl No Charactristic d a
d saasagas l Absence
d a
d saofasa l
d a
d saasla
a4.a
.P.P aa
.P.P evolves aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w . Gently heat itww ww wwww w wCarbonate,Nitrate,
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww Sulphide ww
Action
i .O . rgof
O rgConc.H2SO4: i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d ad
l
saasSmall d d
l
a amount of a saltainsaaasadry test A reddish brown
d a
d
l
saasagas turning d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a tube + Conc. H SO
.P.P a and
.P.P a gently heat moist .fluorescein aa aa aa
w ww
w 5 w w2w
w 4
wwwwP.P paper green ww
w w
.P.P
Prsence of Bromide wwww.P.P
ww it ww wevolves
w ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Action of MnOw2w P.PaConc. H2SO4: A reddish
.and ww
a
.P.Pbrown gas turning ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Small amount ww ww of salt in a dry test ww
wmoist
w fluorescein paper red w w w w wwww
6 tube + pinch of MnO2 + evolves Prsence of Bromide
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a
Conc.Ha i 2 SO 4 and gently heat
asall a it
a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
www Action of Conc. wwwH2SO4 and copper www www www
turning: g
i . O . r small
O
amount of salt in a dry
rgfew copper turningsi.+O . rgrgNo reddish brown gas
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
test
l a i
tube
a + l a a i l a a i l a a i
7. sa
d ad aConc.
l
sa H2SO4. Gently heat d a
d saitasa l evolves da d saasa l Absence sofa
d a
d a a l
snitrate. d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Action
i .O . rgrdil.
of
i O . rgrgA colourless gas with
O i .O . rgrg
the
O i .O . rgrg
O
d adsaasa
amont l of a salt + dil.NaOH
d a
d saasa l
solution pungent smell
d a
d saasa
givingl dense
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a and gently heat it..P.P
.P.P aa aa a a of ammonium .P.P aa
wawP .P.P
white .fumes
.P Presence
w ww
w 8. w ww
w ww w wsalt
w w wwww
ww ww ww
with glass rod dipped in ww
dil. ww
HCl evolves
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslala chloride test:asaaslala a i a i a i
d adsaChromyl d d d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Small amount ofwsalt a
.P.Pina+ a pinch of a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w wwww w ww
w www
w
ww w w wNow Red Orange Vapour is w w ww
9 potassium dichromate and three Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. rgrg H2SO4.Gently heati.O it. rgrg Observed. rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a sa asal a s a asal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .PAnalysis
w .P with Sodium w w.P.P
carbonate extract w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www Preparation of Sodium w
www carbonate extract www w w
www w
www
Take 1g of the
. O O grg salt + 3g of solid .sodium
rgiven O rgrg carbonate + 20g ofi.O
O rgrg water. Boil the solution
distilled
O . O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i .
for fewsa
d ad a
l
sa filter.The filtratedisadcalled
mins, l
saasa sodium carbonatedaextract. d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
i.O
d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d sa as d a
d sa a s d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww Test for halides:
ww ww ww ww
1 ml of
i O
.HNO. rgrg carbonate extract
sodium
O i .O . OrgrgA pale yellow ppt sparingly
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
10.
d a
d saasa
+dil. l 3 + 1ml of AgNO
d a
d sa3asa
, andl soluble in
d a
d saasa
ammonia l is formed Presence
d a
d saasa
of l
Bromide is
d a
d saasla
a a shake it
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
Confirmed
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Test i . O .
with rgrbarium
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaml of the sodium carbonate i a i a i
d a
d saOne d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a a extract + dil. Aceticacid
.P.P11 a
.P.Pa+ 1ml of a a
.P.Pppt a
.P.Pa of sulphate a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w Nowwww
white is obtained wwAbsence
w w w ww
w
ww bariumchloride w wsolution and shake ww ww w w
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal with leadacetate: asaasal l a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a saTest
d d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad extract,
P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www 12 + 1ml of dil w ww acid and heat it + 1 www
acetic No white ppt is obtained www Absence of sulphate www
ml of Lead
i . O . rgrgAcetate
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
d a
d saBrown l
asa ring test:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a 1ml of the sodium.carbonate
.P.P aa
P.P extract aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w www w w w
w w wwww
ww + dil.H2SO4 w +w freshly prepared ww ww ww
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add
i . O . rgSO
O rg 4 along the sides ofi.O . rgrgNo brown ring is formed
O i . O . rgrg Absence of nitrate
O i .O . rgrg
O
Conc.
l a a iH l a a i
the l a a i l a a i
l l l l saasla
2
a asa tube.
satest a saasa a saasa a saasa a
aad d aa d d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w wwww w
ww w ww ww
1 mli.of O . rgrgextract + dil HNO3 +i.O
O
the rgrg
O
about
. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a of ammonium molybdate a i a i a i
aslaleach saaslala saaslala lala saasla
Padasalai
No canary yellow ppt is
14as
d d a1ml d a
d d a
d Absence
d a
d saofasphosphate d a
d
a
.P.Pa and Conc. HNOw a
.P.Pa
formed. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww3 w
wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Test with rgrgsodium nitro bruside: rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa
1ml
asal of the sodium carbonate
a sa asal extract
a sa asal a sa asal a saasla
d
ad
a15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. d
a ad + few drops No purple d
or
a ad violet d
a ad of sulphide. d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
colouration appears w .P.P
Absence
w ww.P.P
w
www of sodium w
nitro
www bruside. w
www w
www wwww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Preparation
d a
d saasa l of salt solution:
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a aa small amount of salt.Pin.P
.PTo
.P aaatest tube add 2 to 3ml.Pof awater,
a shake it and gently aheat
.P.P a it. This aa
.P.P
w ww
w solution is called w wwsolution”.
“original
w wwww.P w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUPrg 0rg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O A chocolate brown l a ia O
.ppt
i . Ois l a ia.Oi . O
d
1 a
d
1ml
asa
saabout l of the
1ml
original
each of
salt solution
d a
Nessler’s
d saasa l add
reagent obtained. d a
d saasa l Presence
d a
d saasa +
of 0l group
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P a aion (NH4 )
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w and NaOH. w ww
w wwww w wmetal
w w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
GROUP
i . O . rgIrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
aslalaabout 1 ml of the salt a
lala in i a
lala i a i
lalagroup
d a
d saTake d a
d saassolution d a
d saisasformed. Absence
d a
d saofas1st d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa2 a test tube Add about a
.P.Pa 1ml of dil HCl, No Whitea
.P.Pappt a
.P.Paions (Pb2+) a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwwmetal
w wwww
ww and shake itww ww ww ww
GROUP
i . O . rgIIrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
asathe a i
l above solution pass l a a i
asHa2Sl gas. l
asala a i l a a i
al group asla
a saTo a sa a sa Absence a saofas2nd a s a
d
a3ad d
a ad No Black d
adis formed
appt d d
a aions d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
metal
w (Cu2+) ww.P.P
w
www www w w
www w
www wwww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
i.O
d ads aas d a
d saas d a
d saas d a
d sa as d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww wwww w ww
w
ww w
GROUP III Towabout 1ml of the salt
ww ww ww
solution
i . O . O grg about 1ml each of .OO
radd i . rgrg i . O . rgrg Absence of 3rd
O i .
group
O . rgr3+g
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a3+
a i
4 NH
d adsaasa4 lCl, NH 4 OH and shake
d a
d saasa
it l
well No ppt is obtained
d a
d saasa l metal ions
d a
d
(Al
saasa l / Fe )
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
grggas Absence of 4 th group
pass.(H
i O . r2S)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O 2+i.O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww GROUP V Tow w w w
the salt solution add wwww wwww w w
w w
1ml each
O rgrgNo white ppt is obtainedi . O . rgrg metal ions (Bai2+.O
O . rgr2+g)
O
6 (NH l a a
asal4 2 3
) iCO and shake it well. l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i
, Ca
asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www GROUP VI w
w
Towthe original salt www www www
solutionradd
. O O grg 1ml each of NH4Cl,.OO rgrg .O rgrg Absence of 6thi.O
O rgrg
group
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
7 NH
d a
d saasa4 lOH and NH H
4 2 PO
d
, and
4 sa a
a
d a s l
scratch No white ppt
d a
d
is
saasa l
obtained.
metal d a
ion
d
asa )
sa(Mg l
2+
d a
d saasla
a a the sides of the test
.P.P aa
.P.tube.
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Analysis of the Ammonium
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
A chocolate d a
dbrown
l
saasa ppt is d
Presencea
d
asa
saof l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P To 1ml of the originalaa
.P.P salt solution
.P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1 add about 1mlweach www of Nessler’s w ww
obtained.
w w wAmmonium
w w is wwww
ww ww ww ww Confirmed ww
reagent and NaOH.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
Padasalai
Result:
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.PaThe Anion Present ww a
.P:PBROMIDE .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww The cation Present wwww .: AMMONIUM ww wwww ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
The Given simple salt : AMMONIUM BROMIDE
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala

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i . O . rgrgblue coloured solution

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