ALEXIS T.

MANSIBANG
LESSON 1
IN SUMMARY RESEARCH IS
 a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and
control the observed phenomenon. Research involves
inductive and deductive methods.
The research is important for the students because it helps
them to have a detailed analysis of everything. When you
have proper in-depth analysis on any topic, the result
comes out to be fruitful and also the knowledge is enhanced
and it is also important in our everyday life because it
leads us to the ultimate philosophy of all the subjects and
builds a graphic vision of life. Empowers us with knowledge
and efficient learning of new things. Helps us in
understanding various issues of life in a larger manner.
 PUPOSES OF RESEARCH
-for more explanation
-for verifiable truth
-for discoveries/inventions
-for solving problems
-advancement of research expertise
 LESSON 2

RESEACH CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES

 A systematic approach is followed in research. Rules and
procedures are an integral part of research that set the
objective of a research process. Researchers need to
practice ethics and code of conduct while making
observations or drawing conclusions.
 Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both
inductive and deductive methods.
 The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time,
actual observations in the natural settings.
 There is an in-depth analysis of all the data collected
from research so that there are no anomalies associated
with it.
 Research creates a path for generating new questions. More
research opportunity can be generated from existing
research.
 Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the
available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
 Accuracy is one of the important character of research, the
information that is obtained while conducting the research
should be accurate and true to its nature. For example,
research conducted in a controlled environment like a
laboratory. Here accuracy is measured of instruments used,
calibrations, and the final result of the experiment.
 There are 9 characteristics of a Good Research
o EMPERICAL- it should be realistic
o LOGICAL- it should have valid procedures and
principles
o CYCLICAL- it should start and ends with a problem
o ANALYTICAL- it should have data analysis
o OBJECTIVE- free from bias, based on facts
o CRITICAL- precise and accuracy
o METHODOLOGICAL- appropriate methods
o REPLICABILITY- verifiable
o TIMELINESS- relevant
LESSON 3
TYPES AND APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
The two basic research approaches are quantitative and
qualitative research. Both types have different purposes.

 Quantitative research is statistics-based. It

involves questions that can best be answered in
numbers. To get the statistics, researchers often
conduct experiments or give surveys. They then
analyze the numbers with statistical models to see
what the data tells them.

 Qualitative research is description-

based. Qualitative researchers observe and interview
people. They take observations of people or events
and analyze it through qualitative methods. They look
for trends, just as quantitative researchers do with
statistics, but they don’t use numbers to find them.

TYPES OF DATA

 PRIMARY DATA

-obtained through direct observation or contact with

people, objects, etc.

-new and original data information resulting from

sensory experience

 SECONDARY DATA

-written data about or reported on which are available

for reading purposes

-results from meta-analysis of primary data

LESSON 4
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible
conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors
scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical
standard.

Some Ethic Rules

Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly

report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data

interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or
self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that
may affect research.

Integrity

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive

for consistency of thought and action.

Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to

criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual

property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for
all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to

advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.

Responsible Mentoring

Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their

welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Social Responsibility

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social

harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis

of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to
scientific competence and integrity.

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and

expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science as a whole.
Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental

policies.

Ethical considerations in research are critical. Ethics are the

norms or standards for conduct that distinguish between right
and wrong. They help to determine the difference between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Why are ethical
considerations so important in research? First, ethical
standards prevent against the fabrication or falsifying of data
and therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which
is the primary goal of research. Ethical behavior is also
critical for collaborative work because it encourages an
environment of trust, accountability, and mutual respect among
researchers. This is especially important when considering
issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright
guidelines, confidentiality, and many other issues. Researchers
must also adhere to ethical standards in order for the public to
support and believe in the research. The public wants to be
assured that researchers followed the appropriate guidelines for
issues such as human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the
law, conflicts of interest, safety, health standards and so
on. The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the
integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not
the project receives funding.
LESSON 5
TYPES AND APPROCHES TO RESEARCH
Quantitative research

Quantitative research is generally associated with the

positivist/post positivist paradigm. It usually involves
collecting and converting data into numerical form so that
statistical calculations can be made and conclusions drawn.

Qualitative research

Qualitative research is the approach usually associated with the

social constructivist paradigm which emphasizes the socially
constructed nature of reality. It is about recording, analyzing
and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and significance of
human behavior and experience, including contradictory beliefs,
behaviors and emotions. Researchers are interested in gaining a
rich and complex understanding of people’s experience and not in
obtaining information which can be generalized to other larger
groups.

-There are 6 qualitative approaches in summary

The table below summarizes the differences between the five

qualitative methods.
Data
Method Focus Sample Size
Collection

Context or Observation
Ethnography —
culture & interviews

Individual Stories from

Narrative experience & 1 to 2 individuals
sequence & documents
 People who
have
Phenomenological 5 to 25 Interviews
experienced a
phenomenon

Develop a Interviews,
theory from then open
Grounded Theory 20 to 60
grounded in and axial
field data coding

Organization, Interviews,
entity, documents,
Case Study —
individual, reports,
or event observations
LESSON 6
WRITING CAPSULE PROPOSALS
Primary Components of a Research Proposal

Proposals for sponsored activities generally follow a similar

format; variations depend upon whether the proposer is seeking
support for a research grant, a training grant, or a conference
or curriculum development project. The following outline covers
the primary components of a research proposal. Your proposal
will be a variation on this basic theme.

1. Title Page: Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for

the title page, and some provide special forms to summarize
basic administrative and fiscal data for the project.
Titles are brief but comprehensive enough to indicate the
nature of the proposed work.
2. Abstract: The funder may use the abstract to make
preliminary decisions about the proposal. Therefore, an
effective summary states the problem addressed by the
applicant, identifies the solution, and specifies the
objectives and methods of the project. This summary should
also outline funding requirements and describe the
applicant’s ability.
3. Table of Contents: Brief proposals with few sections
usually do not need a table of contents. Long and detailed
proposals may require, in addition to a table of contents,
a list of illustrations (or figures) and a list of tables.
If all of these sections are included, they should follow
the order mentioned, and each should be numbered with
lower-case Roman numerals. The table of contents lists all
major parts and divisions, including the abstract.
4. Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of
Research, and Significance of Research): The introduction
of a proposal begins with a capsule statement and then
proceeds to introduce the subject to a stranger. It should
give enough background to enable an informed lay person to
place your particular research problem in a context of
common knowledge and should show how its solution will
advance the field or be important for some other work. The
statement describes the significance of the problem(s),
referring to appropriate studies or statistics.
5. Background (including Literature Survey): Be sure to (1)
make clear what the research problem is and exactly what
has been accomplished; (2) to give evidence of your own
competence in the field; and (3) to show why the previous
 work needs to be continued. The literature review should be
selective and critical. Discussions of work done by others
should lead the reader to a clear idea of how you will
build upon past research and also how your work differs
from theirs.
6. Description of Proposed Research (including Method or
Approach): The comprehensive explanation of the proposed
research is addressed to other specialists in your field.
This section is the heart of the proposal and is the
primary concern of the technical reviewers. Remember as you
lay out the research design to:

 Be realistic about what can be accomplished.

 Be explicit about any assumptions or hypotheses the research
method rests upon.
 Be clear about the focus of the research.
 Be as detailed as possible about the schedule of the
proposed work.
 Be specific about the means of evaluating the data or the
conclusions.
 Be certain that the connection between the research
objectives and the research method is evident.
 Spell out preliminary work developing an analytical method
or laying groundwork as Phase 1.

At the end of this phase you will be able to report that you
have accomplished something and are ready to undertake Phase
2.

7. Description of Relevant Institutional Resources: Generally,

this section details the resources available to the
proposed project and, if possible, shows why the sponsor
should select this University and this investigator for
this particular research. Some relevant points may be:

 the institution's demonstrated skill in the related research

area
 its abundance of experts in related areas that may
indirectly benefit the project
 its supportive services that will directly benefit the
project
 and the institution's unique or unusual research facilities
or resources available to the project

8. List of References: The style of the bibliographical item

itself depends on the disciplinary field. The main
 consideration is consistency; whatever style is chosen
should be followed carefully throughout the proposal.

9. Personnel: This section usually consists of two parts: (1)

an explanation of the proposed personnel arrangements and
(2) the biographical data sheets for each of the main
contributors to the project. The explanation should specify
how many persons at what percentage of time and in what
academic categories will be participating in the project.
If the program is complex and involves people from other
departments or colleges, make clear the organization of the
staff and the lines of responsibility. Any student
participation, paid or unpaid, should be mentioned, and the
nature of the proposed contribution detailed. If any
persons must be hired for the project, say so, and explain
why, unless the need for persons not already available
within the University is self-evident.

10. Budget: Sponsors customarily specify how budgets

should be presented and what costs are allowable. The
budget lays out the costs to be met by the funding source,
including personnel, non-personnel, administrative, and
overhead expenses. The budget also specifies items paid for
by other funding sources. Includes explanations for
requested expenses.