Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Automobile Engineering

Department: Automobile Engineering Semester: 3

Subject: Thermal Engineering-1 Maximum Marks: 10
Tutorial: 5 Unit : 4

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1 What is entropy? Explain the entropy principle BME-DS-
302.1,2
2 Prove that entropy is a point function. BME-DS-
302.1,2
3 Derive expressions for entropy change during: BME-DS-
a. Constant volume process 302.1,2
b. Constant pressure process
c. Isothermal process
d. Reversible adiabatic (isentropic) process
e. Polytropic process
4 Prove that two reversible adiabatic paths can never intersect. BME-DS-
302.1,2
5 Define Available and unavailable energy BME-DS-
302.1,2
6 Explain the term dead state. BME-DS-
302.1,2
7 Derive an expression for the loss of available energy due to heat transfer BME-DS-
through a finite temperature difference. 302.1,2
8 Derive expressions for availability of (a) non-flow or closed system and (b) BME-DS-
steady flow system. 302.1,2
9 What is Helmholtz function? Write the expression for the same. BME-DS-
302.1,2
10 What is Gibb’s function? Write the expression for the same. BME-DS-
302.1,2
11 Define the terms irreversibility and effectiveness. BME-DS-
302.1,2

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
1 A heat engine cycle is represented by a circle of 4 cm diameter on T-S plane BME-DS-
whose centre lies on 500 K temperature line. The temperature scale is 1 cm = 302.3
100 K and entropy scale is 1 cm = 0.1 kJ/K. If the engine completes 10 such
cycles per second, determine the power developed by the engine. Proceed to
calculate the heat supplied to the engine and the efficiency of the engine.
2 A lump of steel of mass 8 kg at 1000K is dropped in 80 kg of oil at 300 K. Find BME-DS-
the entropy change of steel, the oil and the universe. Take specific heats of steel 302.3,5
 and oil as 0.5 kJ/kg K and 3.5 kJ/kg K, respectively.
3 m1 kg of water at T1 is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with m2 kg of water BME-DS-
at T2 (T1>T2). Show that for equal masses of water, the entropy change of the 302.4
mixture is given by:
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
(𝑑𝑆)𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = 2𝑚𝑐𝑝 ln [ ]
2√𝑇1 𝑇2
4 A heat engine operates between two thermal reservoirs; source at temperature T 1 BME-DS-
and sink at temperature T2. If the source and the sink are of mass m and specific 302.5
heat c, setup the following expression for the maximum work output possible.
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑐(√𝑇1 − √𝑇2 )2
5 A heat pump operates between two identical systems; both being at temperature BME-DS-
T1 to start with. Due to the operation of the pump, one of the systems gets cooled 302.3,5
down to temperature T2. Show that for this operation of pump, the minimum
work required by the heat pump is
𝑇12
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐 [ 2 + T2 − 2T1 ]
𝑇2
6 The connections of a reversible engine to three sources at 400 K, 300 K and 200 BME-DS-
K are as shown in Figure. The engine draws 1200 kJ from source at 400 K and 302.4,5
produces 200 kJ of work.

400 K 300 K 200 K

Q1 Q2 Q3

a) Determine the amount and directions of heat interactions with the other
heat sources.
b) Make calculations for the entropy changes due to each of the heat
interactions with the engine.
c) How much entropy change occurs for the cycle?
7 1kg of air initially at 7 bar pressure and 360 K temperature expands BME-DS-
polytropically (pv1.2 = constant) until the pressure is reduced to 1.4 bar. 302.3,4
Determine:
(i) Final specific volume and temperature,
(ii) Change of internal energy, work done and heat interaction and
(iii) Change in entropy.
Take R = 287kJ/kg K and ϒ = 1.4.
8 1 m3 of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from 290 K to 580 K, and is BME-DS-
then cooled reversibly at constant volume back to initial temperature. If the 302.5
initial pressure is 1 bar, work out the net heat flow and overall change in
entropy. Represent the process on T-S plot. Take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and R = 287
J/kg K.
9 A closed system contains air at pressure 1 bar, temperature 290 K and volume BME-DS-
0.02 m3. This system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the 302.3,4
following three processes in series:
 Process 1-2 : constant volume heat addition till pressure becomes 4 bar.
 Process 2-3 : Constant pressure cooling.
 Process 3-1 : Isothermal heating to initial state.
Represent the cycle on T-S and p-v plot and evaluate the change in entropy for
each process. Take cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K and R = 287 J/kg K.
10 3 kg of air at 150 kPa pressure and 360 K temperature is compressed BME-DS-
polytropically to pressure 750 kPa according to the law pV1.2 = constant. 302.5
Subsequently the air is cooled to initial temperature at constant pressure. This
is followed by expansion at constant temperature till the original pressure of
150kPa is reached. Sketch the cycle on p-v and T-s plots and determine the
work done, heat transfer and entropy change for each process.
11 0.2 kg of air initially at 575 K temperature receives 300kJ of heat reversibly at BME-DS-
constant pressure. Determine the available and unavailable energies of the heat 302.4
added.
Take cp for air = 1.005kJ/kg K and temperature of surroundings 300 K.
12 A lump of 800 kg of steel at 1250 K is to be cooled at 500 K. if it is desired to use BME-DS-
steel as source of energy, calculate the available and unavailable energies. Take 302.3,4
specific heat of steel as 0.5 kJ/kg and ambient temperature 300 K.
13 In a counter flow heat exchanger 0.25 kg/s of water is heated from 30oC to 60oC BME-DS-
by hot gasses which enter at 180oC and leave at 80oC. Make calculations for the 302.5
mass flow of gases, heat transferred and available energy due to this heat
transfer.
Take cp for gases = 1.08kJ/kg K and ambient temperature 27oC.
14 A system at 450 K receives 2254 kJ/s of heat energy from a source at 1500 K BME-DS-
and the temperature of both the system and surrounding remain constant 302.5
during the heat transfer process. Represent the process on temperature-
entropy diagram and determine:
(i) net change in entropy,
(ii) available energy of heat source and system, and
(iii) decrease in available energy.
Take atmospheric temperature equal to 300 K.
15 One kg of air is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly at 10 bar pressure at BME-DS-
500 K temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar 302.3,4
and 350 K. Make calculations for:
(i) the availability in initial and final states,
(ii) the maximum useful work, and
(iii) the irreversibility of the system.
Assume the system is insulated and environmental conditions are at 1 bar and
290 K. Further for air:
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
16 A single stage air turbine is to operate with an inlet pressure and temperature BME-DS-
of 6 bar and 800 K. The outlet pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 500 K. 302.5
During expansion , the turbine loses 25 kJ/kg to the surroundings which are at 1
bar and 300 K. for unit mass flow rate, determine the decrease in availability,
maximum work and the reversibility.
For air take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
17 The air in a steady flow, enters the system at pressure 12 bar and temperature BME-DS-
180oC with a velocity of 100 m/s. The corresponding values at exit from the 302.5
system are 1.5 bar, 20oC and 50 m/s. if the surroundings are at 1 bar pressure
and 20oC, determine:
(i) reversible work and actual work assuming the process to be adiabatic,
(ii) irreversibility and effectiveness of the system.
Make calculations for unit mass flow and take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287
kJ/kg K.