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ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS DE MALAGA
ÁLVARO SOUVIRÓN CURSO 1997/1998
GRAMMAR
PRESENT OF VERB TO BE
FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA

I AM yo soy I AM NOT yo no soy AM I ? soy yo?
YOU ARE tu eres YOU ARE NOT tu no eres ARE YOU ? eres tu?
HE/SHE/ IT ... IS el es HE/SHE/IT ... IS el no es IS/SHE/IT ... IT es el?
WE ARE nosotros somos WE ARE NOT nosotros no somos ARE WE ? somos nosotros ?
YOU ARE vosotros sois YOU ARE NOT vosotros no sois ARE YOU ? sois vosotros ?
THEY ARE ellos son THEY ARE NOT ellos no son ARE THEY ? son ellos ?
FORMA AFIRMATIVA CONTRAIDA FORMA NEGATIVA CONTRAIDA
I’ M yo soy I’M NOT yo no soy

YOU’RE tu eres YOU AREN’T tu no eres
HE’S/SHE’S/IT’S el es HE/ SHE/ IT ... ISN’T el no es
WE’RE nosotros somos WE AREN’T nosotros no somos
YOU’RE vosotros sois YOU AREN’T vosotros no sois
THEY’RE ellos son THEY AREN’T ellos no son
APOSTROPHE
POSESIVOS PLURALES
MY PARENT’S HOUSE
NOMBRES PROPIOS QUE TERMINAN EN S

CHARLE’S
ST.JAME’S PARK
ALICE’S DOG
A LAS PROFESIONES SE LES PONE A /AN DEPENDIENDO

SI EMPIEZAN POR VOCAL
HE’S AN ENGINEER
HES A HAIRDRESSER
PLURALES DE LOS NOMBRES

A LA MAYORIA DE LOS NOMBRES SE LES AÑADE S
BOOK..........BOOKS
STUDENT.......STUDENTS
SI LOS NOMBRES TERMINAN EN S SH CH ,

SE LES AÑADE ES (IZ)
BUS................BUSES
CHURH ........CHURCHES
BUSH............BUSHES
SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN CONSONANTE + Y SE

CAMBIA LA Y GRIEGA PORIES
COUNTRY.........COUNTRIES
PARTY.............. PARTIES
SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN VOCAL + Y NO CAMBIA
BOY.........BOYS
KEY.........KEYS
ALGUNOS NOMBRES SON IRREGULARES:
CHILD..........CHILDREN
PERSON ......PEOPLE
WOMAN .....WOMEN
TAMBIEN HAY ALGUNOS NOMBRES QUE AUNQUE SE

ESCRIBAN EN SINGULAR, TIENEN
SIGNIFICADO PLURAL.
POLICE.......POLICIA
ARMY.........EJERCITO
LA R SILENCIOSA
R + VOCAL = /R/................ CHILDREN

R + CONSONANTE = /R/.... SURNAME
R + NADA = /R/ .................. MOTHER
GO (IR A) PLAY(JUGAR)
DEPORTES O ACTIVIDADES DEPORTES CON PERSONAS Y/O PELOTA
DANCING FOOTBALL
SKIING (TERMINACION EN ING) BASKET
DRIVING TENNISS
TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR

HAVE..............HAS
TEACH............TEACHES
GO....................GOES
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
MY ............................ MI MIS
YOUR......................... TU,SU (DE USTED O DE USTEDES) VUESTRO A OS AS
HIS............................ SU,SUS,(DE EL)
HER.......................... SU, SUS (DE ELLA)
ITS........................... SU SUS (DE ELLO)
OUR ......................... (NUESTRO,A,OS,AS
THEIR.................... THEIR SU,SUS (DE ELLOS O DE ELLAS)
ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
THIS........................ ESTE,A,O
THAT..................... ESE,A,O, AQUEL,LLA,LLO
THESE.................. ESTOS,AS
THOSE................. ESOS,AS, AQUELLOS,AS
ADJETIVOS INTERROGATIVOS
WHAT.?..................... QUE?
WHICH.?................... QUE (CUAL)?
WHOSE ?................. DE QUIEN?
HOW MUCH.?.............CUANTO?
HOW MANY?..............CUANTOS?
EL AUXILIAR “DOES"
ESTE AUXILIAR SOLO SE USA EN PREGUNTAS,NEGACIONES O RESPUESTAS CORTAS
* HE ? YES SHE DOES = SI

DOES * SHE ? WHAT SHE DOES ? = QUE HACE ?
* IT ? NO SHE DOESN’T = NO
ESTRUCTURA:
AUXILIAR + SUJETO +INFINITIVO VERBO PPAL.

DOES + SHE + PLAY ?
ANTES DEL AUXILIAR O DESPUES DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL SE PUEDE PONER PARA
FORMAR LA ORACION LO QUE SE QUIERA ,PERO EL NUCLEO,NUNCA DEBE DE
CAMBIAR
WHERE DOES MARK LIVE ? =WHERE DOES HE LIVE =DONDE VIVE MARK?
WHAT DOES HE DO ? = QUE HACE (EN QUE TRABAJA?)
SIN EMBARGO LA RESPUESTA SERA NORMAL ,PUES SERA AFIRMATIVA(SIEMPRE QUE

NO SEA RESPUESTA CORTA QUE PODRIA LLEVAR EL AUXILIAR DOES.
MARK LIVES IN BROADWAY.

HE’S A JOURNALIST
QUE HACE EL EN SU TIEMPO LIBRE ? = WHAT DOES HE DO IN HIS FREE TIME ?
JUEGA AL TENIS =MARK PLAYS TENNIS
CUANTOS COCHES TIENE TU PADRE ? = HOW MANY CARS DOES YOUR FATHER HAVE
MY FATHER HAVE (S ? ) TWO CARS
LE GUSTA A ELLA TRABAJAR ? = DOES SHE LIKE WORKING ?

NO =NO SHE DOESN’T (DASSENT)
TE GUSTA COMER SPAGHETTIS = DOES YOU EATING SPAGHETTIS LIKE
SIEMPRE: AUX + SUJETO + VERBO PPAL.

GRAMMAR SUMMARY
Questions with questions words answers

WHAT IS HER SURNAME? JANE
WHAT IS HIS JOB? SHE’S A POLICEMAN
WHAT IS HER ADDRESS? 34,CHURCH STREET
WHERE IS SHE FROM? PORTUGAL

WHERE ARE YOU FROM? FRANCE
WHERE ARE THEY FROM? SPAIN
WHO IS JENNIFER? SHE’S JOHN’S DAUGHTER

WHO IS SHE? SHE’S JOHN’S DAUGHTER
HOW OLD IS SHE? TWENTY-TWO
HOW OLD ARE YOU? TWENTY-TWO
HOW MUCH IS A COKE? SIXTY PENCE
Yes /No questions Short Answers

IS HE HOT? YES,HE IS
IS SHE HOT? NO,SHE ISN’T
IS IT HOT? YES IT IS
ARE YOU MARRIED? NO I’M NOT /NO,WE AREN’T
ARE THEY MARRIED? YES,THEY ARE
Negative
I AM NOT FROM PARIS I’M NOT FROM PARIS
HE IS NOT FROM PARIS HE ISN’T FROM PARIS
SHE IS NOT FROM PARIS SHE ISN’T FROM PARIS
IT IS NOT FROM PARIS IT ISN’T FROM PARIS
WE ARE NOT FROM PARIS WE AREN’T FROM PARIS
YOU ARE NOT FROM PARIS YOU AREN’T FROM PARIS
THEY ARE NOT FROM PARIS THEY AREN’T FROM PARIS
Possessive ‘S
MY HUSBAND’S NAME IS MARTIN
THAT’S ANDREA’S, DICTIONARY
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
PRESENT SIMPLE (1)
Present simple he,she,it

HE LIVES IN THE MOUNTAINS
SHE LIVES IN THE MOUNTAINS
IT LIVES IN THE MOUNTAINS
HAVE IS IRREGULAR
SHE HAS A DOG NOT SHE HAVES
Negative
HE DOES NOT LIVE IN FRANCE = HE DOENS’T LIVE IN FRANCE
SHE DOES NOT LIVE IN FRANCE = SHE DOESN’T LIVE IN FRANCE
IT DOES NOT LIVE IN FRANCE = IT DOESN’T LIVE IN FRANCE
Questions
WHERE DOES HE LIVE ?
WHERE DOES SHE LIVE ?
WHERE DOES IT LIVE ?
Yes /no questions Shorts answers
DOES HE LIVE IN FRANCE ? YES. HE DOES

DOES SHE LIVE IN FRANCE ? NO, SHE DOESN’T.
DOES IT LIVE IN THE MOUNTAINS? YES, IT DOES
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
Present simple
ATENCION : EN EL PRESENTE SIMPLE POSITIVO
POSITIVE AÑADIMOS S AL VERBO CON HE,SHE, IT;
PERO NO CON I, YOU, WE Y THEY.
I START AT 6.30
YOU START AT 6.30
WE START AT 6.30
THEY START AT 6.30
HE STARTS AT 6.30
SHE STARTS AT 6.30
IT STARTS AT 6.30
Negative
ATENCION: CON I,YOU,WE,Y THEY EL NEGATIVO
I DON’T START AT 6.30 ES DON’T + INFINITIVO.
YOU DON’T START AT 6.30 CON HE,SHE,IT EL NEGATIVO
WE DON’T START AT 6.30 ES DOESN’T + INFINITIVO
THEY DON’T START AT 6.30
HE DOESN’T START AT 6.30

SHE DOESN’T START AT 6.30
IT DOESN’T START AT 6.30
Questions ATENCION: EL VERBO AUXILIAR EN PREGUNTAS

CON I,YOU,WE,Y THEY ES DO;
WHEN DO I START ? CON HE,SHE,IT ES DOESN’T
WHEN DO YOU START ?
WHEN DO WE START ?
WHEN DO THEY START ?
WHEN DOES HE START ?

WHEN DOES SHE START ?
WHEN DOES IT START ?
Yes /no questions Short answers

DO YOU HAVE A CAMERA ? NO,I DON’T/ NO,WE DON’T
DO THEY HAVE A CAMERA ? YES ,THEY DO
DOES HE LIKE CHINESE FOOD ? YES, HE DOES
DOES SHE LIKE CHINESE FOOD ? NO, SHE DOESN’T
DOES IT LIKE CHINESE FOOD ? YES,IT DOES
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
ARTICLES
INDETERMINADO
A/AN=UN/ UNA(SINGULAR)
SE USA PARA MENCIONAR UNA COSA POR PRIMERA VEZ
SHE HAS A FLAT IN LONDON

CAN I HAVE A HAM SANDWICH ?
SHE’S A NURSE (TRABAJOS)
DETERMINADO
THE= EL,LA,LOS,LAS, (PLURAL,SING.MAS.FEM.)
SE USA CUANDO NOS REFERIMOS A UNA COSA YA MENCIONADA

ANTERIORMENTE
THE FLAT (=HER FLAT) IS VERY NICE

THE HAM SANDWICH IS HORRIBLE
THE TIMES (PERIODICOS)
THE THAMES,THE SENA (RIOS)
NO ARTICLES
COSAS EN GENERAL
I HAVE... TEA AND TOAST FOR BREAKFAST

... BOOKS ARE EXPENSIVE
I LIKE TALKING ... PHOTOGRAPHS
DO YOU LIKE ... CHINESE FOOD ?
COMIDAS , SITIOS , TRANSPORTES
I HAVE... BREAKFAST /LUNCH/DINNER

I GO/COME ... HOME
I GO/COME TO ... SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY /WORK/BED
I’M AT ... WORK/ ON...HOLIDAY
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
ADVERBS OF FRECUENCY
0% 50% 100%
NEVER SOMETIMES OFTEN USUALLY ALWAYS
SOMETIMES &USUALLY
SE PUEDEN COLOCAR EN CUALQUIER SITIO DE LA FRASE ,AL PRINCIPIO,AL FINAL , O COMO

LOS DEMAS,DELANTE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL (NO DEL AUXILIAR) .
OFTEN,NEVER & ALWAYS
SIEMPRE SE COLOCAN DELANTE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL ( NO DEL AUXILIAR)
I NEVER GO TO CINEMA
THEY DON’T (OFTEN/ALWAYS) EAT IN RESTAURANT’S
CON NEVER,NUNCA SE PONE DON’T,PUESTO QUE NO SE PUEDEN PONER DOS NEGACIONES

JUNTAS
THEY NEVER EAT IN RESTAURANT’S
EVERY MORNING/EVENING.................. TODOS LOS DIAS /TODAS LAS NOCHES

EVERY DAY................................................ CADA DIA
EVERY FRIDAY.......................................... CADA VIERNES
(ONCE) A WEEK........................................ UNA VEZ A LA SEMANA
(TWICE) A MONTH.................................... DOS VECES AL MES
(THREE,FOUR,FIVE...) TIMES A YEAR...TRES,CUATRO,CINCO VECES AL AÑO
ABOUT ONCE A WEEK.............................. ALREDEDOR DE UNA VEZ A LA SEMANA
PREPOSITIONS
IN, ON, AT, TO, BY, NEAR, WITH

AT =PARA SITIOS PEQUEÑOS (ARRIVE AT PLACE/A HOTEL/A CINEMA/A STATION
IN = PARA SITIOS GRANDES ( ARRIVE IN A TOWN/IN A COUNTRY)
THE = SEGUIDO DE PALABRA QUE COMIENZA CON VOCAL SE PRONUNCIA DI

THE = SEGUIDO DE PALABRA QUE COMIENZA CON CONSONANTE SE PRONUNCIA DE
REWRITING A TEXT
Keiko Wilson is japanese.But Keiko lives in New York because Keiko is married to an
American.Keiko is a interpreter.Keiko likes New York because New York is
interesting,but Keiko husband,Walter,doesn’t like New York.Walter wants to leave and
live in the country.
Keiko and Walter have two children.Walter the two children and the two children’s dog
out of the city in Walter’s free time.Walter and the children go walking in summer and
skiing in winter,but Keiko doesn’t go with Walter and the children because Keiko doesn’t
have any free time.
Keiko Wilson is japanese.But she lives in New York because she is married to an
American.She is an interpreter.She Likes New York because it is interesting.but her
husband,Walter doesn’t like it .he wants to leave and live in the country.
They have two children.He takes them and their dog out of the city in his free time.
They go walking in summer and skiing in winter.But she doesn’t go whith them .because
she doesn’t have any free time
PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES ADJECTIVES
PETER DRIVES A CAR
EL SUJETO VA DELANTE DEL VERBO EL VERBO EL OBJETO DE DETRÁS DEL VERBO
PRONOMBRES SUJETO PRONOMBRES OBJETOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
I YO ME MI MY MIO
YOU TU YOU TU YOUR TUYO
HE EL HIM SU DE EL HIS SUYO
SHE ELLA HER SU DE ELLA HER SUYA
IT ESTO IT ESTO ITS ESTOS
WE NOSOTROS US NOSOTROS OUR NUESTROS
THEY ELLOS THEM ELLOS THEIR SUYOS
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
UNITS 1 TO 4 , RESUME(I)
TO BE
AFIRMATIVO CONTRAIDO INTERROGATIVO
I AM I’M AM I?
YOU ARE YOU’RE ARE YOU?
HE/SHE/IT/...IS HE’S/SHE’S/ITS IS...HE/SHE/IT?
WE ARE WE’RE ARE WE?
YOU ARE YOU’RE ARE YOU?
THEY ARE THEY’RE ARE THEY?
NEGATIVO NEG.CONTRAIDO
I AM NOT I’M NOT

YOU ARE NOT YOUREN’T
HE/SHE/ IT HE/SHE/IT...ISN’T
WERE ARE NOT WE AREN’T
YOU ARE NOT YOU AREN’T
THEY ARE NOT THEY AREN’T
IS HE HOT? YES HE IS
IS SHE HOT? NO SHE ISN’T
IS IT HOT? NO IT ISN’T
EL AUXILIAR DOES
SOLO SE USA EN PREGUNTAS,NEGACIONES O RESPUESTAS CORTAS
AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO PRINCIPAL
WHERE DOES MARK LIVE? MARK LIVES IN BROADWAY

WHAT DOES HE DO? HE’S A JOURNALIST
PREGUNTAS NEGACIONES RESPUESTAS CORTAS
DOES HE? NO HE DOESN’T YES HE DO

DOES SHE? NO SHE DOESN’T YES SHE DO
DOES IT? NO IT DOESN’T YES IT DO
ADJETIVOS
ADJ.POSESIVOS ADJ.DEMOSTRATIVOS ADJ.INTERROGATIVOS
MY MIO THIS ESTE WHAT? QUE?

YOUR TUYO VUESTRO THAT ESO WICH? CUAL?
HIS SU (MASC.) THESE ESTOS WHOSE? DE QUIEN?
HER SU (FEM.) THOSE ESOS HOW MUCH? CUANTO?
IT’S SU (NEUTRO) HOW MANY? CUANTOS?
OUR NUESTRO
THEIR SUYOS (MASC. Y FEM)
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
UNITS 1 TO 4 , RESUME (II)
PLURALES DE LOS NOMBRES
A LA MAYORIA SE LES AÑADE S

SI LOS NOMBRES TERMINAN EN S,SH,CH.SE LES AÑADE ES
SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN CONSONANTE + Y;SE CAMBIA Y POR IES
SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN VOCAL + Y;NO CAMBIA Y SE LE AÑADE S
LA R SILENCIOSA
R + VOCAL = SE PRONUNCIA
R + CONSONANTE = NO SE PRONUNCIA
R + NADA (FINAL) = NO SE PRONUNCIA
ARTICULOS
INDETERMINADO: A/AN UN/UNA SINGULAR

SE USA PARA MENCIONAR UNA COSA POR PRIMERA VEZ
DETERMINADO:THE EL,LA,LOS,LAS (PLURAL,SINGULAR,MASC. Y FEMENINO)

SE USA CUANDO NOS REFERIMOS A UNA COSA YA MENCIONADA.TAMBIEN LLEVAN
THE, LOS PERIODICOS Y LOS RIOS.
NO ARTICULOS
NO LLEVAN ARTICULO
LAS COSAS “EN GENERAL”LAS COMIDAS ,LOS LUGARES Y LOS TRANSPORTES
I HAVE...TEA
...BOOKS ARE EXPENSIVE
I LIKE TAKING ...PHOTOGRAPHS
DO YOU LIKE...CHINESE FOOD?
I HAVE ...BREAKFAST/DINNER/LUNCH
I GO/COME...HOME
I GO/COME...SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY/WORK/BED
I GO/COME BY...TRAIN/CAR/BUS/TAXI
THERE IS HAY UN/UNA

THERE ES EL SUJETO
THERE ARE HAY VARIOS
FORMA POSITIVA
THERE’S A SOFA (THERE IS) SINGULAR
THERE ARE TWO BOOKS PLURAL
FORMA NEGATIVA
THERE ISN’T AN ARMCHAIR SINGULAR
THERE ARENT ANY FLOWERS PLURAL
FORMA INTERROGATIVA
IS THERE A TABLE ? SINGULAR
ARE THERE ANY PHOTOS? PLURAL
( ANY SE PONE CON PLURAL )
SHORT ANSWERS
POSITIVO SINGULAR................YES,THERE IS
POSITIVO PLURAL ................... YES,THERE ARE
NEGATIVO SINGULAR............. NO,THERE ISN’T

NEGATIVO PLURAL................. NO THERE ARENT
SOME / ANY
ORACIONES AFIRMAT. PLURALES

SOME
NUMEROS INDEFINIDOS ORACIONES NEGATIV. PLURALES
ANY
PREGUNTAS PLURALES
ARE THERE ANY ?

ARE ANY ?
DIRECTIONS
EXCUSE ME ,IS THERE A BOOKSHOP .... NEAR HERE ,PLEASE ?
WHERE IS THE BOOKSHOP ?
RESPUESTAS
WITH PREPOSITIONS
• GO STRAIGHT ON.................SIGA RECTO

• ON THE LEFT......................... A LA IZQUIERDA
• ON THE RIGHT...................... A LA DERECHA
• TAKE THE FIRS/SECOND... STREET ON...........TOME LA 1ª,2ª.....CALLE A
• TURN LEFT..............................TUERCE A LA IZQUIERDA
• TURN RIGHT.......................... TUERCE A LA DERERCHA
• GO PAST.................................. PASAR DE LARGO
• TO CROSS............................... CRUZAR
• CROSSROADS....................... CRUCE DE CAMINOS
• ICE RINK................................ PABELLON DE PATINAJE
• ROUND ABOUT.................... ROTONDA
PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS

(MASCULINO,FEMENINO Y NEUTRO)
THIS /THAT/ THESE/ THOSE/
THIS (ESTO/A)SINGULAR..............CERCA DE NOSOTROS

THAT( ESE/A,ESO/A,AQUEL,AQUELLO/A)SINGULAR...LEJOS DE NOSOTROS
THESE (ESTOS/ESTAS)PLURAL ...CERCA DE NOSOTROS

THOSE (ESOS/AS,AQUELOS /AS)PLURAL...LEJOS DE NOSOTROS
CAN/COULD WAS /WERE
VB PODER Y SABER VB SER Y ESTAR (PRESENTE SIMPLE )
CAN...PRESENTE WAS......PASADO
COULD... PASADO WERE .......PASADO
CAN ES UN VERBO MODAL, NO LLEVA INFINITIVO (TO)
ABILITY= SABER HACER ALGO

CAN
PERMISSION=PERMISO PARA HACER ALGO
CAN
FORMA AFIRMATIVA:
SUJETO + CAN + VERBO PRINCIPAL
I CAN DANCE
FORMA NEGATIVA:
CANNOT (+FORMAL)
I,YOU,WE...+ CAN + CAN NOT + VERBO EN INFINITIVO
CAN’T (+INFORMAL)
SUJETO + CAN’T + VERBO PRINCIPAL

I CAN’T DANCE
FORMA INTERROGATIVA:
CAN + SUJETO + VERBO PRINCIPAL ?

CAN YOU PLAY THE PIANO?
AFIRMATIVA: YES, I CAN

RESPUESTAS CORTAS
NEGATIVA : NO,I CAN’T
PRESENT TO BE IN THE PAST
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
POSITIVO
(ERA)
I WAS YO FUI YO ESTUVE

HE WAS EL FUE EL ESTUVO
SHE WAS ELLA FUE ELLA ESTUVO
IT WAS ESTO FUE ESTO ESTUVO
WE WERE NOSOTROS FUIMOS NOSOTROS ESTUVIMOS
YOU WERE TU FUISTE TU ESTUVISTE
VOSOTROS FUISTEIS VOSOTROS ESTUVISTEIS
THEY WERE ELLOS FUERON ELLOS ESTUVIERON
NEGATIVO
(ERA)
I WASN’T YO NO FUI YO NO ESTUVE

HE WASN’T EL NO FUE EL NO ESTUVO
SHE WASN’T ELLA NO FUE ELLA NO ESTUVO
IT WASN’T ESTO NO FUE ESTO NO ESTUVO
WE WEREN’T NOSOTROS NO FUIMOS NOSOTROS NO ESTUVIMOS
YOU WEREN’T TU NO FUISTE TU NO ESTUVISTES
VOSOTROS NO FUISTEIS VOSOTROS NO ESTUVISTEIS
THEY WEREN’T ELLOS NO FUERON ELLOS NO ESTUVIERON
INTERROGATIVO
WAS I AT CINEMA? FUI YO AL CINE ?
WAS HE AT CINEMA? FUE EL AL CINE?
WAS SHE AT CINEMA FUE ELLA AL CINE?
WERE WE AT CINEMA? FUIMOS NOSOTROS AL CINE?
WERE YOU AT CINEMA FUISTEIS TU/VOSOTROS AL CINE?
WERE THEY AT CINEMA FUERON ELLOS AL CINE?
SHORT ANSWERS
YES,SHE WAS
NO, SHE WASN’T
YES,THEY WERE
NO, THEY WEREN’T
CAN PAST SIMPLE TENSE = COULD
POSITIVO EN PASADO
I COULD YO PUDE
YOU COULD TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE /IT COULD EL/ELLA/ESTO/ PUDO
WE COULD NOSOTROS PUDIMOS
THEY COULD ELLOS PUDIERON
NEGATIVO EN PASADO
I COULDN’T YO NO PUDE
YOU COULDN’T TU/VOSOTROS NO PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE/IT COULDN’T EL/ELLA/ESTO NO PUDO
WE COULDN’T NOSOTROS NO PUDIMOS
THEY COULDN’T ELLOS NO PUDIERON
INTERROGATIVO EN PASADO
COULD I? YO PUDE?
COULD YOU? TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS?
COULD HE/SHE/IT? EL/ELLA/ESTO PUDO?
COULD WE? NOSOTROS PUDIMOS?
COULD THEY? ELLOS PUDIERON?
+ INFINITIVO SIN TO
PAST SIMPLE
REGULAR AND IRREGULARS VERBS
DEPENDIENDO DE CÓMO SE FORMA EL PASADO ,SE SABE SI LOS VERBOS

SON REGULARES O IRREGULARES;ASI PUES LA NORMA GENERAL ES:
SI EL PASADO ES EL INFINITIVO + ED, SON VERBOS REGULARES
EJ. EARN EARNED

START STARTED
LA TERMINACION ED ES IGUAL PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS
EXCEPCION:CUANDO EL INFINITIVO TERMINA EN E SOLO SE LE AÑADE

LA D EJ. DIE DIED
LA PRONUNCIACION ES CASI IGUAL,SOLO QUE SE HACE UN ESPECIAL

ENFASIS SOBRE LA D FINAL.
EN LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES,NO HA Y NORMAS.ESTAN CONSTRUIDOS

TAL Y COMO ESTAN Y HAY QUE APRENDERSELOS DE MEMORIA:
EJ.COME =CAME BUY BOUGHT
EL PASADO DE LOS IRREGULARES,TAL Y COMO PASABA CON LOS

REGULARES ,ES IGUAL PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS.
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES
DID
ES EL PASADO DE DO Y DOES
DID YOU GO TO CINEMA YESTERDAY?

YES ,I DID
NO,I DIDN’T
CUANDO ESTUDIABAMOS EL AUXILIAR DO/ DOES,VEIAMOS QUE

CUANDO ESTE LLEVABA S (DOES ), EL VERBO PRINCIPAL NO LA
LLEVABA;
ASI PUES CON EL PASADO DE DO/DOES=DID,PASA IGUAL: AL LLEVAR

DID LA D,EL VERBO PRINCIPAL NO LA LLEVA
DID YOU LIVED IN ENGLAND?

SONIDOS DEL PASADO:
/T/ /D/ /ID/
LOOKED DIED VISITED

LIKED LOVED STARTED
FINISHED MOVED NEEDED
EL PRIMERO ES SORDO,EL SEGUNDO ES SONORO ,Y APENAS HAY

DIFERENCIA;
PERO EL TERCERO /ID) SI QUE HAY QUE HACERLO NOTAR

EJEMPLOS:
DID YOU KNOW THAT VINCENT VAN GOGH SOLD ONLY TWO OF HIS
PAINTINGS WHILE HE WAS ALIVE?
HE DIDN’T SELL...
DID YOU KNOW THAT THE ACTRESS SHIRLEY TEMPLE WAS A

MILLIONAIRE BEFORE SHE WAS TEN?
SHE WANS’T MILLIONAIRE...
DID YOU KNOW SHAKESPEARE SPELLED HIS NAME IN ELEVEN

DIFFERENT WAYS
I DIDN’T KNOW THAT SHAKESPEARE...
DID YOU KNOW IN 1979 IT SNOWED IN THE SAHARA DESERT?

IT DIDN’T KNOW THAT SNOWED ....
DID YOU KNOW THAT KING LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE HAD A BATH ONLY
THREE TIMES IN HIS LIFE?
HE DIDN’T HAVE MORE THAN THREE BATHS ...
DID YOU KNOW THAT THE AMERICAN PRESIDENT GEORGE

WHASHINGTON GREW MARIJUANA IN HIS GARDEN?
I DIDN´T KNOW THAT....

TIME EXPRESSIONS
MONTHS
YEAR
IN PART OF THE DAY
SEASONS
CENTURIES
DAYS
ON DATES
WEEKENDS
TIME
AT WEEKENDS
NIGHT
NÚMEROS ORDINALES:
♦ THE FIRST
♦ THE SECOND
♦ THE THIRD
♦ THE FOURTH
♦ THE FIFTH
♦ THE SIXTH
♦ THE SEVENTH
♦ THE EIGHTH
♦ THE NINTH
♦
♦ THE ELEVENTH
♦ THE TWELFT
♦ THE THIRTEENTH
♦ THE TWENTIETH
♦ THE FOURTIEH
WERE WHEN YOU BORN?

EL 03.04.1992
THE THIRD OF APRIL NINETEEN NINETY TWO
LIKE AND WOULD LIKE SOME AND ANY
I WOULD=I’d
I WOULD LIKE (M E GUSTARÍA)
I’d LIKE A DRINK

YOU’d LIKE A DRINK
HE’d LIKE A DRINK
SHE’d LIKE A DRINK
IT’d LIKE A DRINK
WE’d LIKE A DRINK
THEY’d LIKE A DRINK
SIN S FINAL
NOMBRES INCONTABLES SIN ARTICULO
MASA Y LIQUIDOS
CON S AL FINAL
NOMBRES CONTABLES CON ARTICULO
PUEDEN LLEVAR NÚMERO
EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS
SOME CAN I HAVE? (PETICIONES INTERROGATIVAS)
WOULD YOU LIKE? (OFRECIMIENTOS INTERROG.)
EN PREGUNTAS Y FRASES NEGATIVAS

ANY EN FRASES NEGATIVAS (EXC.PETICIONES E
INTERROGACIONES QUE VAN CON SOME)
Y NOMBRES EN PLURAL
HOW MUCH? CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES (CUANTO/CUANTA)

HOW MANY? CON NOMBRES CONTABLES (CUANTOS CUANTAS)
CAN I? PUEDO YO?

CAN YOU? PUEDES TU?
COULD I? PODRÍA YO?
COULD YOU? PODRÍAS TU?
I LIKE ME GUSTA
I WOULD(I´D) LIKE ME GUSTARÍA
PREGUNTAR EN PASADO O NEGACIONES:
“DID+SUBJET+INFINITIVO SIN TO”
COMPARATIVES ADJECTIVES
FAST SLOW
SMALL BIG
CLEAN DIRTY
SAFE DANGEROUS
QUIET NOISY
OLD MODERN/YOUNG
HALTHY UNHEALTHY
FRIENDLY UNFRIENDLY
INTERESTING BORING
EXPENSIVE CHEAP
GOOD BAD
1. THE CITY IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE COUNTRY

2. THE COUNTRY IS CHEAPER THAN THE CITY
3. THE CITY IS NOISIER THAN THE COUNTRY
4. THE COUNTRY IS SAFER THAN THE CITY
5. THE CITY IS MORE INTERESTING THAN THE COUNTRY
6. THE COUNTRY IS HEALTHIER THAN THE CITY
7. THE CITY IS BETTER THAN THE CITY
SOLO EN CASOS EXCEPCIONALES Y MUY COLOQUIALES,SE

EMPLEA EL MORE + EL SUPERLATIVO “ER” (MORE BETTER) .
NORMALMENTE SE USA UNO U OTRO.
FORMACION DEL COMPARATIVO Y DEL SUPERLATIVO
EXISTEN DOS MANERAS DE FORMAR EL COMPARATIVO Y EL

SUPERLATIVO:
• AÑADIENDO AL POSITIVO –ER PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y –EST

PARA EL SUPERLATIVO
1. TODOS LOS MONOSILABOS:

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST
LONG LONGER THE LONGEST
SHORT SHORTER THE SHORTEST
OLD OLDER THE OLDEST
SAFE SAFER THE SAFEST
2. LOS BISILABOS TERMINADOS EN –Y,-ER,-LE,-OW:

HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST
NOISY NOISIER THE NOISIEST
DIRTY DIRTIER THE DIRTIEST
MODIFICACIONES:
LOS TERMINADOS EN –E SOLO SE LES AÑADE –R Y –ST PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y EL

SUPERLATIVO:NICE NICER THE NICEST
LOS TERMINADOS EN –Y PRECEDIDA DE CONSONANTE TRANSFORMAN LA Y GRIEGA EN

I LATINA:DRY DRIER THE DRIEST.
LOS TERMINADOS EN CONSONANTE SIMPLE PRECEDIDA DE UNA SOLA VOCAL DE

SONIDO BREVE,DUPLICAN LA CONSONANTE:
BIG BIGGER THE BIGGEST

HOT HOTTER THE HOTTEST
THIN THINNER THE THINNEST
ANTEPONIENDO AL POSITIVO LA PALABRA MORE (MÁS) PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y THE

MOST(EL QUE MÁS) PARA EL SUPERLATIVO.
(PARA ADJETIVOS CON DOS O MAS SILABAS)
BORING MORE BORING THE MOST BORING

BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
INTELLIGENT MORE INTELLIGENT THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
GOOD BETTER THE BEST

BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST
HAVE GOT
(GOT INDICA POSESION)
POSITIVE POSITIVE
I HAVE A CAT I HAVE GOT A CAT (I’VE)

YOU HAVE A CAT YOU HAVE GOT A CAT (YOU’VE)
WE HAVE A CAT WE HAVE GOT A CAT (WE’VE)
THEY HAVE A CAT THEY HAVE GOT A CAT (THEY’VE)
HE HAS A GARDEN HE HAS GOT A GARDEN (HE’S)
SHE HAS A GARDEN SHE HAS GOT A GARDEN (SHE’S)
IT HAS A A GARDEN IT HAS GOT A GARDEN(IT’S)
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
I DON’T HAVE A DOG I HAVEN’T GOT A DOG

YOU DON’T HAVE A DOG YOU HAVEN’T GOT A DOG
WE DON’T HAVE A DOG WE HAVEN’T GOT A DOG
THEY DON’T HAVR A DOG THEY HAVEN’T GOT A DOG
HE DOESN’T HAVE A GARAGE HE HASN’T GOT A GARAGE
SHE DOENS’T HAVE A GARAGE SHE HASN’T GOT A GARAGE
IT DOESN’T HAVE A GARAGE IT HASN’T GOT A GARAGE
QUESTIONS QUESTIONS
DO I HAVE ANY MONEY? HAVE I GOT ANY MONEY?
DO YOU HAVE ANY MONEY? HAVE YOU GOT ANY MONEY?
DO WE HAVE ANY MONEY? HAVE WE GOT ANY MONEY?
DO THEY HAVE ANY MONEY? HAVE THEY GOT ANY MONEY?
DOES HE HAVE A SISTER? HAS HE GOT A SISTER?
DOES SHE HAVE A SISTER? HAS SHE GOT A SISTER?
DOES HIT HAVE A SISTER? HAS IT GOT A SISTER?
SHORT ANWSER
NO,I HAVENT YES, I HAVE NO,SHE HASN’T YES,SHE HAS
EN PASADO NO HAY GOT!!

HAVE=HAVE GOT / I HAVE = I’VE / I DON’T HAVE = I HAVEN’T GOT
HAY UNA FORMA DE COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD MUY COMUN:
AS...AS
(TAN/TANTO... COMO)
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS ...BODY

SOME Y ...THING
PREGUNTAS ... WHERE
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
ANY OFRECIMIENTOS Y FAVORES (EN INTERROGATIVO)
ORACIONES CON EL VERBO EN NEGATIVO
EJ.THERE ISN’T ANYBODY
NO CON EL VERBO EN POSITIVO

EJ. THERE IS NOBODY HERE
ESTE “NO”INDICA NEGACION,ENTONCES DEBE IR EN VERBO EN FORMA
AFIRMATIVA!!
EVERYBODY
EVERY ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS EVERYTHING
EVERYWHERE
CUANDO EL VERBO FUNCIONA COMO SUJETO,ESTE (EL VERBO),VA EN
SINGULAR Y EN TERCERA PERSONA”

EVERYONE TODO EL MUNDO
EVERYBODY TODO EL MUNDO
NOBODY NADIE
NOWHERE NINGUN SITIO
EVERYWHERE EN TODAS PARTES
EVERYDAY TODOS LOS DIAS
EVERYTHING TODAS LAS COSAS
NOTHING NADA
DIRECTIONS (2)
ALONG A LO LARGO
DOWN HACIA ABAJO
UP HACIA ARRIBA
INTO HACIA DENTRO
OUT OF HACIA FUERA
OVER POR ENCIMA
PAST PASAR JUNTO A
THROUGH ATRAVESAR
UNDER POR DEBAJO DE

PRESENT CONTINOUS
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO,SE FORMA DE LA SIGUIENTE

MANERA:
VERBO SER(en presente simple)+ VERBO EN INFINITIVO + ING
EJEMPLO : I AM +WORK+ ING = I’M WORKING
El presente continuo, expresa un hecho o una accion en curso: AHORA!
FORMACION :
TERMINADOS EL INFINITIVO EN E:
CAMBIA E POR ING
COME COMING / SMOKE SMOKING
VERBOS CORTOS CON UNA SOLA VOCAL

(consn vocal consn),
REPITE LA ULTIMA CONSONANTE :
RUN RUNNING / SIT SITTING / SWIM SWIMMING
HAY QUE APRENDERSELOS DE MEMORIA:
LIE LYING / DIE DYING
LOS TERMINADOS EN Y : SE LES AÑADE ING
STUDY STUDYING / PLAY PLAYING

PRESENT CONTINOUS
SHE’S HAVING A SHOWER IN THE BATHROOM
WE ARE EATING A SANDIWCH IN THE KITCHEN
SHE’S WRITING TO HER MOTHER IN THE LIVING ROOM
WE ARE MAKING A TEA IN THE KITCHEN
HE’S READING A BOOK IN THE LIVING ROOM
THEY ARE CLEANING THESE TEETH IN THE BATHROOM
I’M LISTENING TO MUSIC IN THE LIVING ROOM
THEY PUTTING ON THE CLOTHES IN THE BEDROOM
WE ARE PLAYING PING PONG IN THE BEDROOM
HE’S WASHING THE PLATES (OR WASHING UP) IN THE KITCHEN
LISTEN! PAT IS PLAYING THE PIANO
THEY ARE BUILDING A NEW HOTEL IN THE MOMENT
LOOK! SOMEBODY IS SWIMMING IN THE RIVER
YOU STANDING ON MY FOOT.OH I’M SORRY
HURRY UP! THE BUS IS COMMING
WHERE ARE YOU,GEORGE ? IN THE KITCHEN. I’M COOKING A MEAL
HELLO.CAN I SPEAK TO ANN ,PLEASE ? SHE’S HAVING A SHOWER AT THE

MOMENT,CAN YOU PHONE AGAIN LATER ?
QUE ESTA OCURRIENDO AHORA?

I’M NOT WASHING MY HAIR
IT IS SNOWING
I’M SITTING ON A CHAIR
I AREN’T EATING A SANDWICH
IT ISN’T RAINING
I’M LEARNING ENGLISH
I’M NOT LISTENING
I’M NOT SMOKING A CIGARETTTE
I’M NOT READING A NEWSPAPER
WHAT IS SHE READING ?
WHAT IS HE EATING ?
WHAT IS SHE CRYING ?
WHAT ARE THEY LOOKING ?
WHERE IS HE DOING ?
WHY ARE THEY LAUGHING ?

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS :
LOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS SON LOS QUE COMO SU PROPIO
NOMBRE INDICA, DENOTAN POSESION:
MY HOUSE!
ESTOS SON:
MY MI...
YOUR TU...
HIS SU (DE EL)...
HER SU (DE ELLA)...
ITS NEUTRO PARA COSAS
OUR NUESTRO...
YOUR VUESTRO...
THEIR ELLOS...
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS:
LOS PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS, TAMBIEN DENOTAN POSESION
PERO SUSTITUYEN AL NOMBRE.(EN ESTE CASO A CASA).
IT’S MINE !
ESTOS SON:
MINE EL MIO...
YOURS EL TUYO...
HIS LOS SUYOS (DE EL)...
HERS LOS SUYOS (DE ELLA)...
ITS NEUTRO PARA COSAS
OURS LO NUESTRO...
YOURS LO VUESTRO...
THEIRS LO DE ELLOS...
GOING TO (VOY A...)

SE EMPLEA EN UN FUTURO MAS LEJANO QUE EL PRESENTE
CONTINUO,
SE FORMA ASÍ:
SUBJET+VB TO BE+GOING TO+VERBO EN INFINITIVO
AFIRMATIVO:
YOU ARE GOING TO...
NEGATIVO:
YOU AREN’T GOING TO LEARN...
INTERROGATIVO
WHY IS SHE GOING TO LEARN... ?
EJEMPLOS
I’M GOING TO WATCH T.V.
I’M NOT GOING TO WATCH T.V.
I’M NOT GOING TO CATCH A BUS
I’M NOT GOING TO EAT A RESTAURANT
I’M NOT GOING TO MEET SOME FRIENDS
I’M GOING TO COOK A MEAL
I’M NOT GOING TO GO SHOPPING
I’M GOING TO WASH MY HAIR
I’M GOING TO DO MY HOMEWORK

GOING TO (VOY A...) 2

TAMBIEN USAMOS GOING TO,CUANDO NOSOTROS PODEMOS VER ALGO
“AHORA” QUE SEGURAMENTE SUCEDERÁ EN EL FUTURO:
IT’S GOING TO RAIN=VA A LLOVER
I’M GOING TO SNEEZE=VOY A ESTORNUDAR
WE’RE GOING TO MISS THE BUSS=VAMOS A PERDER EL AUTO..
THEY’RE GOING TO HAVE A PARTY=VAN A HACER UNA ...
I’M GOING TO FAIL THE EXAM=VOY A SUSPENDER EL...
HE’S GOING TO PASS THE EXAM=EL VA A APROBAR EL...
YOU’RE ARE GOING TO DROP THE PLATES=VAS A TIRAR LOS...
THEY’RE GOING TO KISS=ELLOS VAN A BESARSE
CUANDO APARECEN LOS VERBOS TO GO Y TO COME SE USA

“GOING Y COMING”
I’M GOING TO GO TO HOLLAND TOMORROW

SHE’S GOING TO COME THIS EVENING
HE WENT TO STATION TO CATCH THE TRAIN
SHE TURNED ON THE TV TO WATCH THE FILM
ARE YOU GOING TO THE PUB TO HAVE A BEER ?
DID YOU OPEN THE DOOR TO GET SOME FRESH AIR
I PHONED BILL TO TELL THE NEWS
ARE YOU LEARNING ENGLISH TO GET A BETTER JOB ?
THEY’RE STUDYING HARD TO PASS THEIR EXAM
I’M GOING HOME EARLY TO FINISH MY HOMEWORK

ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL CURSO
WHAT WAS THE WEATHER LIKE IN.... QUE TIEMPO HACE EN....
IT WAS SUNNY AND WARM.18 DEGREES CELSIUS
I’M AGREE.....ESTOY DE ACUERDO
I DON’T AGREE....NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO
I THINK SO ....... PIENSO QUE SI
I DON’T THINK SO.....PIENSO QUE NO
I GONNA= I’M GOING TO
I WANNA= I WANT YOU
TO = HACIA (MOVIMIENTO)
HOME
WORK
T = HACIA (ESTATICO) SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY
RESTAURANTES
AT – LUGARES PEQUEÑOS CASA
ARRIVE TRABAJO...
CIUDADES
IN – LUGARES GRANDES
PAISES
FUTURO
PRESENTE CONTINUO:
COSAS QUE VAN A SUCEDER INMEDIATAMENTE,POR EJEMPLO
LAS COSAS QUE SE APUNTAN EN UNA AGENDA:
I’M MEETING HER TOMORROW
GOING TO:
FUTURO ALGO MAS LEJANO Y COSAS QUE VEMOS “AHORA”Y
QUE VAN A SUCEDER:
IT GOING TO RAIN
WILL=I’WILL=I’LL:
ESPRESA UN FUTURO CON DECISION! I’LL+INFINITIVO SIN TO
I’LL RAIN !
SHALL:
ES UN VERBO AUXILIAR QUE SE USA PARA SUGERENCIAS:SE

USA EN PREGUNTAS+ SUJETO EN 1ª PERSONAL +INFINITIVO
SIN TO.
WHAT SHALL WE DO? QUE PODEMOS HACER?
ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS DE MÁLAGA
ALVARO SOUVIRÓN 2ºCURSO 1998 1999
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?
1. SE USA EL PRESENT PERFECT PARA HABLAR GENERALMENTE SOBRE

EXPERIENCIAS PASADAS.
I’VE BEEN ABROAD A LOT – HE IDO AL EXTRANJERO MUCHO

HAVE YOU BEEN TO ROME? – HAS ESTADO EN ROMA?
2. SE USA EL PASADO SIMPLE ,PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE “CUANDO”
I SAW YOUR SISTER YESTERDAY – VÍ A TU HERMANA AYER

WHEN DID SHE ARRIVE? – CUANDO LLEGÓ ELLA?
PREGUNTAS EN PRESENT PERFECT ( HAVE YOU EVER?...+ VERBO 3ª COLUMNA)

ALGUNA VEZ?
PREGUNTAS RESPUESTAS
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO PARIS? YES,I WENT THERE 10 YEARS AGO
HAVE YOU EVER BROKEN A BONE YES,I BROKE MY LEG LAST YEAR
NO,I’VE NEVER BROKEN A BONE
HAVE TO /DON’T HAVE TO (TENGO QUE/NO TENGO QUE)
SE USA ACERCA DE: OBLIGACIÓN / NO OBLIGACIÓN
I HAVE TO WEAR A UNIFORM.IT’S PART OF MY JOB
I DON’T HAVE TO WORK TOMORROW.IT’S SUNDAY
(NO SE CONTRAE HAVE NI HAS)

I HAVE TO TRAVEL A LOT NO I’VE TRAVEL A LOT
EJEMPLOS:
DURING THE WEEK AT THE WEEKEND

I HAVE TO GET UP EARLY I HAVE TO COOK ON SATURDAY
I DON’T HAVE TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT I HAVE TO DO HOUSEWOK
I DON’T HAVE TO LOOK AFTER CHILDREN I DON’T HAVE TO GO SHOPPING
38
SENTENCES TENSE NEGATIVE SENTENCES
HE LIVES NEAR HERE PRESENT SIMPLE HE DOENS’T LIVE NEAR HERE
SHE’S(HAS) BEEN TO USA PRESENT PERFECT SHE HASN’T BEEN TO USA
WE’RE GOING TO BUY A CAR FUTURE(GOING TO) WE AREN’T GOING TO BUY...
HE’S LOOKING FOR A JOB PRESENT CONTIN. HE ISN’T LOOKING FOR A JOB
THEY’RE OFTEN LATE FOR CLASS P.SIMPLE(TO BE) THEY AREN’T OFTEN LATE...
I WENT TO THE CINEMA PAST SIMPLE I DIDN’T GO TO THE CINEMA
SHE WAS TIRED LAST NIGHT PAST SIMPLE (BE) SHE WASN’T TIRED LAST NIGHT
ON SUNDAY HE’S FLYING TO...P.CONTINUOUS (FUTURE) ON SUNDAY HE ISN’T ..
HE WAS READING A BOOK PAST CONTINUOUS HE WASN´T READING A BOOK
SE USA EL PAST SIMPLE Y NO EL PRESENT PERFECT

EN LAS PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENZAN POR
WHEN? O WHAT TIME?
GONE Y BEEN
HE’S GONE TO SPAIN HE’S BEEN TO SPAIN
SE HA IDO (Y ESTA ALLÍ) HA ESTADO ( Y HA VUELTO)
39
PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

SUBJECT PRONOUN OBJECTS PRONOUN POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESIVE PRONOUN
I YO ME MÍ MY MI MINE EL MIO
YOU TU/VOSOTROS YOU TU/VOSOTROS YOUR TU YOURS EL TUYO/ LO VUESTRO
HE EL HIM EL (A EL) HIS SU (DE EL) HIS LOS SUYOS (DE EL)
SHE ELLA HER ELLA ( A ELLA) HER SU (DE ELLA) HERS LOS SUYOS (DE ELLA)
IT ESTO IT ESTO ITS SU (ANIMAL/COSA OURS LO NUESTRO
WE NOSOTROS US NOSOTROS OUR NUESTRO THEIRS LO DE ELLOS
THEY ELLOS THEM ELLOS THEIR SUYO
LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE SUJETO SON

LOS QUE REALIZAN LA ACCION
LOS PRONOMBRES OBJETOS,SON

LOS QUE RECIBEN LA ACCION
LOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS DENOTAN POSESIÓN: MI CASA!
CONCUERDAN CON EL POSEEDOR!!!
LOS PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS TAMBIEN DENOTAN

POSESION,PERO SUSTITUYEN AL NOMBRE,EN ESTE CASO A
CASA:IT’S MINE
USA LOS PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE
LAS POSESIONES DE LA GENTE.
SE PUEDE USAR EL NOMBRE PROPIO +’S CON O SIN EL

NOMBRE:IT’S PETER’S CAR OR IT’S PETER’S.
CON LOS PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS,NO SE USA EL ARTICULO

THE: THIS IS THE MINE .
40
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE? (II)
PRESENT PERFECT:
• HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN LONDON?

• YES I HAVE
• HAVE YOU EVER BROKEN YOUR LEG?

• YES I HAVE
- USA EL PRESENT PERFECT PARA HABLAR GENERALMENTE ACERCA

DE EXPERIENCIAS PASADAS,
- CUANDO NO PUEDES DECIR O PREGUNTAR : “CUANDO”.
- USA “EVER” EN PREGUNTAS PARA EXPERIENCIAS Y ALGÚN TIEMPO

EN TU VIDA HASTA AHORA.
- USA “NEVER EN NEGACIONES”
PAST SIMPLE:
• WHEN DID YOU GO TO LONDON?
• I WENT TO LONDON IN 1989
• WHEN DID YOU BREAK YOUR LEG?

• I BROKE IT LAST JULY
- USA EL PASADO SIMPLE PARA DECIR O PREGUNTAR EXACTAMENTE

“CUANDO” HA SUCEDIDO UNA ACCION.
- ÚSALO TAMBIEN CON YESTERDAY/LAST WEEKEND/IN 1986/SIX

YEARS..
- ÚSALO EN PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENZAN POR WHEN? O WHAT TIME?
41
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FUTURE)
USA EL PRESENTE CONTINUO

(+ UNA EXPRESION DE TIEMPO FUTURA)
PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE COMPROMISOS FUTUROS.
+ I’M MEETING SOME FRIENDS TOMORROW EVENING
- THEY AREN’T COMING TO THE PARTY ON SATURDAY
? WHAT ARE YOU DOING TONIGHT?
EL GOING TO ES SIMILAR, PRACTICAMENTE IGUAL
I’M GOING TO THE THEATRE ON FRIDAY
(BE) + GOING TO ES POSIBLE PARA PLANES FUTUROS
I’M GOING TO MEET SOME FRIENDS TONIGHT
PODEMOS USAR EL PRESENTE CONTINUO PARA

HABLAR ACERCA DE COSAS QUE ESTAN
SUCEDIENDO “AHORA”,EN ESTE MOMENTO.
♦ NOW HE’S FLYING TO VIENA
♦ THIS MONDAY HE’S GOING TO THE DENTIST
♦ IN FACT , HE’S PLAYING SQUASH
42
PAST CONTINUOUS
STRUCTURE:
WAS/WERE + VERB.+ ING
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
I’M WORKING I WAS WORKING
THEY’RE GOING HOME THEY WERE GOING HOME
WHERE ARE YOU GOING? WHERE WERE YOU GOING?
IT ISN’T RAINING IT WASN’T RAINING
IS IT SNOWING? WAS IT SNOWING?
YES,IT IS YES,IT WAS
USAMOS EL PAST CONTINUOUS PARA DESCRIBIR ACCIONES

EN PROGRESO EN UN TIEMPO PASADO ESPECIFICO
“HABÍA” “CONTABA” “PERDÍA” “HABLABA”
CONTANDO” “PERDIENDO” HABLANDO”
SE USA CUANDO DESCRIBIMOS UNA FOTO O UN DIBUJO
O CUANDO CONTAMOS UNA HISTORIA O UN CUENTO POR

EJEMPLO.
ERAN LAS SEIS EN PUNTO Y LA GENTE LLEGABA A CASA!
43
TIEMPOS VERBALES (RESUMEN)

El PRESENTE:
HAY DOS TIPOS DE PRESENTE ;
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
QUE SE EMPLEA PARA ACCIONES QUE SE REALIZAN
HABITUALMENTE,DE VEZ EN CUANDO,A MENUDO,SIEMPRE O QUE NO SE
REALIZAN NUNCA.
HE LIVES IN MADRID
DOES SHE LIKES FISH?
THEY PLAY TENNIS EVERY SATURDAY
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
EQUIVALE EN ESPAÑOL A ESTAR+ GERUNDIO .SE FORMA CON EL VERBO
TO BE+ ING AÑADIDO AL VERBO QUE SE CONJUGA.
WHAT ARE YOU DOING

IT IS RAINING
THE CHILDREN ARE NOT SLEEPING,THEY ARE PLAYING.
EL PASADO
EL PASADO SE EXPRESA DE ESTAS MANERAS:
EL SIMPLE PAST
CUANDO LA ACCION TUVO LUGAR EN UN MOMENTO CONCRETO DEL
PASADO Y YA ESTA COMPLETAMENTE TERMINADA.
SE FORMA AÑADIENDO AL VERBO LA TERMINACION ED EN FRASES

AFIRMATIVAS;DID EN INTERROGATIVAS Y DID NOT(DIDN´T)
EN NEGATIVAS.
I WORKED A LOT YESTERDAY

I WENT TO THE CINEMA ON MONDAY
HE LIVED IN MADRID IN 1986
44
EL PRESENT PERFECT
CUANDO LA ACCION ,QUE COMENZÓ EN EL PASADO, CONTINUA HASTA
EL PRESENTE.
SE FORMA CON EL PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO HAVE SEGUIDO DEL

PARTICIPIO. (3ª COLUMNA DE LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES)O EL
INFINITIVO + ED EN EL CASO DE LOS REGULARES
I HAVE WORKED A LOT TODAY

I HAVE BROKEN MY ARM
EL PAST CONTINUOUS:
SE FORMA CON EL PASADO WAS/WERE+ VERB+ ING
I WAS WORKING
THEY WERE GOING HOME
EL FUTURO DE INTENCION (GOING TO)

SE FORMA CON EL PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO BE SEGUIDO DE GOING TO
+UN INFINITIVO.
I AM GOING TO BUY
WHERE ARE YOU GOING TO SEE HER TOMORROW?
45
RESUMEN CONCISO Y FINAL DEL

PRESENTE,PASADOY FUTURO
TIEMPO ACCION FORMACION EJEMPLO TRADUCC
ION
PRESENT ACCIONES NORMALES LA PROPIA I PLAY TENNIS YO
SIMPLE QUE SE REALIZAN JUEGO AL
HABITUALMENTE TENIS
PRESENT ESTA PASANDO TO BE +ING IT’S RAINING ESTA

CONTINUOUS AHORA. LLOVIEN
ESTAR + DO
GERUNDIO
PRESENTE ACCION PASADA SIGUE AHORA. TO HAVE + I HAVE ME ROMPÍ

PERFECT PARTICIPIO BROKEN... UN
CUANDO NO SE PUEDE DECIR O HUESO.
PREGUNTAR “CUANDO” TENER + 3ª
COLUMNA
PAST SIMPLE EN EL PASADO Y TERMINÓ YA. SE AÑADE ED HE LIVED IN EL VIVIO

AL POSITIVO PARIS EN PARIS
PARA DECIR O PREGUNTAR
EXACTAMENTE “CUANDO” HA Y SE USA EL
SUCEDIDO ALGO AUXILIAR DID
CON PREGUNTAS
Y NEGACIONES
ED EN (+)
DID EN (-) (?)
PAST ACCIONES EN PROGRESO: EMPEZÓ WAS/WERE I WAS YO

CONTINUOUS EN EL PASADO Y SEGUÍA + WORKING ESTABA
SUCEDIENDO LA ACCION. VERB+ING TRABAJA
HABIA,ESTABA,CONTANDO,HABLA NDO
NDO..
FUTURE ACCIONES FUTURAS I’LL = I’LL MISS THE PERDERÉ

WILL (+) TRAIN EL TREN
WILL NOT = I WON’T

WON’T (-) CATCH IT NO LO
COGERÉ
46
TIEMPOS VERBALES DE INGLES Y SUS CORRESPONDIENTES EN

ESPAÑOL
TO PLAY
GERUND
JUGANDO
PLAYING
IMPERATIVE
JUEGA! JUGAD !
PLAY!
PRESENT
JUEGO,JUEGAS,JUEGA,JUGAMOS,JUGAIS,JUEGAN
I PLAY
PAST SIMPLE
JUGUÉ,JUGASTE,JUGÓ,JUGAMOS,JUGASTEIS,JUGARON
I PLAYED
FUTURE
JUGARÉ,JUGARÁS,JUGARÁ,JUGAREMOS,JUGAREIS,JUGARAN
I’LL PLAY
SUBJUNCTIVE
JUEGUE,JUEGUES,JUEGUE,JUGUEMOS,JUGUEIS,JUEGUEN
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
JUGARA,JUGARAS.JUGARA,JUGARAMOS,JUGARAIS,JUGARAN
PRESENT PERFECT
HE JUGADO, HAS JUGADO, HA JUGADO,,HEMOS JUGADO,HABEIS JUGADO
HAN JUGADO
I HAVE PLAYED
PAST CONTINUOUS
JUGABA,JUGABAS,JUGABA,JUGABAMOS,JUGABAIS,JUGABAN
I WAS PLAYING
47
BASIC RULES
LOS ADJETIVOS NUNCA LLEVAN “S”
LOS ADJETIVOS SIEMPRE VAN DELANTE DEL NOMBRE
EN LAS FRASES, LAS PALABRAS TIENEN UN ORDEN

FIJO:
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + MANNER (HOW) + PLACE + TIME
I FOUND THE BOOK EASILY AT THE LIBRARY YESTERDAY
LOS ADJETIVOS NO VARÍAN NI POR GENERO NI POR

NUMERO:
TALL: ALTO ,ALTA, ALTOS, ALTAS
NO SEPARAR EL VERBO DE SU OBJETO
I ENJOYED THE FILM VERY MUCH
SI UNA FRASE TIENE OBJETO DIRECTO Y OBJETO

INDIRECTO, NORMALMENTE EL INDIRECTO VA
PRIMERO:
SHE WROTE HIM A LETTER
48
ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVES
(+) LESS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + THAN :

MENOS ALTO QUE
SE USA COMO ADJETIVO DE INFERIORIDAD EN

COMPARATIVOS;
TO REVERSE THE COMPARISON
“LOUIS IS LESS TALL THAN JOHN”
(+) AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS :

TAN ALTO COMO
SE USA COMO ADJETIVO DE IGUALDAD EN COMPARATIVOS

TO SAY TWO NOUNS ARE THE SAME
“LOUIS IS AS TALL AS JOHN”
(-) NOT AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS :

NO ES TAN ALTO COMO
SE USA PARA DECIR QUE EL PRIMER NOMBRE ES MENOS QUE

EL SEGUNDO
TO SAY THE FIRST NOUN IS LESS (ADJECTIVE) THAN THE SECOND
“LOUIS IS NOT AS TALL AS JOHN”
49
FORM OF ADVERB:
Structure:
ADJECTIVE+ LY
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
HE’S A BAD PLAYER HE PLAYS BADLY
THEY’RE A VERY GOOD TEAM ...: THEY PLAY VERY WELL

I’M A SLOW READER.........................: I READ SLOWLY
HE ISN’T A FAST RUNNER ...............: HE DOESN’T RUN FAST
SHE’S A HARD WORK........................: SHE WORKS HARD
MAKE SIX SENTENCES COMPARING MEN AND WOMEN
WOMEN DRIVES MORE SLOWLY THAN MEN

MEN DRESS WORSE THAN WOMEN
WOMEN TEACHS ENGLISH BETTER DEAF MEN
WOMEN WORK AS HARD AS MEN
WOMEN AS DON’T THINK LOGICALLY AS MEN
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

HEALTHILY LESS HEALTHILY
IRREGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA :

EL ADVERBIO COMPARATIVO+ THAN
50
FORMACION DEL COMPARATIVO Y DEL

SUPERLATIVO
AÑADIENDO AL POSITIVO –ER PARA EL COMPARATIVO
AÑADIENDO AL POSITIVO –EST PARA EL SUPERLATIVO
TODOS LOS MONOSILABOS:

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST
LONG LONGER THE LONGEST
SHORT SHORTER THE SHORTEST
OLD OLDER THE OLDEST
SAFE SAFER THE SAFEST
LOS BISILABOS TERMINADOS EN –Y

NOISY NOISIER THE NOISIEST
DIRTY DIRTIER THE DIRTIEST
LOS BISILABOS Y POLISILABOS

ANTEPONIENDO AL POSITIVO LA PALABRA MORE (MÁS) PARA EL
COMPARATIVO
Y THE MOST (EL QUE MÁS) PARA EL SUPERLATIVO.
BORING MORE BORING THE MOST BORING

BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
INTELLIGENT MORE INTELLIGENT THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
GOOD BETTER THE BEST
BAD WORSE THE WORST
51
RESUMEN
(+) LESS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + THAN : MENOS ALTO QUE
(+) AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : TAN ALTO COMO
(-) NOT AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : NO ES TAN ALTO COMO
COMPARATIVES ADVERBS
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

IRREGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA EL ADVERBIO COMPARATIVO+

THAN
ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVES
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE SPELLING
TALL TALLER THE TALLEST +EST
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + THE MOST
EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOST EXPENSIVE
GOOD BETTER THE BEST IRREGULAR
BAD WORSE THE WORST
52
OPPOSITES
CLIMB UP A MOUNTAIN
CLIMB DOWN A MOUNTAIN
GET IN THE CAR

GET OUT OFF THE CAR
GET ON A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN
GET OFF A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN
GO DOWNSTAIRS
GO UPSTAIRS
GO UNDER A BRIDGE
GO OVER A BRIDGE
53
RETURN TO AFRICA
-Teresa Dunn her father :Thomas Dunn.
-Anna Holmes is the woman white hair.
-Dr. McCall is Thomas Dunn’s friend.
DR. MAcCALL
-Teresa went to the hospital (Kenya).
-Dr.MacCall has discovered a medicine woman near Lake Victoria who

can prevent a terrible sickness.
-The eyes become red and tired,and under a microscope you can see silver
lines in them.
-She’s found a special flower.She gives it to the young people.Then they

don’t get river blindness.
F.D.I.=American Drug Company
LUNCH WITH A REPORTER (CRISTOPHER

WHALE)
-The reporter was working until three o’clock,he was writing about that
Chinese man.
-The reporter know a Dr.MacCall and he knows that Dr.MacCall is

working on something very secret.
54
-Teresa discover a copy of his newspaper “The African Telegraph”.
-Is this why Dr.MacCall wants the medicine woman and her flower to be
a secret ? Money !
THE MEDICINE WOMAN
-The driver is Obediah.

-In Africa The women do the work.
-About five o’clock they arrived in the Nandi area.
-The medicine woman lived several kms. Away in the forest.
-Rose is the medicine woman.
-Harriet is one of her grandchildren.
THE SECRET LEAVES
-Teresa followed Rose and Harriet into the forest.

-The tree was tall and had swall,yellow-green leaves.
-Now, let’s wake a fire and we will boil the leaves three times.
A STRANGE DREAM
-She began to feel very sleepy.Her head felt very light.

-She was dreaming about a huge wild animal.It was coming closer and
closer.
-It want to eat her.
ANNA HELPS
-Teresa woke up in her tent.

-Teresa said I’m in trouble.Anna Holmes.
-She’ll call for take to Nairobi by plane;then you can tell your secret to
everyone.
-Two hours later Teresa was in Nairobi
55
TERESA GOES TO A MEETING
-Teresa and Mwale ran into the U.I. Building.

-They want speak to speak to the director Dr.Ndeti.
-Dr.MacCall was sitting there and smiling at her .
A HAPPY ENDING
-Teresa and Mwale were having lunch in a restaurant.

-Teresa will stay to Africa because she loves the space,the sky,the birds.
-She’s going to help Dr.MacCall in his hospitala and Mwale could give
hera job as a reporte.
56
FIRST CONDITIONAL
USAMOS EL FIRST CONDITIONAL PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE
POSIBLES SITUACIONES FUTURAS:

SI YO TE PRESTO MI PERIODICO,EMPEZARÍAMOS A HABLAR...
♦ IF I LEND MY NEWSPAPER,WE’LL START TALKING.

♦ IF WE START TALKING,WE’LL BECOME FRIENDS.
♦ IF WE BECOME FRIENDS,I’LL INVITE YOU TO MY HOUSE.
♦ IF I INVITE YOU TO MY HOUSE,YOU’LL MEET MY
DAUGHTER,YVETTE.
♦ IF YOU MEET YVETTE,YOU’LL FALL IN LOVE WITH HER.
♦ IF YOU FALL IN LOVE WITH HER,YOU’LL RUN AWAY TOGETHER.
♦ IF YOU RUN AWAY TOGETHER WITH HER,I’LL FIND YOU.
♦ IF I FIND YOU,I’LL KILL YOU.
♦ SO,THAT’S WHY I DON’T WANT TO LEND YOU MY
NEWSPAPER.
FORMACION:
IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE, AND...
WILL/WON’T + INFINITIVE
POSITIVO
I’LL MISS THE TRAIN.
YOU’LL MISS THE TRAIN.
IF IT RAINS,WE’LL STAY IN.
IF IT RAINS, WE WON’T GO OUT.
NEGATIVO
I WON’T CATCH IT.
YOU WON’T CATCH IT.
INTERROGATIVO
WILL YOU TELL HIM?
YES I WILL/NO I WON’T.
57
SOME; ANY; NO .... BODY; THING; WHERE

POSITIVASINTERROGATIVAS NEGATIVAS Y COMO
Y NEGATIVAS SUJETO
PEOPLE SOMEBODY ANYBODY NOBODY
SOMEONE ANYONE NO ONE
THINGS SOMETHING ANYTHING NOTHING
PLACES SOMEWHERE ANYWHERE NOWEHERE
SOME.....: ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS

ANY........: ORACIONES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS
I HAVEN’T GOT ANY MONEY (NEGATIVA)
THERE ARE SOME BISCUITS IN THE CUPBOARD (POSITIVA)
THERE ISN’T ANY MILK (NEGATIVA)
HAVE YOU GOT ANY BROTHERS OR SISTERS? (INTERROG.)
ARE THERE N ANY SHOPS NEAR HERE ? (INTERROG.)
EXCEPCIONES:
SOME.....: CUANDO SE PREGUNTA POR ALGO
CUANDO SE OFRECE ALGO
(WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE ?)
EN RESPUESTAS CORTAS Y USANDOLO COMO

SUJETO:NOBODY/NOTHING...
WHO’S IN THE BATHROOM ? NOBODY

NOBODY’S THE BATHROOM
58
NOTAR QUE :
EN LAS CONDICIONES EMPLEAMOS SOME (AFIRMACIONES)

Y EN LAS PREGUNTAS,YA USAMOS EL ANY.
POSITIVAS INTERROGATIVAS Y NEGATIVAS Y COMO

NEGATIVAS SUJETO
PEOPLE SOMEBODY ANYBODY NOBODY
SOMEONE ANYONE NO ONE
THINGS SOMETHING ANYTHING NOTHING
PLACES SOMEWHERE ANYWHERE NOWEHERE
SOME.....: ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS

ANY........: ORACIONES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS
USAMOS EL FIRST CONDITIONAL PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE
POSIBLES SITUACIONES FUTURAS:
FORMACION:
IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE, AND... WILL/WON’T + INFINITIVE
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

IRREGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA EL ADVERBIO COMPARATIVO+

THAN
59
ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVES

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST +EST
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + THE MOST
EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOST EXPENSIVE
BAD WORSE THE WORST
SET PHRASES = FRASE HECHAS

THE SAME AS IGUAL QUE
DIFERENT FROM DIFERENTE DE
AS MUCH AS TANTO
AS MANY AS TANTOS
DOES IT SOUND TO YOU ? TE SUENA?
ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH IT ? TE RESULTA FAMILIAR?
FROM THE MOST TO THE LEAST DE MAS A MENOS
TO GIVE SPEECHES DAR DISCURSOS
ACTUALLY... ESTOO... BUENOO...
I CAN’T STAND YOU ! NO TE SOPORTO!
HOLD ON,HOLD ON,HOLD ON. ESPERA,TRANQUI TRONCO.
HAVEN’T YOU NO ES ASÍ.
OF COURSE NOT POR SUPUESTO QUE NO!
WASN’T IT ? NO FUE ASÍ ?
DOES IT NO ES ASÍ ?
FOR AGES MUCHO TIEMPO
60
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE

SINCE= DESDE
SINCE + UN PUNTO FIJO EN EL TIEMPO
FECHA (6TH JUNE) - A MONTH (JULY) – A YEAR (1998)
SHE’S LIVED IN SPAIN SINCE 1991
FOR= DESDE HACE...
FOR + UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO
10 MINUTOS – 2 HORAS – 4 DIAS – 3 AÑOS
SHE’S LIVED IN SPAIN FOR 8 YEARS

USAMOS EL PRESENT PERFECT PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES
QUE EMPEZARON EN EL PASADO Y AUN SIGUEN
PARA RESPONDER A LA PREGUNTA HOW LONG ?
USAMOS FOR + UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO

SINCE + UN PUNTO FIJO EN EL TIEMPO
RECORDAR LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ...
EL PRESENTE PERFECT Y EL PAST SIMPLE:
I’VE BEEN A TEACHER FOR THREE YEARS..: I’M A TEACHER NOW
I WAS A TEACHER FOR THREE YEARS ..: I’M NOT A TEACHER NOW
61
WOULD LIKE +TO + INFINITIVO

WOULD YOU LIKE TO...
GO AND WORK IN A FOREING COUNTRY ?

TRAVEL AROUND EUROPE BY BUS ?
TO BUY A NEW FLAT ?
TAMBIEN:
DECIDED + TO + INF
PLAN + TO + INF
HOPE + TO + INF
WANT + TO + INF
NEED + TO + INF ETC.ETC...
USAMOS EL WOULD LIKE TO + INFINITIVO PARA HABLAR

ACERCA DE LO QUE YO QUIERO HACER AHORA O EN EL
FUTURO.
SE TRADUCE COMO......TE GUSTARÍA ?
SE USA PARA PREGUNTAR COSAS ESPECIFICAS!!!
LIKE + VERBO+ING
GERUNDIO
DO YOU LIKE ....
MEETING NEW PEOPLE ?
WEARING THE LATEST FASHIONS ?
COOKING?
TAMBIEN:
DO YOU LOVE...SWIMMING ?
DO YOU HATE...STUDYING?
USAMOS EL LIKE + VERBO+ ING PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE LO

QUE ME GUSTA / NO ME GUSTA
62
TE GUSTA ?
PARA COSAS GENERALES
EXERCICES ABOUT
AUXILIARY / NOT AUXILIARY
Si la palabra pregunta (who,when,what,es el sujeto del
verbo,no usamos do/does/did/
1. WHO DIRECTED PSYCHO IN 1960?
2. WHICH COUNTRY WON THE WORLD CUP ...?
3. WHO MADE THE RECORD THRILLER IN 1988?
4. WHICH SPANISH PAINTER DIED IN 1988 ?
5. WHICH AMERICAN ACTOR WON OSCARS FOR PHILADELPHIA IN 1994

AND FORREST GUMP IN 1995 ?
6. WHICH FAMOUS SINGER WAS A FOOTBALLER FOR REAL MADRID?
7. WHO BECAME PRESIDENT AFTER 25 YEARS IN PRISON?
8. WHEN NEIL ARMSTRONG WALK ON THE MOON?
9. WHICH BRITISH WRITER WROTE ANIMAL FARM IN 1984?
10. WHICH SWEDISH ACTRESS SAID “I WANT TO BE ALONE”
11. WHICH PRESIDENT WON THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE IN 1990?
12. WHICH COUNTRY BUILT THE WORLD’S FIRST COMPUTER IN 1946?
13. WHO WROTE MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS?
63
USO DEL GERUNDIO
GERUNDIO=VERB + ING
1. USAMOS EL GERUNDIO DESPUES DE LOS VERBOS
DE “SENTIMIENTO”
2.
LIKE / LOVE / HATE / ENJOY / MIND / PREFER
I DON’T MIND COOKING BUT I HATE WASHING- UP
I LOVE SHOPPING
2. DESPUES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES

I’M GOOD AT FINDING BARGAINS
I’M GOOD AT COOKING
3.CUANDO USAMOS EL VERBO COMO SUJETO DE LA

FRASE
BUYING THINGS OFTEN TAKES ME A LONG TIME

SWIMMING IS THE BEST FORM OF EXERCISE
64
AS & LIKE
USAMOS LIKE O AS PARA DECIR COSAS QUE SON SIMILARES
LIKE:
ES UNA PREPOSICION
HE RAN LIKE THE WIND
ADEMAS DE USARLO COMO PREPOSICION,TAMBIEN SE USA
PARA DAR EJEMPLOS;

BEAUTIFUL LIKE A RAINBOW
AS:
ES UNA CONJUNCION
ON FRIDAY AS ON TUESDAY ,THE MEETING WILL BE AT 8:30

ADEMAS DE USARLO COMO CONJUNCION,LO USAMOS EN
LAS PROFESIONES:
HE WORKED AS A WAITER FOR TWO YEARS
ANOTHER
1.USAMOS ANOTHER + NOMBRE EN SINGULAR
WOULD YOU LIKE ANOTHER POTATO?
2.USAMOS ANOTHER + FEW/NUMBER + NOMBRE EN PLURAL
I’M STAYING FOR ANOTHER FEW WEEKS
65
VERB PATTERNS
VERB + ING
• LIKE
• LOVE
• ENJOY
• FINISH VERBS OF
• MIND EMOTION
• SUGGEST
• STOP
VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
• AGREE
• CHOOSE
• DECIDE
• EXPECT
• FORGET
• HELP
• HOPE
• MANAGE
• PROMISE
• REFUSE VERBS OF
• TRY INTENTION
• WANT
• WOULD LIKE
• WOULD LOVE
• WOULD PREFER
• NEED
• OFFER
• PLAN
• LEARN
66
DESCRIBIENDO GENTE:
LOOK / LOOK LIKE
SE USAN LOS DOS TERMINOS PARA
DESCRIBIR: “MI IMPRESIÓN”
USAMOS LOOK + ADJETIVO PARA DESCRIBIR

LA ( PERSONALIDAD)
WHAT’S HE LIKES ? HE’S QUITE SHY

SHE LOOKS A FRENCH
HE LOOKS FRIENDLY
HOW OLD DO YOU THINK THEY ARE?

SHE LOOKS ABOUT 34
USAMOS LOOK LIKE + NOMBRE PARA

DESCRIBIR LA (APARIENCIA)
WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE ? HE’S TALL

SHE LOOKS LIKE AN ACTRESS
67
QUANTIFIERS
(CANTIDADES)
PARA GRANDES CANTIDADES:
MANERA CONTABLE INCONTABLE
POSITIVO A LOT /LOTS OF A LOT/ LOTS OF

NEGATIVO (NOT) MANY (NOT) MUCH
INTERROGATIVO HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?
PARA PEQUEÑAS CANTIDADES:

POSITIVO A FEW A LITTLE
VERY FEW VERY LITTLE
I HAVE GOT A LOT OF ( + I ) BOOKS, BUT I HAVEN’T GOT MANY ( - C)

CDs, AND I’VE HAVE ONLY GOT A FEW TAPES.
THEY DRANK A LOT OF ( + I ) WINE,NOT MUCH ( - I ) BEER , AND VERY

LITTLE LEMONADE.
HOW MUCH (¿ I ) COKE DID THEY DRINK? HOW MANY ( ¿ I ) CRISPS DID
THEY EAT?
(RECORDAR : LOS NOMBRES QUE TERMINANEN S SON CONTABLES)
INCONTABLE CONTABLE
68
MISMOS SIGNIFICADOS
MORE THAN OVER
THE NOUN FROM UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYEMENT
TOO FULL OF PEOPLE OVER POPULATION
COVERED WITH SNOW CAPPED (CUBRIÓ)
SMOKE AND FOG TOGETHER POLLUTION/ OR SMOG
A LINE OF CARS WHICH HAVE STOPPED JAMS
TAKING THE AIR BREATHING
GETTING BETTER IMPROVING
TOO / TOO MUCH / TOO MANY /ENOUGH / NOT ENOUGH
PARA DECIR QUE HAY MAS DE LO QUE NECESITO,USAMOS:
TOO + ADJETIVO
TOO MUCH +NOMBRE INCONTABLE
TOO MANY + NOMBRE CONTABLE
ENOUGH
PARA DECIR QUE TENGO TODO LO QUE NECESITO,USAMOS:
ENOUGH =SUFICIENTE
ONE / ONES
USAMOS EL ADJETIVO + ONE / ONES EN LUGAR DEL ADJETIVO + EL
NOMBRE:
THE RED BAG = THE RED ONE

THE BIG CAR = THE BIG ONE
69
BUYING CLOTHES
HAVE YOU GOT THOSE JEANS IN MY SIZE ?
WICH ONES ?
THE RED ONES
WHAT SIZE ARE YOU?
I’M 42
LET’S SEE. HERE YOU ARE
CAN I TRY THEM ON?
YES THERE’S A CHANGING ROOM OVER THERE
THEY’RE A BIT TOO SMALL.HAVE YOU GOT A BIGGER SIZE?
THESE ARE A 44 ONES
YES,THESE ARE FINE .OK,I’LL TAKE THEM
ANYTHING ELSE?
NO THANKS.HOW MUCH ARE THEY?
THEY’RE 49,96 $
THANK YOU
SPORTS
GO / PLAY / DO
GO + VERB+ ING..:
GO SAILING,GO DIVING,GO WINDSURFING
PLAY + SPORTS WITH A BALL..:

PLAY FOOTBALL, PLAY TENNIS, PLAY BASKETBALL
DO + EXERCISE+ AND MARTIAL ARTS...:
DO KARATE, DO GIMNASTICS, DO JOGGING
70
PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY / YET

PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY
SIGNIFICA “YA” CON ORIENTACION AFIRMATIVA,POR LO QUE SE
EMPLEA EN:
FRASES AFIRMATIVAS:
THEY’VE ALREADY FINISHED..:YA HAN TERMINADO

THEY’VE FINISHED ALREADY..: HAN TERMINADO YA
FRASES INTERROGATIVAS A LAS QUE SE ESPERA UNA RESPUESTA

AFIRMATIVA :
HAVE YOU FINISHED ALREADY?..:HAS TERMINADO YA?

(SABEMOS QUE ES ASÍ Y ESPERAMOS UNA CONFIRMACIÓN)
PRESENT PERFEC + YET

SIGNIFICA :
“TODAVÍA” EN FRASES NEGATIVAS
I HAVEN’T FINISHED YET...: NO HE TERMINADO TODAVÍA
“YA” EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS

HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?..:HAS TERMINADO YA?
NORMALMENTE SE COLOCA AL FINAL DE LA FRASE
LAS DOS SIGNIFICAN “YA” EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS, PERO SE

UTILIZA:
ALREADY:
EN PREGUNTAS A LAS QUE SE ESPERA UNA RESPUESTA AFIRMATIVA:

HAVE YOU FINISHED ALREADY?
SABEMOS QUE ES ASÍ Y ESPERAMOS UNA CONFIRMACIÓN
71
YET:
EN PREGUNTAS CUYA RESPUESTA PUEDE SER LO MISMO AFIRMATIVA

QUE NEGATIVA:
HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?
NO LO SABEMOS Y PEDIMOS INFORMACIÓN
JUST
EL ADVERBIO JUST,TIENE LOS SIGUIENTES SIGNIFICADOS Y
USOS PRINCIPALES:
“EXACTAMENTE” “JUSTAMENTE”
THAT’S JUST WHAT I WANTED:ESO ES EXACTAMENTE LO QUE

QUERÍA
“SOLAMENTE”
WE HAVE JUST ENOUGH FOR US:TENEMOS SOLAMENTE LO

SUFICIENTE PARA NOSOTROS
“ACABAR DE”
CON EL PRESENT PERFECT; SE INTERCALA ENTRE EL

VERBO TO HAVE Y EL PARTICIPIO:
I’VE JUST SEEN HER: ACABO DE VERLA
NO SE TRADUCE EN:
COMO REFUERZO DEL IMPERATIVO:JUST LISTEN TO ME!

ESCUCHAME!
72
PRESENTE PERFECT + ALREADY / YET/ JUST

EXERCISES
CAN I BORROW YOUR NEWSPAPER ?
SORRY,I HAVEN’T FINISHED IT YET
WOULD YOU LIKE A COFFEE ?

NO THANKS I’VE JUST HAD ONE
DID YOU BUY ANY MILK?

NO, I HAVEN’T BEEN TO THE SUPERMARKET
YOUR HAIER LOOKS NICE

THANKS.I’VE JUST WASHED IT
I LIKE YOUR SHOES

THANKS.I’VE JUST BOUGHT.THEM
HAVE YOU FINISHED YOUR HOMEWORK?

NO,I’ HAVEN’T STARTED YET
DON’T FORGET TO BUY THE TICKETS

I’VE ALREADY GOT THEM
YOU LOOK SMILY

I’VE JUST HAD SOME GOOD NEWS
ARE YOU HUNGRY?

NO.I ’VE JUST HAD A SANDWICH
CAN YOU LEND ME SOME MONEY?

SORRY,I HAVEN’TVE BEEN TO THE BANK YET
DO YOU WANT A ICE CREAM?

NO,THANKS.I’VE ALREADY HAD ONE
HAVE YOU BOOKED THE TABLE?

YES,I’VE ALREADY DONE IT
YOU LIKE TIRED

I’VE JUST GOT UP
WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE DRACULA?

NO,THANKS.I’VE ALREADY SEEN IT
73
RESPUESTAS A:WHY?
PARA RESPONDER A PREGUNTAS CON WHY?
USAMOS:
TO + INFINITIVO
O
FOR + NOUM
I WENT TO IRELAND / I WENT TO SEE SOME FRIEND
WHY DID YOU GO THERE ? / I WENT THERE FOR A HOLIDAY
USAMOS TAMBIEN:
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB

WHY DID HE GO TO THE BANK? / BECAUSE HE WANTED TO GET SOME
MONEY
EXAMPLES: OF TO+ INFINITIVO
HE NEEDED A VISA TO GO TO CHINA

HE’S GONE TO THE BANK TO ORDER SOME DOLLARS
I’M GOING BACK TO THE HOTEL TO HAVE A REST
HE DROVE TO THE AIRPORT TO PICK UP HIS FRIEND
WE PHONED THE TRAVEL AGENCY TO CONFIRM THE FLIGHT
SHE SENT A FAX TO CANCEL HER TICKET
NO SE USA FOR CON TO + INFINITIVO

TO GO STRAIGHT TO THE POINT
IR DIRECTAMENTE AL GRANO
74
MY FAVOURITE PHOTO IS OF MY WIFE NINI IN OUR TERRACE .

SHE’S PREGNANT OF LITTLE ÁLVARO.
SHE’S A LOVELY AND TENDER SMILE.

I TOOK THIS PHOTO IN 1989, FOUR MONTHS BEFORE THE
BIRTH. AND OUR DAUGHTER IS NEXT TO NINI .
SHE’S JUST LIKE A LITTLE GIRL
I REMEMBER THIS DAY ALREADY.
I REMEMBER THAT SHE’S SURROUNDED OF PLANTS, MAKING

JOKES WITH ME, AND SPEAKING ABOUT OUR CHILDREN.
I MET NINI IN THE BEACH, IN CHILCHES COSTA AND WE FELL

IN LOVE INMEDIATELY.I THOUGHT:
THAT’S JUST WATH I WANT!!
TODAY, ALVARITO IS NINE ,AND HE’S JUST LIKE A MAN.

WE ARE A HAPPY FAMILY.
75
PHRASAL VERBS
LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SON VERBOS QUE VAN ACOMPAÑADOS DE UNA
PARTICULA (ON,OFF,DOWN,IN...ETC.) QUE ADQUIEREN UN NUEVO
SIGNIFICADO,
CON LA MAYORÍA DE LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SI EL OBJETO ES UN

NOMBRE,EL OBJETO SE PUEDE PONER ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA
PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
PUT ON YOUR COAT / PUT YOUR COAT ON
HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET / HE TOOKHIS WALLET OUT
CUANDO EL OBJETO ES UN PRONOMBRE,ESTE SIEMPRE

VA ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
PUT IT ON.
VERB TAKE OUT PARTICLE
OBJECT OBJECT
HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET HE TOOK IT OUT
CAN I TRY ON THIS DRESS ?

CAN I TRY THIS DRESS ON ?
CAN I TRY “THEM” ON
VERBOS FRASALES (I) :

TURN OFF APAGAR TURN ON ENCENDER
TURN UP SUBIR TURN DOWN BAJAR
TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA PUT ON PONERSE ROPA
GO IN ENTRAR GO OUT SALIR
GO UP SUBIR GO DOWN BAJAR
GO BACK REGRESAR GO ON SEGUIR
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE STAND DOWN AGACHARSE
76
GET UP LEVANTARSE GET IN SUBIR (CAR)
GET OUT BAJAR (CAR) PICK UP RECOGER
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
RING UP TELEFONEAR TAKE AWAY RETIRAR
TAKE OUT SACAR BRING IN METER
PUT OFF APLAZAR FILL IN RELLENAR IMP.

GIVE UP DEJAR SEE OFF DESPEDIR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR LOOK FOR BUSCAR
BORED OR BORING?
BORED FOR PEOPLE
BORING FOR THINGS
SHOULD / SHOULDN’T +INFINITIVO (SIN TO)

DEBERÍA / NO DEBERÍA
IGUAL PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS !
EJEMPLOS:
I SHOULD GO TO THE E.O.I.

I SHOULDN’T GO ON HOLIDAYS
I SHOULD REST
I SHOULDN’T DRIVE MY CAR
YOU SHOULD WEAR A TIE

YOU SHOULDN’T
TO BE OBSSESED WITH...
ESTAR OBSESIONADO CON...
GO UP MORE
SALIR MAS
TO FILL THE TANK
77
LLENAR EL DEPOSITO
GET
RECEIVE (RECIBIR)
+ ADJETIVE =BECOME LLEGAR A SER/ESTAR

GET
ARRIVE (LLEGAR A CASA,LLEGAR AL TRABAJO)
PHRASAL VERB
ECHO QUESTIONS
USAMOS LAS ECHO QUESTIONS PARA DEMOSTRAR INTERES Y
SORPRESA
SE FORMA CON : EL VERBO AUXILIAR + EL PRONOMBRE SUJETO
AUX+ (I, YOU, HE, SHE,.IT, WE, THEY)
HANA SMOKES DOES SHE ?

I DIDN’T ENJOY IT DIDN’T YOU ?
I’LL HELP YOU WILL YOU ?
I DON’T LIKE FLYING DON’T YOU ?
SHE CAN’T SWING CAN’T SHE ?
I WAS IN N. Y WAS YOU ?
HE MET HIS WIFE IN OSLO DID HE ?
WE’VE BEEN MARRIED HEVE WE ?
MY SISTER DIDN’T LIKE IT DIDN’T SHE ?
SHE PREFERS THRILLERS DOES SHE ?
78
AUXILIARES
VERBO INFINITIVO PRESENTE PASADO PART.

I AM
BE TO BE WE,THEY,YOU..ARE WAS BEEN
HE,SHE,IT...IS
HAVE TO HAVE I,WE,THEY,YOU..HAVE HAD HAD

HE,SHE,IT....HAD
DO TO DO I, WE,THEY,YOU,...DO DID DONE

HE,SHE.IT.....DOES
CAN TO BE ABLE CAN COULD BEEN ABLE
WILL WILL WOULD AUX.FUTURO
SHALL SHALL AUX.FUTURO
SO / NEITHER DO I
PARA FORMA R ORACIONES PARA ESTAR / NO ESTAR DE ACUERDO:
TO AGREE:
SO + AUXILIARY + SUJETO
CON ORACION AFIRMATIVA
I SAW THE FILM YO HE VISTO LA PELICULA

SO DID I YO TAMBIEN
(AQUÍ SO SUSTITUYE AL VERBO PREVIAMENTE MENCIONADO)
NEITHER + AUXILIAR+SUJETO
CON ORACION NEGATIVA
I DIDN’T SEE THE FILM

NO ME GUSTÓ LA PELICULA
NEITHER DID I A MÍ TAMPOCO
79
TO DISAGREE:
I DON’T LIKE CARTOONS

N O ME GUSTAN LAS PELICULAS DE DIBUJOS
NEITHER DO I NI AMI
SUJETO + AUXILIAR
SI NO ESTAS DE ACUERDO,ES LO CONTRARIO;LO AFIRMATIVO
A NEGATIVO Y LO NEGATIVO A AFIRMATIVO
I DON’T LIKE NO ME GUSTA

NEITHER DO I A MI TAMPOCO
NEITHER AM I YO TAMPOCO SOY
SO DO I YO TAMBIEN
ME TOO YO TAMBIEN
NEITHER TOO YO TAMPOCO
I DON’T YO NO !
SO+AUX.+SUBJ. (ORAC. POSITIVAS) SUBJ.+AUX.

NEITHER+AUX+SUBECT (ORAC.NEGATIV.)
AGREEE DISAGREE
1. I REALLY LIKE POP MUSIC SO DO I I DON’T
2.I DON’T LIKE CHICKEN NEITHER DO I I DON’T
3.I HAVE GOT A COMPUTER SO HAVE I I HAVEN’T
4.I CAN’T SPEAK DUTCH NEITHER CAN I I CAN’T
5.I WENT TO THE CITY SO DID I I DIDN’T
6.I DIDNT GO TO THE CIRCO NEITHER DID I I DIDN’T
7.I HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL NEITHER HAVE I I HAVEN’T
80
8.I’M GOING TO THE PARTY TONIGHT SO AM I I’ M NOT
WILL / WON’T
1. OFRECIMIENTOS DE AYUDA SHALL I CARRY YOUR BAGS
I’LL OPEN THE DOOR FOR YOU
2. PROMESAS WE WON’T BE LATE
I’LL ALWAYSLOVE YOU
3. UNPLANNED DECISIONS I’LL HAVE THE STEAK,PLEASE
I’LL DOIT NOW
4. PREDICTIONS / OPINIONS I THINK LIVERPOOL WILL WIN
I DON’T THINK I’LL ENJOY IT.
5. 1ºst CONDITIONAL IF YOU EAT A LOT OF
CHOCOLATE YOU’LL FALL IN
LOVE
GOING TO
WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO

1. PLANNED FUTURE TONIGHT?
2. PREDICTION FROM EVIDENCE THIS TEAM ARE GOING TO WIN
THE PASSIVE
EL PRESENTE PASIVO
SE FORMA CON:AM / IS / ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE
EL PASADO PASIVO
SE FORMA CON : WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
SI QUEREMOS INDICAR QUIEN HIZO LA ACCION USAMOS EL BY
USAMOS LA PASIVA CUANDO NO ESTAMOS INTERESADOS EN QUIEN

REALIZA LA ACCION
81
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

PRESENT RICE IS GROWN IT ISN’T GROWN IS IT GROWN
IN CHINA. IN GERMANY. IN FRANCE?
CARS ARE MADE THEY AREN’T ARE THEY

IN BRAZIL MADE IN MADE IN KOREA
MONACO
PAST PAPER WAS IT WASN’T WHEN WAS IT
INVENTED BY INVENTED BY INVENTED?
CHINESE. THE GREEKS.
THE PYRAMIDS THEY WEREN’T WERE THEY

WERE BUILT BY BUILT BY THE BUILT BY THE
THE EGIPTIANS ENGLISH PHARAONS?
IT WAS DECIDED THAT... SE DECIDIÓ QUE...
HE WAS TOLD THE TRUTH LE DIJERON LA VERDAD

MY CAR IS BEING REPAIRED ME ESTÁN ARREGLANDO EL COCHE
82
THE PASSIVE:
EXAMPLES
+ ANNA KARENINA WAS WRITTEN BY LEO TOLSTOY
- ANNA KARENINA WASN’T WRITTEN BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
? WAS ANNA KARENINA WRITTEN BY LEO TOLSTOY ?
+ THE PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT BY THE EGYPTIANS

- THE PIRAMIDS WEREN’T BUILT BY THE GREEKS
? WERE THE PYRAMIDS BUILT BY THE EGYPTIANS ?
+ THE 1994 WORLD CUP WAS WON BY THE BRAZILIANS

- THE 1994 WORLD CUP WASN’T WON BY THE SPANISH
? WAS THE 1994 WORLD CUP WON BY THE BRAZILIANS ?
+ PAPER WAS INVENTED BY THE CHINESE

- PAPER WASN’T INVENTED BY THE ITALIANS
? WAS PAPER INVENTED BY THE CHINESE ?
+ THE MONA LISA WAS PAINTED BY LEONARDO DA VINCY

- THE MONA LISA WASN’T PAINTED BY MIGUEL ANGEL BUONAROTTI
? WAS THE MONA LISA PAINTED BY LEONARDO DA VINCY ?
+ THE OLIMPICS GAMES WERE STARTED BY THE GREEKS

- THE OLIMPICS GAMES WEREN’T STARTED BY THE ROMANS
? WERE THE OLIMPICS GAMES STARTED BY THE GREEKS?
83
MUST / MUSTN’T
USAMOS EL MUST / MUSTN’T PARA CONSEJOS SERIOS Y
OBLIGACIONES
LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE MUST ES MUSTN'T, PERO EN

CONTEXTOS FORMALES O ENFÁTICOS SE SUELE USAR
MUST NOT. CUANDO MUST EXPRESA OBLIGACIÓN,
EQUIVALE A FORMAS DE DEBER O TENER QUE:
YOU MUST TELL HER

DEBES DECÍRSELO
TIENES QUE DECÍRSELO
SHE TOLD HIM HE MUSTN'T TOUCH IT
LE DIJO QUE NO DEBÍA TOCARLO
EL VERBO TO HAVE TO SUSTITUYE A MUST EN LOS
TIEMPOS VERBALES EN QUE ÉSTE NO SE USA:
YOU'LL HAVE TO GO TENDRÁS QUE IR
I HAD TO STAY ME TUVE QUE QUEDAR
CUANDO MUST EXPRESA INTENCIÓN, EQUIVALE A

FORMAS DE TENER QUE O AL USO DEL SUBJUNTIVO EN
ESPAÑOL:
I MUST REMEMBER TO RING HIM
TENGO QUE ACORDARME DE LLAMARLO
HEY MUSTN'T FIND OUT
84
QUE NO SE ENTEREN
CUANDO EXPRESA CONJETURA, EQUIVALE A FORMAS DE

DEBER (DE):
IT MUST BE ABOUT TEN O'CLOCK

DEBEN (DE) SER ALREDEDOR DE LAS DIEZ
EN ESTA ACEPCIÓN MUST TAMBIÉN SE USA SEGUIDO DE

HAVE + PARTICIPIO:
SHE MUST HAVE LEFT EARLY

DEBE (DE) HABER SALIDO TEMPRANO
THEY MUST HAVE MISSED THE TRAIN

DEBEN (DE) HABER PERDIDO EL TREN
85
ÁLVARO SOUVIRÓN 3er CURSO 1999 – 2000
VERB TENSES (REMEMBER...)

PRESENT
PRESENT SIMPLE :
NORMAL I PLAY YO JUEGO
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
TO BE (AM,IS,ARE...) + ING I ’M PLAYING ESTOY JUGANDO
PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (3ª) CARS ARE MADE LOS COCHES
ESTAN HECHOS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (3ª) I’VE BEEN IN SPAIN HE
ESTADO EN ESPAÑA
PAST
PAST SIMPLE
NORMAL +ED (REGULARES) I PLAYED YO JUGUÉ
PAST CONTINUOUS
WAS/WERE + VERB+ ING THEY WERE GOING HOME ELLOS
IBAN A CASA
PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE

WAS/WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE (3º) CARS WAS MADE LOS
COCHES ESTABAN HECHOS
86
AUXILIARY VERBS
DO DOES DID QUESTIONS AND PRESENT SIMPLE

SHORT ANSWERS Y/O PAST SIMPLE (DID)
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
BE +(VERB+ ING) /BE + P.PART. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE
HAVE PERFECT (PRESENT & PAST)
VERBO INFINITIVO PRESENTE PASADO PART.

I AM
BE TO BE WE,THEY,YOU..ARE WAS/WERE BEEN
HE,SHE,IT...IS
HAVE TO HAVE I,WE,THEY,YOU..HAVE HAD HAD

HE,SHE,IT....HAS
DO TO DO I, WE,THEY,YOU,...DO DID DONE

HE,SHE.IT.....DOES
CAN TO BE ABLE CAN COULD BEEN ABLE
WILL WILL WOULD AUX.FUTURO
SHALL SHALL AUX.FUTURO
87
“ES ESENCIAL PARA PONER EN LOS TEXTOS Y/O USAR CORRECTAMENTE

LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES, FIJARSE MUY ATENTAMENTE TANTO EN EL
CONTEXTO COMO EN EL SENTIDO DE CADA FRASE”.
EJEMPLOS :
ABOUT: THE TIMES
• (BEGIN). IT BEGAN HIS LIFE IN 1785 ( EMPEZÓ,PASADO BEGIN, BEGAN,

BEGUN)
• (START). IT WAS STARTED BY JOHN WALTER (CUANDO APARECE

“BY” EL TIEMPO SIEMPRE VA EN PASIVA EN ESTE CASO EN
PASADO,WAS/WERE+ 3ª)
• (COST). IN THOSE DAYS,COST .... (ES PASADO :COST,COST,COST)
• (SELL). NOW IT SELLS OVER 650.000 COPIES.(IT:THE TIMES 3ª PERSONA

)
• (PUBLISH). IT’S PUBLISHED IN LONDON (PARTICIPIO PASADO)
• (HAVE). WITH THE SUNDAY TIMES, WHICH HAS AT LEAST TEN

SECTIONS. (3ª PERSONA)
• (HAVE). HAS HAD AN EXCELLENT REPUTATION (3ª PERSONA Y

PASADO)
• (WORK). THE TIMES HAS WORKED FOR THE TIMES SINCE

1980.(SIEMPRE QUE VA FOR/SINCE,SE PONE EL VERBO EN PRESENT
PERFECT (HAVE + 3ª PERSONA)
• (TRY). AND NOW WE ARE TRYING(ESTAMOS INTENTANDO,PRESENTE

CONTINUOUS, TO BE + VERB+ ING)
88
SHORT ANSWERS
WE USE SHORT ANSWERS,AFTER YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ALSO IN

REPLY TO STATEMENTS.
TO MAKE A SHORT ANSWER, REPEAT THE AUXILIARIY VERB .

IF THERE IN NO AUXILIARY VERB,USE DO/DOES/DID.
EXAMPLES:
ARE YOU COMING WITH US ? YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT
MARY LIKES READING ? YES, SHE DOES / NO, SHE DOESN’T
DID YOU GOT OUT YESTERDAY ? YES, WE DID / NO, WE DIDN’T
CAN YOU COOK? YES, I CAN / NO, I CAN’T
DO YOU PLAY A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT ? YES, I DO / NO, I DON’T
DON’T FORGET TO WRITE NO,I WON’T
WE OFTEN USE A SHORT QUESTION TO REPLY TO SOMETHING SOMEONE

HAS SAID.WE USE SHORT QUESTION TO EXPRESS OUR INTEREST.
I WENT SHOPPING TODAY DID YOU, DEAR?

I’VE BOUGHT YOU A PRESENT. HAVE YOU ? THANK YOU
DAVIS ‘S GOING TO BERLIN IS HE? INTERESTING!
I LOVE CLASSICAL MUSIC DID YOU? I CAN’T STAND IT.
CUANDO LA FRASE EMPIEZA POR WHERE,NO ES NECESARIO PONER “TO”
WHERE DID YOU GO TO
89
HAVE & HAVE GOT
HAVE GOT:
• POSSESION= I HAVE GOT A CAT
• PRESENT= I’VE GOT ANY MONEY
• INFORMAL
• I GOT (IN AMERICAN ENGLISH,SIN HAVE)
GOT = NO PAST / NO FUTURE
HAVE:
• POSSESION = I HAVE A CAT
• IN ALL OTHER THE TENSES = I LOVE HAVING A DOG
• AUXILIARY = DO YOU HAVE A LIGHT?
• ACTION AND EXPERIENCES = (EAT, DRINK, BATH....ETC.)
QUESTIONS & NEGATIVES

SENTENCES
USAMOS:
DO/ DOES/ DID

SORRY I DON’T HAVE ANY MONEY
EXCUSE ME, DO YOU HAVE A CAR?
90
MODISMOS
SORRY I GOT HELD UP IN THE TRAFFIC. NEVER MIND ,COME AND SIT DOWN
LO SIENTO ME QUEDE ATRAPADA EN UNA CARAVANA . NO IMPORTA, PASA Y
SIENTATE
I’M OFF TO SCHOOL NOW. TAKE CARE MY LOVE

SALGO YA PARA EL COLEGIO. TEN CUIDADO CARIÑO
JENNY’S GOING TO OUT WITH PETE I DON’T KNOW WHAT SHE SEES IN HIM
JENNY VA A SALIR CON PETE. NO SE ELLA QUE VE EN EL
HOW LONG DID IT TAKE... AGES

CUANTO TARDASTES... SIGLOS!
I’M FED UP WHIT THIS WEATHER. MEE TOO,I’M JUST LONGING FOR SOME
SUNSHINE
ESTOY HARTO DE ESTE TIEMPO. YO TAMBIEN.ESTOY ANSIOSO POR ALGO DE

SOL
WHO WAS THAT I SAW YOU WITH LAST NIGHT?. MIND YOUR BUSINESS!!
QUIEN ERA EL QUE ESTABA CONTIGO ANOCHE ? MÉTETE EN TUS ASUNTOS!!
I’M HAVING NEXT WEEK OFF. O.K. THE BREAK WILL DO YOU GOOD
LA PROXIMA SEMANA TOMARE VACACIONES. O.K. EL DESCANSO TE
SENTARÁ BIEN
LET’S GO FOR A TEN MILES JOG. YOU MUST BE JOKING

VAMOS A CORRER DIEZ MILLAS . DEBES DE ESTAR BROMEANDO
LET ME BUY YOU A DRINK. NO,NO ITS MY ROUND

DEJAME INVITARTE ESTA COPA. NO,NO ESTA ES MI RONDA
SHALL WE MEET THIS AFTERNOON AT 3.00 SORRY, I CANT MAKE IT THEN

PODRIAMOS VERNOS ESTA TARDE A LAS 3: LO SIENTO NO PÙEDO
WAS IT EXPENSIVE ? IT COST AN ABSOLUTE FORTUNE

TE COSTÓ CARO ? COSTÓ UNA VERDADERA FORTUNA
91
ACTIONS VERBS
ALGUNOS VERBOS SON USADOS EN LOS DOS TIEMPOS :SIMPLE Y
CONTINUO
(DRIVE,WALK, EAT, DRINK) DENOTAN “ACTIVIDADES”.
STATE VERBS
NO SON USADOS EN TIEMPOS
SON LOS VERBOS QUE USUALMENTE
CONTINUOS (-ING). DENOTAN “ESTADOS” ESTOS SON:
SOLO SON USADOS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE PORQUE SIGNIFICAN HECHOS
• VERBOS DE PENSAMIENTO Y OPINION.

BELIEVE, THINK, KNOW, AGREE, MEAN, UNDERTAND, DOUBT, FORGET...
• VERBOS DE EMOCIONES Y SENTIMIENTOS:

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, CARE, HOPE, WHISH, WANT, ADMIT...
• VERBOS DE HAVING AND SEEING (HABIENDO Y SIENDO):

BELONG, OWN, HAVE, COST, POSSES, NEED, DEPEND ON, WEIGH
• VERBOS DE SENTIDOS:
LOOK, HEAR, TASTE, FEEL, SMELL...
ALGUNOS DE ESTOS VERBOS,PUEDEN SER USADOS EN PRESENT

CONTINUOUS PERO CON UN CAMBIO DE SIGNIFICADO. EXPRESANDO
UNA ACTIVIDAD, NO UN ESTADO.
92
SPORT/ACTIVITY PLAY/GO/DO PEOPLE PLACE EQUIPEMENT
FOOTBALL PLAY GOALKEEPER STADIUM BALL,BOOTS

REFEREE: FOOTBALL PITCH
TENNIS PLAY SPECTATOR COURT RACKET;NET
CYICLING GO CYCLIST ROAD HELMET;

ELBOW
PATCH
BADMINTON PLAY BADMINTON PLAYER COURT RACKET
BASKETBALL PLAY BASKET PLAYER COURT BALL
FISHING GO FISHERMAN THE RIVER , FISHING ROD.

THE SEA BAIT.
BOBBIN REEL
HANG-GLIDING GO HANG-GLIDER AIR,SKY PARACHUTE,
HELMET.
ROSARY
VOLLEYBALL PLAY ...PLAYER COURT NET, BALL
HOCKEY PLAY ...PLAYER ON ICE COURT STICK,

ROLLER
SKATES
ICE SKATES
RACE DO RUNNER STADIUM SHORTS
T.SHIRT
MARATHON DO RUNNER COUNTRY AND CITY TRAINERS
CAP
HURDLE RACE DO RUNNER STADIUM HURDLE
GOALKEEPER:GUARDAMETA
REFEREE:ARBITRO
PITCH:CAMPO
HELMET:CASCO
ELBOW PATCH:CODERA
BAIT:CEBO
FISHING ROD:CAÑA DE PESCAR
BOBBIN REEL:CERRETE DE PESCAR
HANG-GLIDING: ALA DELTA
93
TENNIS PLAY SPECTATOR COURT RACKET;NET

BALL BOY GRASS COURT
REFEREE
SKIING GO SKIER, SKI SLOPE SKI, GLOVE, SKI
LONG-DISTANCE SKI POLE, SLALOM
RUNNER.
GIMNASTICS DO HIGH JUMPER SPORT HALL HOOP.BALL

EXERCICES POLE VAULT SPORTS CENTRE BAR
LONG JUMPER
VOLLEYBALL PLAY UMPIRE COURT NET, BALL
LINESMAN
FISHING GO FISHERMAN THE RIVER , FISHING ROD.

SCUBA DIVER THE SEA BAIT.
BOBBIN REEL
SKI SLOPE: PISTA DE ESQUIAR

SKI POLE: BASTON DE ESQUÍ
SLALOM:CARRERA DE ESQUÍ
SKI GLOVES: GUANTES DE ESQUIAR
LONG-DISTANCE SKI RUNNER.:ESQUIADOR DE FONDO
HOOP : ARO
BALL BOY:RECOGEPELOTAS
UMPIRE:JUEZ DE SILLA
HIGH JUMPER: SALTADOR DE ALTURA
LONG JUMPER: SALTADOR DE LONGITUD
POLE VAULT:SALTO DE PERTIGA
LINESMAN: JUEZ DE LINEA
FISHING ROD:CAÑA DE PESCAR
BOBBIN REEL:CARRETE DE PESCAR
MY PARTNER
SHE LOOKS A VERY INTELLIGENT GIRL AND NICE TOO
SHE LOOKS A VERY GOOD ENGLISH STUDENT
SHE LOOKS LIKE SHY AND SHE’S RED CHUBBY-CHEEK
MY DOG: OLIVIA
SHE LOOKS LIKE AN SNOWFLAKE
SHE ‘S ALWAYS STARVING
SHE’S HASKING FOR FED
94
LOOK (MULTI WORDS)
look forward to vt (gen): I'm looking forward to the weekend

tengo muchas ganas de que llegue el fin de semana; I'm really
looking forward to her coming estoy deseando que llegue, me hace
mucha ilusión que venga; she's not looking forward to the
interview no le apetece para nada ir a la entrevista; (frml: in a
letter): We look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely...
A la espera de sus noticias lo saluda atentamente....
to look out vt (to search for) buscar: he promised to

look out the books for me prometió buscarme los libros.
vi (to take care): look out, there's a car coming! ¡ojo ,
cuidado, que viene un coche!
to look up vi (to improve) mejorar: employment

prospects are looking up las perspectivas de trabajo están
mejorando.
vt 1. (to search for) buscar informacion en un
libro: we looked it up in the encyclopedia/dictionary lo
buscamos en la enciclopedia/en el diccionario.
2. (to visit) visitar: she looked us up when she was in London
vino a vernos, a visitarnos cuando estuvo en Londres.
look forward to........: tengo muchas ganas

o look out..: buscar / ¡ojo , cuidado, que viene un
coche!
to look up...........: buscar informacion en un libro
95
PHRASAL VERBS
LOOK FORWARD ESTAR ENCANTADO
BRING IN METER
BURST INTO IRRUMPIR EN
CATCH ON COGER
FED UP ESTAR HARTO
FELT OFF CAERSE
FILL IN RELLENAR IMP.
GET IN SUBIR (CAR)
GET OUT BAJAR (CAR)
GET UP LEVANTARSE
GIVE UP DEJAR
GO BACK REGRESAR
GO DOWN BAJAR
GO IN ENTRAR
GO ON SEGUIR
GO OUT SALIR
GO TO OUT SALIR FUERA
GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP QUEDAR ATRAPADO
IT’S OFF ESTA ESTROPEADO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR
LOOK AFTER CUIDAR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR
LOOK AT ! MIRA !
LOOK FOR BUSCAR ALGO
LOOK FOR BUSCAR
LOOK OUT ! CUIDADO!
LOOK UP BUSCAR INFORMACION EN UN LIBRO
PICK UP RECOGER
PUT OFF APLAZAR
PUT ON PONER (ROPA)
PUT ON PONERSE ROPA
RING UP TELEFONEAR
RUSH IN ENTRAR CORRIENDO
SEE OFF DESPEDIR
SET OFF PARTIR A...
STAND DOWN AGACHARSE
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA
TAKE AWAY RETIRAR
TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
TAKE OUT SACAR
TO BE AWAY ESTA FUERA
TO BE IN ESTA EN
TO BE OFF SALIR
TURN DOWN BAJAR
TURN OFF APAGAR
TURN ON ENCENDER
TURN UP SUBIR
WHAT’S ON ? QUE DAN ?
WHAT’S UP? QUE PASA
96
PAST TENSES
TENSE TO
EXPRES POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
A FINISHED I ARRIVED I DIDN’T WHEN DID YOU
PAST SIMPLE ACTION IN THREE WEEKS ARRIVE THREE ARRIVE
THE PAST AGO WEEKS AGO
PAST CONTINUOUS A PROGRESS SHE WAS SHE WASN’T WHAT WAS SHE
WAS/WERE+ING ACCTION IN WORKING WORKING DOING?
THE PAST
YOU WERE YOU WEREN’T WHAT WERE WE
WORKING WORKING DOING?
A PAST I HAD FINISHED I HADN’T WHEN HAD YOU
ACCTION WORK AT 6.00 FINISHED FINISHED WORK?
PAST PERFECT THAT WORK AT 6.00
HAD + P.P HAPPENED
BEFORE
ANOTHER
PAST
ACCTION
CUANDO USAMOS EL DID O EL HAD EN LOS PASADOS ?

CUANDO ES UNA ACCION SOLA EN EL PASADO. DID
I DIDN’T PLAY (YO NO JUGUÉ. 1 ACCION PASADA : JUGUÉ)
CUANDO SON DOS ACCIONES RELACIONADAS EN EL PASADO. HADN’T

I HADN’T PLAYED ( YO NO HABÍA JUGADO. 2 ACCIONES PASADAS: HABÍA
Y JUGADO)
CUANDO APARECE SINCE LOS TIEMPOS APLICADOS SON SIEMPRE EN

PERFECT (PRESENT Ó PAST)
WHILE, ES UNA CONJUNCION,= MIENTRAS

DURING + NOUN = DURANTE
FOR + PERIODO DE TIEMPO
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH : GOOD ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN : ENOUGH MONEY
FRECUENCY ADVERBS
BE + ADVERB = I’M ALWAYS HERE
97
ADVERB + MAIN VERB = I NEVER EARN SO MUCH MONEY
ADVERBS ORDER
1º Modo 2º lugar 3º tiempo
1º MANNER 2º PLACE 3º TIME
Present simple
Formación. Se utiliza el infinitivo sin to para todas las personas excepto la tercera
del singular, que lleva el sufijo -s:
I work we work
you work you work
he/she/it works they work
Present continuous
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el gerundio del verbo que
se conjuga:
I am working we are working
you are working you are working
he/she/it is working they are working
Present perfect
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have y el participio del verbo
que se conjuga:
I have worked we have worked
you have worked you have worked
he/she/it has worked they have worked
Present perfect continuous
98
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have, el participio del verbo to
be (been) y el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga:
I have been working we have been working

you have been working you have been working
he/she/it has been working they have been working
Past simple
Formación. Se utiliza la misma forma para todas las personas: infinitivo + -ed para
los verbos regulares
I worked we worked
you worked you worked
he/she/it worked they worked
Past continuous
Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y el gerundio del verbo que se
conjuga:
I was working we were working
you were working you were working
he/she/it was working they were working
Past perfect
Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del verbo que
se conjuga:
I had worked we had worked
you had worked you had worked
he/she/it had worked they had worked
99
La voz pasiva
La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo:
the cathedral was built in the seventeenth century

Su uso es mucho más frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en español, ya que
se emplea también en frases como:
it was decided that... se decidió que...

he was told the truth le dijeron la verdad
my car is being repaired me están arreglando el coche
VERBOS FRASALES
FED UP ALIMENTAR
FILL IN FIRMAR
GET BACK VOLVER
GET IN SUBIR EN UN COCHE
GET OUT SALIR DE UN COCHE
GET UP LEVANTARSE
GIVE UP IRSE
GO DOWN BAJAR
GO IN ENTRAR
GO ON VOLVER
GO OUT SALIR
GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP ESTAR ATRAPADO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR
LOOK AT MIRA!
LOOK OUT! CUIDADO!
100
LOOK FORWARD TENER GANAS

LOOK UP BUSCAR INF.EN UN
LIBRO
PUT ON VESTIRSE
RING UP TELEFONEAR
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
TAKE AWAY LLEVAR
TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
TAKE OFF DESVESTIRSE
THROW INTO IRRUMPIR
TURN DOWN BAJAR VOLUMEN
TURN DOWN BAJAR EL VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR EL VOLUMEN
OPPOSITES
MODEST IMMODEST ARROGANT
POLITE IMPOLITE RUDE
EXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE CHEAP
FORMAL INFORMAL CASUAL
ATTRACTIVE UNATTRACTIVE UGLY
FASHIONABLE UNFASHIONABLE OUT OF DATE
HAPPY UNHAPPY SAD
INTELLIGENT UNINTELLIGENT STUPID
INTERESTING UNINTERESTING BORING
KIND UNKIND CRUEL
USUAL UNUSUAL RARE
FRECUENCY ADVERBS:
NEVER RARELY NOT OFTEN SOMETIMES OFTEN USUALLY ALWAYS
101
VERBOS AUXILIARES MODALES
Los verbos modales (can, could, dare, may, might, must, need, ought to,
shall, should, used to, will y would) no tienen infinitivo, participio ni
gerundio y no agregan -s en la tercera persona del singular.
Van generalmente seguidos de un infinitivo sin to

Los verbos modales forman el negativo y el interrogativo sin el uso del
auxiliar to do, aunque dare y used to constituyen excepciones al
respecto.
VERBO NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

MODAL
CAN CAN NOT CAN’T PUEDO,PUEDES
CANNOT NO PUEDO,NO PUEDES
COULD COULD NOT COULDN’T PODÍA, PUDE, PODRÍA
NO PODÍA,NO PUDE,..
TO BE MORE FORMAL DON’T BE PERMITIR QUE. SE USA
ALLOWE ALLOWED TO MUCHO EN PASIVA
D TO
HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE TO DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO QUE
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION
MUST MUST NOT MUSTN’T DEBER,TENER QUE
PERSONAL PROHIBITION NO DEBER ,NO TENER
OBLIGATI QUE
ON
HAVE TO: TENGO QUE
DON’T HAVE TO: NO TENGO QUE
HAVE Y HAS: NO SE CONTRAEN
102
HAVE TO
INDICA UNA OBLIGACION EXTERNA (UNA LEY ...ETC)
PRESENT
I / WE/ YOU / THEY ... HAVE TO

HE / SHE / IT............. HAS TO
PAST
(YESTERDAY,LAST WEEK,....ETC)
SE USA HAD TO + INFINITIVO
QUESTIONS:
PRESENT
DO I / WE / YOU / THEY...HAVE TO ?
DOES HE / SHE / IT....HAVE TO ?
PAST
DID I/ WE / YOU / THEY/ HE / SHE / IT...HAVE TO ?
NEGATIVES
(ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION)
PRESENT
I/ WE / YOU/ THEY... DON’T HAVE TO

HE / SHE / IT... DOESN’T HAVE TO
PAST
I/ WE/ YOU /THEY / HE / SHE / IT... DIDN’T HAVE TO
103
MUST
OBLIGACION PERSONAL ( NO POR LEY...ETC.)
PRESENT
MUST + INFINITIVO SIN TO

I / WE /YOU / THEY/ HE /SHE/ IT....MUST....
PAST
(YESTERDAY,LAST WEEK...ETC)
SE TRADUCE POR: TUVE,TUVISTE,TENÍA,TENIAS QUE...
NEGATIVE
PROHIBICION !!
MUSTN’T + INFINITIVO SIN TO
104
WE / YOU / THEY / HE / SHE / IT ...MUSTN’T.. DO IT
YOU MUSTN’T DO IT = NO DEBES HACERLO!!
CAN Y/O BE ABLE TO

BE ABLE TO SIGNIFICA LO MISMO QUE CAN .PERO CAN ES MUCHO MAS
COMUN BE ABLE TO ES MAS FORMAL .
TO MANAGE /-ED : PODER, PARA UNA COSA PARTICULAR

TO BE ABLE TO : PODER,PARA UNA COSA ESPECIFICA
BE ABLE TO TIENE FORMAS QUE CAN NO TIENE:
INFINITIVO: I’D LOVE TO BE ABLE TO FLY

-ING FORMAS: I LIKE BEING ABLE TO MAKE A NOISE IF I WANT
FUTURO: SHE’LL BE ABLE TO SEE YOU TOMORROW
PARA HABILIDADES EN EL PASADO ,USAMOS COULD

I COULD SWIM WHEN I WAS FOUR
PERO SI NOS REFERIMOS A UNA HABILIDADEN UNA OCASIÓN

PARTICULAR EN EL PASADO, DEBEMOS USAR WAS ABLE TO O
MANAGED TO
105
THE MAN WAS DROWNING,BUT SHE MANAGED TO SWIM TO HIM AND

SAVE HIM
THE PRISONERS MANAGED TO / WERE BE ABLE TO ESCAPE
BY TYING UP THE WARDERS
SI SON VERBOS DE SENTIDOS (SEE,HEAR,SMELL,TASTE,FEEL) O DE

PENSAMIENTO (REMEMBER,UNDERSTAND) USAMOS COULD
PARA EXPRESAR UNA HABILIDAD NEGATIVA EN EL PASADO,

USAMOS COULDN’T
I COULDN’T FIND MY WALLET ANYWHERE
DROWNING : AHOGANDO
TYING UP : AMARRANDO
WARDERS : GUARDIANES
RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS MODALES DADOS EN CLASE
HAVE TO: TENGO QUE

DON’T HAVE: TO NO TENGO QUE
HAVE Y HAS: NO SE CONTRAEN
NO TIENEN INFINITIVO, PARTICIPIO NI GERUNDIO Y NO AGREGAN -S EN

LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR.
VAN GENERALMENTE SEGUIDOS DE UN INFINITIVO SIN TO
HAVE TO
INDICA UNA OBLIGACION EXTERNA (UNA LEY ...ETC)
PRESENT
HAVE TO
HAS TO
PAST
QUESTIONS:
106
PRESENT
DO ...HAVE TO ?
DOES....HAVE TO ?
PAST
DID ...HAVE TO ?
NEGATIVES
(ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION)
PRESENT
I/ WE / YOU/ THEY... DON’T HAVE TO

HE / SHE / IT... DOESN’T HAVE TO
PAST
I/ WE/ YOU /THEY / HE / SHE / IT... DIDN’T HAVE TO
MUST
OBLIGACION PERSONAL ( NO POR LEY...ETC.)
PRESENT
MUST + INFINITIVO SIN TO

....MUST....
PAST
SE TRADUCE POR: TUVE,TUVISTE,TENÍA,TENIAS QUE...
NEGATIVE
PROHIBICION !!
MUSTN’T + INFINITIVO SIN TO
107
YOU MUSTN’T DO IT = NO DEBES HACERLO!!
CAN Y/O BE ABLE TO
BE ABLE TO SIGNIFICA LO MISMO QUE CAN .PERO CAN ES MUCHO MAS

COMUN BE ABLE TO ES MAS FORMAL .(PRESENT)
PAST
DIFERENCIAS ENTRE COULD Y MANAGED TO / WAS ABLE TO
COULD:
SE USA PARA REFERIRSE A HABILIDADES Y/O SITUACIONES EN EL
PASADO QUE REQUIRIERON UN LARGO LAPSUS DE TIEMPO
WHEN I WAS CHILD, I COULD PLAY THE PIANO
(DURANTE MUCHO TIEMPO ESTUVE ESTUDIANDO PIANO)
I COULD SWIM WHEN I WAS FOUR

PENSAMIENTO (REMEMBER,UNDERSTAND) USAMOS COULD
108
MANAGED TO Y WAS ABLE TO :

SON IGUALES
SI NOS REFERIMOS A UNA SITUACION EN UN MOMENTO CONCRETO EN

EL PASADO, DEBEMOS USAR WAS ABLE TO O MANAGED TO
WHEN I WAS YOUNG,I WAS ABLE TO CLIMB TO THE EVEREST

WHEN I WAS YOUNG ,I MANAGED TO CLIMB TO THE EVEREST

USAMOS COULDN’T
I COULDN’T FIND MY WALLET ANYWHERE
MAKING REQUEST AND OFFERS

REQUEST
EN INGLES HAY MUCHAS FORMAS DE HACER PETICIONES:
CAN
COULD
...YOU..............HELP ME PLEASE?
WILL
WOULD
CAN
... I ............. SPEAK TO YOU ,PLEASE?
COULD
COULD Y WILL SON MAS INFORMALES
WOULD YOU MIND OPENING THE WINDOW?

LE IMPORTARÍA ABRIR LA VENTANA?
DO YOU MIND IF I OPEN THE WINDOW?

LE IMPORTA SI ABRO LA VENTANA?
109
CAN YOU...? O COULD YOU..?

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO (PUEDES,
PODRÍAS?)
CAN / COULD) YOU OPEN THE DOOR ,PLEASE ?

CAN / COULD YOU TELL ME THE TIME ?
CAN I...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO ( PUEDO ?)
TOM, CAN I TAKE YOUR UMBRELLA ?

(AT PHONE) HELLO. CAN I SPEAK TO GARY,PLEASE ?
CAN I HAVE...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS ( QUISIERA... DESEARIA... ME DA...? )
CAN I HAVE THE BILL ,PLEASE?

CAN I HAVE THESE POSTCARDS,PLEASE?
WHOULD YOU LIKE...?
QUIERES...? (LITERALMENTE:TE GUSTARÍA?)
PARA OFRECER ALGO: WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE

PARA INVITAR A ALGUIEN:WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME TO A PARTY ?
“QUISIERA” ES UNA MANERA EDUCADA DE PEDIR ALGO:I’D LIKE A
DRINK
OFFERS
PARA HACER OFRECIMIENTOS,USAMOS WILL Y SHALL
WILL:
110
CUANDO DECIDIMOS U OFRECEMOS HACER ALGO

(EN EL MOMENTO EN QUE
SE ESTA HABLANDO): YO LO HARÉ!
USAMOS WILL = I’LL
IT’S JANE’S BIRTHDAY TODAY. IS IT? I’LL BUY HER SOME FLOWERS
I’LL CARRY IT FOR YOU
I’LL PHONE YOU TOMORROW, OKAY?
SHALL:
PARA OPINIONES, CONSEJOS Y OFRECIMIENTOS; PROPONER ALGO.
USAMOS SHALL
SOLO SE USA CON I and WE

CON YOU /HE/ SHE/ IT :NO!
SHALL I CARRY YOUR BAG FOR YOU? THAT’S VERY KIND,THANK YOU
SHALL WE GO OUT FOR A MEAL TONIGHT? MMM I’D LOVE YOU
SHOULD:
PARA HACER SUGERENCIAS INFORMALES.
USAMOS SHOULD
WHAT SHOULD WE HAVE FOR DINNER ?

QUE PODRIAMOS HACER PARA CENAR ?
WHAT SHOULD WE DO TONIGHT ?

QUE PODRIAMOS HACER ESTA NOCHE ?
I DON’T MIND ! ME DÁ IGUAL !
REQUEST
SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO (PUEDES,PODRÍAS?)
CAN I...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO (PUEDO?)
CAN I HAVE...?
111
SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS (QUISIERA... DESEARIA... ME DA...? )
WHOULD YOU LIKE...?
OFFERS
WILL:
CUANDO DECIDIMOS U OFRECEMOS HACER ALGO
SHALL:
PARA OPINIONES, CONSEJOS Y OFRECIMIENTOS; PROPONER ALGO.

SOLO SE USA CON I and WE
SHOULD:
PARA HACER SUGERENCIAS INFORMALES.
FUTURE FORMS
SHALL
SE USA PARA :
OFRECIMIENTOS...SHALL I CLEAN THE CAR?
SUGERENCIAS....SHALL WE GO TO THE CINEMA
Y
PROMESAS...YOU SHALL HAVE ....
WILL
EXPRESA UNA INTENCION O DECISION TOMADA EN EL MOMENTO DE
DECIRLO
WE’LL ASK A POLICEMAN
SOLO USAMOS SHALL CON I AND WE
GOING TO...
112
EXPRESA INTENCION O DECISION TOMADA ANTES DEL MOMENTO DE

DECIRLO
TAMBIEN CUANDO PARECE EVIDENTE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER

LOK AT THE SKY! IT’S GOING TO RAIN.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (TO BE + ING)

PARA PLANES FIJOS QUE HAREMOS EN UN FUTURO CERCANO
WE’RE TAKING TO THE CINEMA
ESTOS DOS ÚLTIMOS:GOING TO Y P.CONTINUOUS ,SON MUY MUY

PARECIDOS
EJEMPLOS:
-I’M GOING TO THE SHOPS SOON, DO YOU WANT ANYTHING?

-WE HAVEN’T GOT ANY SUGAR
-IT’S ON MY LIST, I’M GOING TO BUY SOME.
-WE HAVEN’T GOT ANY BREAD
-OK. I’LL GO TO THE BAKER’S AND I’LL BUY A LOAF
GOING TO.. TENIA PREVISTO DE ANTEMANO IR DE COMPRAS Y

COMPRAR AZUCAR.
WILL: NO LO TENIA PREVISTO PERO CUANDO SE LO DICEN,EN ESE

MOMENTO, TOMA LA DECISION
USO DEL WILL Y DEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS

RECORDEMOS QUE EL PRESENT CONTINUOUS ES MUY PARECIDO AL GOING TO
Y QUE PUEDE SER USADO PARA EXPRESAR PLANES DE FUTURO ENTRE
PERSONAS
LOGICAMENTE AL IGUAL QUE EL GOING TO , SON PLANES YA DECIDIDOS

O SABIDOS DE ANTEMANOY WILL SON DECISIONES TOMADAS EN EL
MOMENTO
113
-COULD I SPEAK TO MR. HUELIN?

-I’M AFRAID HE’S OUT AT THE MOMENT
-WHAT TIME WILL HE BE BACK?
-MMM. AT ABOUT 10 O’CLOCK, HE’S DOING EXERCISE AT THE GYM.
-IS HE FREE AT LUNCH TIME?

-I’LL CHECK. NO,HE’S HAVING A LUNCH WITH HIS WIFE
-WHEN’S A GOOD TIME TO TRY AGAIN

-HE’LL BE IN HIS OFFICE AT HALF PAST SIX
-I’LL PHONE BACK THEN
-THAT’S FINE
WILL
DECISION EN EL MOMENTO
I’LL GIVE YOU MY PHONE NUMBER .RING ME TONIGHT
I’LL CHECK HER DIARY FOR YOU
I’LL PHONE BACK LATER
PREDICCION DE FUTURO
TOMORROW WILL BE WARM AND SUNNY
I’M SURE YOU ‘LL PASS YOUR EXAM
GOING TO
DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO

WE’RE GOING TO HAVE A HOLIDAY
MY DAUGHTER’S GOING TO STUDY SPANISH IN MADRID
CERTEZA DE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER

LOOK AT THOSE CLOUDS. IT’S GOING TO RAIN
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS

PAT AND PETER ARE COMING FOR A MEAL TONIGHT
WE’RE HAVING SALMON FOR SUPPER
SOME ONE
ANY
NO
EVERY
+ BODY
THING
WHERE
114
SOME
-EN FRASES POSITIVAS
-EN OFRECIMIENTOS Y PETICIONES
-CUANDO ESPERAMOS QUE LA RESPUESTA SEA: SI !
EJEMPLOS:
WOULD YOU LIKE SOMETHING TO EAT?

CAN I HAVE SOMETHING TO DRINK?
CAN WE GO SOMEWHERE QUIET?.....YES!
IS THE RE SOMEBODY I CAN SPEAK TO? ....YES!
ANY
-EN FRASES NEGATIVAS
-EN PREGUNTAS
-DESPUES DE IF...
EJEMPLOS
I ‘VE NEVER BEEN ANYWHERE MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN SCOTLAND

DIS ANYBODY PHONE ME WHILE I WAS OUT ?
IF YOU NEED ANYTHING ,JUST ASK !
EMEMBER....
115
ELLOS PENSABAN QUE.... THEY THOUGHT THAT....

ELLOS ESTABAN PENSANDO SOBRE... THEY WERE THINKING ABOUT...
ELLOS HABIAN PENSADO QUE... THEY HAD THOUGHT THAT...
ELLOS HABIAN ESTADO PENSANDO THEY HAD BEEN THINKING
QUE../SOBRE... THAT...ABOUT...
TRAVEL AROUND
DISTINTOS SIGNIFICADOS DE VIAJAR:
TO TRAVEL
SE USA EN LITERATURA PARA REFERIRSE A “LOS VIAJES “ EN GENERAL.
THE MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS
THE ODISSEUM TRAVELS
TRIP
ES EL VIAJE QUE HACEMOS NOSOTROS MISMOS EN EL QUE VISITAMOS
LUGARES ,HACEMOS FOTOS.ETC...
JOURNEY
SE REFIERE AL DESPLAZAMIENTO EN SI, ENTRE DOS PUNTOS
VOYAGE
VIAJE EN BARCO
HACER UN VIAJE: TO TAKE A TRIP/GO ON A TRIP

EL AUTOBUS TARDA: THE BUS IT’S LATE / THE BUS TAKES A LONG TIME
116
DESCRIBIENDO GENTE:
LOOK / LOOK LIKE
SE USAN LOS DOS TERMINOS PARA DESCRIBIR: “MI

IMPRESIÓN”
USAMOS LOOK + ADJETIVO PARA DESCRIBIR LA

( PERSONALIDAD)
WHAT’S HE LIKE ? HE’S QUITE SHY

SHE LOOKS A FRENCH
HE LOOKS FRIENDLY
HOW OLD DO YOU THINK THEY ARE?

SHE LOOKS ABOUT 34
USAMOS LOOK LIKE + NOMBRE PARA DESCRIBIR LA

(APARIENCIA)
WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE ? HE’S TALL

SHE LOOKS LIKE AN ACTRESS
LIKE
WHAT DOES HE LIKE DOING ?...QUE LE GUSTA? -HACER..
HE LIKES SWIMMING AND SKIING
WHAT’S IT LIKE?...COMO ES ALGO/ALGUIEN -EN GENERAL

HE’S REALLY NICE VERY FRIENDLY AND OPEN
117
WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE?...QUE ASPECTO TIENE? –

APARIENCIA
HE’S QUITA TALL WITH STRAIGHT BROWN HAIR
HOW IS SHE?... COMO ESTA ELLA? -DE SALUD

HE ISN’T VERY WELL, ACTUALLY.HE’S GOT THE FLU
LIKE VERSUS AS
LIKE
COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE
SIGNIFICA:
SIMILAR A ..: THEIR HOUSE IS LIKE A ZOO

IGUAL QUE...: I’M GEMINI,LIKE YOU
COMO EJEMPLO....: WHY DO YOU SAY THINGS LIKE THAT?
AS
PUEDE SER USADA COMO PREPOSICION SEGUIDA DE UN NOMBRE
PERO EXPRESA:
118
TRABAJO...: I WORKED AS A WAITER

FUNCION O USO DE PERSONA O COSA....:WE USE OUR GARAGE AS
KITCHEN
CUANDO SE USA COMO CONJUNCION ES SEGUIDA DE UN SUJETO Y UN

VERBO
AS YOU KNOW, WE’RE LEAVING TOMORROW
LA USAMOS TAMBIEN EN COMPARACIONES

MY DAUGHTER IS AS TALL AS ME
VERB PATERNS(1)
Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through the countryside)

Like
Love
119
Adore
Enjoy Doing
Prefer Cooking
Hate Sightseen
Can’t stand
Don’t mind
Finish
Look forward to
VERBOS DE GUSTOS,PREFERENCIAS Ó LO CONTRARIO
Like,Love, Adore, Prefer, Hate a veces son usados con To,

pero –ing es mas usual y tiene mas significado en general :
I like cooking
I like to cook beef on Sundays
VERB PATERNS(2)
Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon)

Agreee
Choose
120
Dare
Decide
Expect
Forget
Help To do
Hope
Learn To come
Manage
Need To cook
Offer
Promisse
Refuse
Seem
Want
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
1- Help y Dare pueden se usados sin To .: We helped tidy the kitchen
2- Have to para obligaciones.....: I have to wear a uniform
3- Used to = costumbres pasadas .: I used to smoke but i gave up last

year
VERB PATERNS(3)
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a
Meal)
Advise
121
Allow
Ask
Beg
Encourage (animar)
Expect
Help
Need Me
Invite To do
Order Him
Remind (recordar) To go
Tell Them
Want To come
Warn (+not) (avisar) Someone
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
Verb+ somebody+ infinitive (no To) Let us know if you’re in the area
Let Her
Make Do
Help Us
1- To es usado con Make en la pasiva We were made to work hard
2- Let no puede ser usado en la pasiva, en vez de Let usamos Allowed

to She was allowed to leave
VERB PATERNS(4)
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (sin cambiar el significado)
Begin Raining
122
Start To rain
Continue
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de

significado)
Remember Doing
Stop To do
Try
1- A) I remember posting the letter (futuro) = tengo ahora en la

memoria una accion pasada: posting the letter.
Recuerdo que tengo que echar la carta.
B)I remembered to post the letter (pasado) =

me recuerdo el echar la carta
2- A) stopped smoking = yo paré de fumar

B) I stopped to smoke = yo paré de hacer algo, para fumar (to=
para)
(To siempre delante del verbo y For con sustantivos)
3- I tried to sleep = yo quería dormir pero era dificil
I tried counting sheep and taking sleeping pills =
habia diferentes maneras de coger el sueño
4- -ing = after preposition

5- -ing = cuando el verbo es el sujeto o una oración

Like Gustar
Love Amar
Adore Adorar
Enjoy Disfrutar Doing
Prefer Preferir Cooking
Hate Odiar Sightseen
Can’t stand No soportar
123
Don’t mind No importar

Finish Acabar
Look forward to Tener ganas de
Agreee Estar de acuerdo
Choose Escoger
Dare Desafiar
Decide Decidir
Expect Esperar
Forget Olvidar
Help Ayudar To do
Hope Esperar
Learn Aprender To come
Manage Poder
Need Necesitar To cook
Offer Ofrecer
Promisse Prometer
Refuse Negar
Seem Parecer
Want Querer
Would like Gustaría
Would love Querría
Would prefer Preferiría
Would hate Odiaría
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise Aconsejar
Allow Permitir
Ask Preguntar
Beg Pedir limosna
Encourage) Animar
Expect Esperar
Help Ayudar
Need Necesitar Me
Invite Invitar To do
Order Ordenar Him
Remind Recordar To go
Tell Decir Them
Want Querer To come
Warn (+not) Avisar/no Someone
Would love Querría
Would hate Odiaría
Let Make Help Her Us Do
Begin Start Continue Raining To rain
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de significado)
Remember Stop Try Doing To do
124
RELATIVES CLAUSES
LAS FRASES DE RELATIVO, SON USADAS PARA AMPLIARNOS LA
INFORMACION Y DECIRNOS SOBRE QUIEN O QUE COSAS ESTAMOS
HABLANDO
WHO/THAT WHICH /THAT WHERE WHOSE

QUIEN /QUE CUAL/QUE DONDE CUYO /CUYA
The boy as gone into hospital

(Wich boy?)
the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital
the book is very good

(Wich book?)
The book that I bought yesterday is very good
WHO/THAT
QUIEN /QUE
WHO LO USAMOS PARA REFERIRNOS A PERSONAS

THAT LO USAMOS PARA REFERIRNOS A COSAS
The book is about a girl who marries a millonaire

What was the name of the horse that won the race?
SI WHO O THAT ES EL SUJETO DE LA ORACION DEBEN DE USARSE:

I like people who are kind and considerate
SI WHO O THAT ES EL OBJETO DE LA ORACION DEBEN QUITARSE:

The person you need to talk to is on holiday
(Sujeto: you)
WHICH /THAT
CUAL/QUE
PUEDE SER USADO PARA REFERIRNOS A TODA ORACION O IDEA

ANTERIOR
Jane can´t come to the party,wich is a shame
125
WHERE
DONDE
WHERE LO USAMOS PARA REFERIRNOS A LUGARES

The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach
WHOSE
CUYO /CUYA
USAMOS WHOSE PARA REFERIRNOS A LA POSESION DE ALGUIEN
That’s the woman whose son won the lottery
Present simple
Formación. Se utiliza el infinitivo sin to para todas las personas excepto

la tercera del singular, que lleva el sufijo -s:
I work we work
you work you work
he/she/it works they work
Present continuous
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el gerundio del

verbo que se conjuga:
I am working we are working
you are working you are working
he/she/it is working they are working
Uso. Para referirse a algo que está sucediendo en el momento de
hablar:
be quiet! I'm watching television
o a algo que está en proceso, aunque no esté sucediendo precisamente
cuando se habla:
I'm reading a novel by Kundera
Para referirse a planes concretos de futuro:

I'm going to a party next Saturday
she's arriving on Wednesday
126
Para referirse al futuro también es frecuente el uso de la forma going to +

infinitivo, que a menudo subraya la idea de la intención del sujeto:
she's going to buy a car with the money she's saved
I'm going to make a pie for dinner
Present perfect
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have y el participio del

I have worked we have worked
you have worked you have worked
he/she/it has worked they have worked
Uso. Para referirse a acciones pasadas que tienen alguna conexión con
el momento presente:
I have seen that film (he visto esa película y sé de
qué se trata/no la quiero volver a ver, etc.)
Present perfect continuous
Formación. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have, el participio del

verbo to be (been) y el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga:
I have been working we have been working
you have been working you have been working
he/she/it has been working they have been working
Uso. Para referirse a acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y

continúan en el presente o acaban de terminar:
I have been waiting for two hours
John has been telling me about his trip to Kenya
Past simple
Formación. Se utiliza la misma forma para todas las personas: infinitivo

+ -ed para los verbos regulares
I worked we worked
you worked you worked
127
he/she/it worked they worked
Uso. Para referirse a hechos que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, a menudo

acompañado de expresiones adverbiales que especifican un momento
o una fecha concretos:
I met her last year
Past continuous
Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y el gerundio del

I was working we were working
you were working you were working
he/she/it was working they were working
Uso. Para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaban en determinado

momento en el pasado:
they were having a drink when Peter arrived
Past perfect
Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del

Uso. Para referirse a acciones anteriores a determinado momento en el
pasado. Es el equivalente pasado del present perfect y se usa de forma
paralela:
I had already seen that film ya había visto la película
Sin embargo, con este tiempo, a diferencia de con el present perfect, se puede
especificar el momento en que había ocurrido la acción:
I wasn't hungry because I had had breakfast half an hour before
Future simple
128
Formación. Se forma con el auxiliar modal will seguido del infinitivo sin
to. En el inglés británico shall se utiliza a veces en lugar de will en las
primeras personas:
I will (o shall) work we will (o shall) work
you will work you will work
he/she/it will work they will work
Uso. Para referirse a acciones que creemos ocurrirán en el futuro:
Conditional
Formación. Se forma con el auxiliar would seguido del infinitivo sin to.
I would work we would work
you would work you would work
he/she/it would work they would work
La voz pasiva
La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del

verbo:
Su uso es mucho más frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en
español, ya que se emplea también en frases como:
it was decided that... se decidió que...he was told the truth le dijeron la
verdad
PRESENT PERFECT
(HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)
129
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO,EXISTE EN MUCHOS IDIOMAS EUROPEOS,PERO

EN INGLÉS,ES ESENCIALMENTE UN TIEMPO DE PRESENTE, AUNQUE
TAMBIEN EXPRESA EL EFECTO DE UNA ACCION PASADA Y ACTIVIDADES
EN EL PRESENTE.
I’ve lived in London
Past ⌫ Present perfect ⌦ Present

PRESENT PERFECT SIGNIFICA “ANTES DE AHORA” .
NO EXPRESA “CUANDO” HA SUCEDIDO UNA ACCION,
SI QUEREMOS DECIR EXACTAMENTE CUANDO, TENDREMOS QUE USAR
EL PAST SIMPLE
I’VE LIVED IN LONDON

WE HAVEN’T LIVED IN LONDON
HE HAS LIVED IN LONDON
SHE HASN’T LIVED IN LONDON
HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED IN LONDON
HOW LONG HAS SHE LIVED IN LONDON
EL PRESENT PERFECT TIENE TRES USOS PRINCIPALES:
1- EXPRESA UNA ACCION QUE EMPEZÓ EN EL PASADO Y AÚN CONTINÚA.

WE’VE LIVED IN THE SAME HOUSE FOR TEN YEARS
2- EXPRESA UNA ACCION QUE SUCEDIÓ EN EL PASADO. ESTA ACCION

ACABO,PERO TODAVIA SENTIMOS LOS EFECTOS DE ESTA.
I’VE BEEN IN THE STATES (I STILL REMEMBER)
3- EXPRESA UNA ACCION PASADA QUE TIENE RESULTADO EN EL

PRESENTE
(EN UN PASADO RECIENTE)
I’VE LOST MY WALLET (I HAVEN’T GOT IT NOW)
BE CAREFUL WITH BEEN AND GONE:

HE’S BEEN TO AMERICA ( = EXPERIENCE- EL YA NO ESTÁ ALLÍ )
SE HA IDO Y HA VUELTO
SHE’S GONE TO AMERICA (= PRESENT RESULT-ELLA ESTÁ ALLÍ AHORA)
SE HA IDO Y SE HA QUEDADO
130
PRESENT PERFECT
CUANDO SOLEMOS DECIR LAS COSAS CONCISAMENTE,
USAMOS EL PRESENT PERFECT
CUANDO AMPLIAMOS LA INFORMACION Y DAMOS DETALLES,

USAMOS EL PAST SIMPLE
PONGAMOS POR EJEMPLO: UNA NOTICIA
EL TITULAR (CONCISO) PRESENT PERFECT
THE MURDERER BRUCE BRADEN HAS ESCAPED FROM PRISON
LA INFORMACION (LOS DETALLES) PAST SIMPLE
LAST NIGHT ,THE MURDERER BRUCE BRADEN,ESCAPED FROM PRISON.

PRISON OFFICERS FOUND HIS CELL EMPTY AT SIX O’CLOCK.
PRESENT PERFECT ACTIVE & PASSIVE
LOS USOS DEL PRESENT PERFECT SON LOS MISMOS EN LA PASIVA

TO BE +PAST PARTICIPLE
TWO MILLIONS CARS HAVE BEEN PRODUCED IN AMERICA THIS YEAR
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN MADE REDUNDANT?
LA DIFERENCIA ESENCIAL PARA DISTINGUIR ENTRE LAS ORACIONES DE

PRESENT PERFECT PASIVA O ACTIVA ES:
SABEMOS LA RESPUESTA...:ACTIVA
WHO HAS ESCAPED FROM PRISON ? ( BRUCE BRANDEN) = ACTIVA
131
NO SABEMOS LA RESPUESTA...: PASIVA
WHO HAS ESCAPED WITH BRUCE ? ( ???) = PASIVA
TIME EXPRESSIONS
PAST SIMPLE PRESENTPERFECT

FOR
JUST
BEFORE
NEVER
SINCE X
YET X
ALREADY X
IN(1.960) X
AGO X
AT(8.00) X
OPPOSITES
MODEST IMMODEST ARROGANT
POLITE IMPOLITE RUDE
EXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE CHEAP
FORMAL INFORMAL CASUAL
ATTRACTIVE UNATTRACTIVE UGLY
FASHIONABLE UNFASHIONABLE OUT OF DATE
HAPPY UNHAPPY SAD
INTELLIGENT UNINTELLIGENT STUPID
INTERESTING UNINTERESTING BORING
KIND UNKIND CRUEL
USUAL UNUSUAL RARE
I WORK LIKE A SLAVE YO TRABAJO COMO UN ESCLAVO

I WORK AS A SLAVE YO TRABAJO DE ESCLAVO
132
LAS ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

Las oraciones condicionales constan de dos partes,
la parte encabezada por if, que establece la condición, y la oración
principal.
Pueden dividirse en tres tipos básicos:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
if + present, future
if she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes
si toma un taxi, estará aquí en diez minutos
En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condición expresada.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
if + past, conditional
if she took a taxi, she would be here in ten minutes
si tomara un taxi, estaría aquí en diez minutos
En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condición
expresada. Este tipo también puede expresar algo contrario a la
realidad actual:
if I had any money, I would lend it to you
si tuviera dinero, te lo prestaría (pero no tengo dinero)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
if + past perfect, conditional perfect
133
if she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten
minutes
si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos
Expresa una condición que ya no se puede cumplir: ella no tomó un
taxi, vino en el autobús, o a pie, etc.
En las oraciones condicionales a menudo se utiliza were en lugar de

was, sobre todo en la expresión if I were you (yo que tú):
if I were you, I would go and see a doctor
ZERO CONDITIONAL
if + two present tenses
if you boil water, it evaporates
cuando hierves agua,se evapora
Expresa una condición que siempre es verdad.
If significa when o whenever (cuando)
(IN SECOND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES):
IF + PAST+ WOULD
IF I HAD 2 MILLION POUNDS ... I WOULD GO ROUND THE WORLD
WOULD
134
I would help you if I could si pudiera, te ayudaría;
I wouldn't do that if I were you yo que tú no haría eso;
if you had done some work, you would have passed the exam si hubieras estudiado,
habrías aprobado el examen.
IF I WERE YOU.... YO QUE TU...

EN ORACIONES DE TIEMPO:
(no en condicionales)
WHEN / AS SOON AS / UNTIL ......PRESENT SIMPLE AND WILL
Información general sobre cómo se escriben las cartas en

inglés
Fórmulas de saludo y de despedida
Todas las cartas comienzan con la fórmula Dear, seguida del nombre del
destinatario, si se conoce, o Sir, Madam, etc., si no se conoce. A continuación se
añade una coma:
Dear John,... Dear Madam,

La fórmula de despedida de una carta depende de a quién va dirigida y de la relación
entre el remitente y el destinatario.
La fórmula de despedida de las cartas formales varía según se conozca o no la
identidad del destinatario. Cuando se conoce el nombre del destinatario, la carta
termina con la fórmula Yours sincerely:
Dear Mr Smith, Dear Mrs Johnson, Dear Ms Tate, Dear Colin, Yours
sincerely
135
Si se desconoce el nombre del destinatario o si la carta va dirigida a una institución

se utiliza la fórmula impersonal de despedida Yours faithfully:
Dear Sir,Dear Sirs,Dear Madam,Dear Sir/Madam,... Yours faithfully:

(Nótese que, cuando se desconoce si el destinatario es un hombre o una mujer, se
emplea la fórmula Dear Sir/Madam.)
Si se quiere introducir un toque amistoso al final de una carta formal, se puede

añadir With best wishes antes de Yours sincerely o Yours faithfully.
En el caso de las cartas informales entre amigos, Yours es la fórmula de despedida

más corriente:
Dear Lisa and Steven,
...
Yours,
David
Si existe una relación muy estrecha con el destinatario (por ejemplo, entre
miembros de una familia), la fórmula de despedida más normal es love:
Dear James,
...
love,lots of love, with love from,with best wishes to your parents and
love from
Jennifer
Nombre y dirección del destinatario y del remitente
En una carta formal la dirección del remitente aparece en la parte superior derecha
de la primera hoja. Normalmente no se incluye el nombre. La dirección del
destinatario figura bajo la del remitente, en la parte izquierda de la página, precedida
por el nombre del destinatario y el tratamiento que se le da.
En una carta informal la dirección del remitente también aparece en la parte superior
derecha de la primera hoja. Sin embargo, no se incluyen ni el nombre ni la dirección
del destinatario.
Cómo se escribe una dirección:
136
Se sigue el siguiente orden (con cada uno de los elementos señalados en renglón
aparte): (1) nombre de la casa (si existe); (2) número y calle; (3) parte de la ciudad o
pueblo; (4) ciudad o pueblo; (5) condado; (6) código postal.
Es perfectamente aceptable colocar una coma al final de cada renglón y un punto al
final del último. Sin embargo, la tendencia es a suprimir los signos de puntuación.
También existe la posibilidad de tener una coma entre el número y el nombre de la
calle. Así pues, las cuatro formas posibles son:
27, Chelsea Gardens,
Sevenoaks,
Kent.
Fecha
Lo normal es que la fecha aparezca en la parte superior derecha de la carta, debajo de

la dirección del remitente. En Gran Bretaña la forma normal de expresar una fecha
es: día, mes, año (p. ej.: 14 May 1997). En los Estados Unidos la convención es:
mes, día, año (p. ej.: May 14, 1997). Ambas formas son válidas en inglés a nivel
internacional, pero pueden dar lugar a equívocos cuando se abrevia la fecha. Por
ejemplo, el 1 de diciembre de 1997 podría ser 1/12/97 (en el sistema británico y del
resto de Europa) o 12/1/97 (en el sistema norteamericano). Por eso, a la hora de
concertar citas por carta o fax, se recomienda escribir el nombre del mes para evitar
confusiones.
Nombre y dirección en el sobre
Lo normal es escribir el nombre del destinatario y, a continuación, la dirección

(siguiendo el orden indicado más arriba).
En el dorso del sobre se pueden escribir el nombre y la dirección del remitente,
precedidos de las fórmulas From: o Sender:
Tratamientos
Cuando se envía una carta formal es preciso darle algún tratamiento al destinatario.
Para hombres basta con Mr. En el caso de una mujer, está cada vez más extendido el
uso de la abreviatura Ms, que se aplica tanto a mujeres casadas como solteras. Se
utiliza Mrs (para dirigirse a una mujer casada) o Miss (para dirigirse a una mujer
soltera) cuando se sabe que la persona en cuestión así lo prefiere.
PHRASAL VERBS (Al 22 de Mayo de 2.000)
137
SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES?
NORMALMENTE,SI LA PARTICULA ES UP,SE PUEDE SEPARAR ,Y SI ES AFTER,NO SE

PUEDE
VERBO TRADUCCION VERBO TRADUCCION

BRING IN METER PUT AWAY GUARDAR ALGO
BRING UP CRIAR A ALGUIEN PUT OFF APLAZAR / APLAZAR
BURST INTO IRRUMPIR EN PUT ON PONERSE ROPA
CATCH ON COGER PUT OUT APAGAR
CLEAR UP RECOGER,LIMPIAR PUT UP SOPORTAR
FED UP ESTAR HARTO RING UP TELEFONEAR
FED UP ALIMENTAR RUN OUT OF TERMINAR / ACABAR
FELT OFF CAERSE RUSH IN ENTRAR CORRIENDO
FILL IN RELLENAR IMP. SEE OFF DESPEDIR
FIND OUT ENTERARSE DE ALGO SET OFF PARTIR A...
GET BACK VOLVER SORT OUT SOLUCIONAR
GET IN SUBIR EN UN COCHE STAND DOWN AGACHARSE
GET ON WITH LLEVARSE BIEN CON STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
GET OUT SALIR DE UN COCHE SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
GET OVER PASAR POR ENCIMA SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
GET UP LEVANTARSE TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA
GIVE UP DEJAR DEFINITIVAMENTE TAKE AFTER PARECERSE A
GIVE UP IRSE TAKE AWAY LLEVAR
GO BACK REGRESAR TAKE BACK DEVOLVER ALGO
GO DOWN BAJAR TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
GO IN ENTRAR TAKE OFF DESVESTIRSE
GO ON VOLVER TAKE OUT SACAR
GO OUT SALIR TAKE UP PRACTICAR
GO OUT WITH SALIR CON THROW INTO IRRUMPIR
GO TO OUT SALIR FUERA TO BE AWAY ESTA FUERA
GO UP SUBIR TO BE IN ESTA EN
HELD UP ESTAR ATRAPADO TO BE OFF SALIR
IT’S OFF ESTA ESTROPEADO TRY ON PROBARSE ALGO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR TRY ON PROBARSE ALGO
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR TRY OUT ENSAYAR, PROBAR
LOOK AT MIRA! TRY OUT ENSAYAR, PROBAR
LOOK FOR BUSCAR TURN DOWN BAJAR EL VOLUMEN
LOOK ESTAR ENCANTADO TURN OFF APAGAR
FORWARD
LOOK TENER GANAS TURN ON ENCENDER
FORWARD
LOOK OUT ! CUIDADO! TURN UP SUBIR EL VOLUMEN
LOOK UP BUSCAR INF.EN LIBRO WHAT’S ON ? QUE DAN ?
MAKE UP INVENTARSE WHAT’S UP? QUE PASA
PICK UP RECOGER GIVE AWAY DAR
MAKE UP DECIDIR GET OVER RECUPERARSE
HANG ON ESPERAR HANG ON RESISTIR
WORK OUT CALCULAR WORK OUT ENTENDER
PUT OFF QUITAR LAS GANAS GO ON PASAR/SUCEDER
138
ATENCION !!
I’D RATHER ......PREFERIRIA

I WOULDN’T MIND......NO ME IMPORTARIA
I DON’T LIKE STUDYING.I’D RATHER BE OUTSIDE PLAYING TENNIS
I WOULDN’T MIND A CUP OF TEA
NO ME IMPORTARIA UNA TAZA DE TE
WILL AND WOULD
WIL...: UNA CERTEZA DE QUE SUCEDA ALGO Y/O ALGO

POSIBLE
WOULD ...: PROBABLEMENTE NO SUCEDERA .ALGO
IMAGINARIO
ESTRUCTURA RESUMIDA DE LAS CONDICIONALES
139
ZERO CONDITIONAL...: IF + TWO PRESENT TENSES

if you boil water, it evaporates
FIRST CONDITIONAL...: IF + PRESENT....FUTURE WILL

if she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes
SECOND CONDITIONAL...:IF+ PAST...CONDITIONAL WOULD

En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condición expresada
THIRD CONDITIONAL...:IF+ PAST PERFECT...PERFECT

CONDITIONAL WOULD +(HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE)
Expresa una condición que ya no se puede cumplir
if she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten
minutes
si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos
BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES
140
PODEMOS USAR ADJETIVOS QUE AUMENTAN EL SIGNIFICADO

DE ALOS ADVERBIOS .POR EJEMPLO VERY Y ABSOLUTELY
NO PODEMOS DECIR ABSOLUTELY BIG PORQUE ABSOLUTELY

SOLO VA CON STRONG ADJECTIVES.
Y NI PODEMOS DECIR
VERY ENORMOUS PORQUE ENORMOUS YA SIGNIFICA VERY
BIG.
BASE ADJECTIVE STRONG ADJECTIVE

BIG ENORMOUS, HUGE
HOT BOILING
TIRED EXHAUSTED
COLD FREEZING
TASTY DELICIOUS
INTERESTING FASCINATING
BAD HORRID, HORRIBLE, AWFUL,
TERRIBLE, DISGUSTING
GOOD PERFECT, MARVELLOUS,
SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
FANTASTIC, BRILLIANT
DIRTY FILTHY
SURPRISED ASTONISHED, AMAZED
ANGRY FURIOUS
FUNNY HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED TERRIFIED
PRETTY BEAUTIFUL
CLEVER BRILLIANT
WORDS THAT JOIN IDEAS
141
PALABRAS QUE JUNTAN IDEAS O FRASES
SE USAN PARA HACER COMENTARIOS Y/O AMPLIAR LA

INFORMACION
EVEN INCLUSO
FOR EXAMPLE POR EJEMPLO
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
SPECIALTY ESPECIALMENTE
ALSO TAMBIEN
SO ASI QUE
BECAUSE PORQUE
NEARLY CERCA
ONLY SOLO
BUT PERO
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
EITHER TAMPOCO
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE/DE
HECHO
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AS WELL TAMBIEN
I WISH = IF ONLY
142
(Ojalá)
OBSERVAR:
QUE EL CAMBIO DEL TIEMPO VERBAL ES UN PASO

HACIA DELANTE EN EL PASADO.
ESTO ES.....:
AM / IS......WAS
ARE.....WERE
HAVE / HAS.....HAD
CAN....COULD
WILL / WON’T....WOULD
DOES / DO.....DID
LIKE...LIKED
GO....WENT
ETC.ETC...
I AM SHORT - I WISH I WAS TALL (or If only)

I LIVE IN SPAIN -I WISH I DIDN’T LIVE IN SPAIN(or If only)
-I WISH I LIVED IN ENGLAND
(Quiero cambiar algo del presente)
PETER SMOKES TOO MUCH -I WISH HE WOULD’T SMOKE SO MUCH (or If

only)
(Para hábitos que nos molestan)
(pensamos en futuro:(Ojalá dejara de fumar)
y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)
TOM WON’T HELP ME -I WISH PETER WOULD HELP ME (or If only)
IM DIDN’T LEARN GERMAN -I WISH I HAD LEARNED GERMAN (or If only)

(Algo que ocurrió y que ojalá no hubiera ocurrido)
ESTILO DIRECTO/ESTILO INDIRECTO
143
He said that... / he told me that...

El verbo que aparece detrás SAID o TOLD (SB.)
está normalmente en pasado
AM / IS......WAS (Presente Continuo a Pasado Continuo)

(She said) I’m working..........She said that She was working
(They said to us) The hotel isn’t very good...They told us the hotel wasn’t
very good
ARE.....WERE (Presente a Pasado)

(I said ) The shops are open...He said that the shops were open
HAVE / HAS.....HAD (Present Perfect a Past Perfect)

(I said to him) I’ve finished my work ... I told him that I had finished my
work
CAN....COULD (Auxiliar en Presente a Auxiliar en Pasado)

(Tom said) I can’t come to the party...Tom said that he couldn’t come to
the party
WILL / WON’T....WOULD ( Futuro a condicional de Futuro)

(My friends said to me) The exam will be easy...My friends told me that
the exam would be easy
DOES / DO.....DID (Auxiliar en Presente a Auxiliar en Pasado)
(I said) It doesn’t matter...I said that it didn’t matter

(He said) I don’t know your address...he said that he didn’t know my
address
LIKE...LIKED (Presente a Pasado

(Mary Said) I like wine...Mary said that she liked the wine
GO....WENT (Presente a Pasado
144
(They said ) We often go to the cinema... They said that they often went
to the cinema
En este tipo de frases, THAT puede omitirse
ESTILO DIRECTO / ESTILO INDIRECTO(II)

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE PASA PAST SIMPLE
I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN
LONDON
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST CONTINUOUS
HE’S READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING
A BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT PASA PAST PERFECT
HE’S FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED
THE BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN
I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR AN WAITING FOR AN HOUR
HOUR
PAST SIMPLE PASA PAST PERFECT
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS A SHE SAID SHE HADTRIED TO
FOR THE THEATRE GET TICKETS FOR THE
THEATRE
FUTURE (WILL) PASA CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
I‘LL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD
FINISH IT LATER
FUTURE CONTINUOUS PASA CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
I’LL BE GOING TO A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE
UNIVERSITY IN A FEW GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A
YEARS FEW YEARS
PAST PERFECT SE PAST PERFECT
QUEDA
EN
PAST PERFECT SE PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS QUEDA CONTINUOUS
EN
145
CAMBIOS
SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XX
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
X
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK THE WEEK BEFORE
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYS’TIME
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE
DON’T NOT TO
146
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON

HE’S READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING A BOOK

HE’S FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN
HOUR
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE A SHE SAID SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS
THEATRE FOR THE THEATRE
I‘LL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER

I’LL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO
YEARS UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS
PAST PERFECT SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN CONTINUOUS
Bnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn gggggggggggg lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
llllll
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
lllllll
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
YESTERDAY TTHE DAY BEFORE
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
DON’T NOT TO
147
REPORTING SPEECH
REPORTED STATEMENTES
(AFIRMACIONES)
Si el reporting verb en el estilo directo esta en pasado,(ej. said, told,),es usual que le
verbo del
Estilo indirecto,se mueva un tiempo atrás.
Present Past
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Etc...
I’m going He said he was going
Si el verbo en el estilo directo está en Presente en el indirecto sigue en Presente
I come from Spain She says she comes from Spain
REPORTED QUESTIONS
(PREGUNTAS)
1- El orden de las palabras en el reported questions es diferente en el report speech.

No hay inversion del sujeto y el verbo auxiliary no hay do/does/did.
What time is it? He wants to know what time it is.

Where do you live She asked me where I lived
2-Si no hay question word (what, who, where...etc),usamos “If”

She wants to know if she should wear a dress.
148
REPORTING SPEECH (II)

REPORTED COMMANDS, REQUEST, OFFERS AND
ADVICE
(ORDENES, PETICIONES, OFRECIMIENTOS Y

CONSEJOS)
1- SE FORMAN CON:VERBO + PERSONA+ TO+ INFINITIVO
They told us to go away
She persuaded me to have a hair cut
2- PARA ORDENES NEGATIVAS USAMOS NOT TO

He told me not to tell anyone
3-USAMOS “TELL”PARA AFIRMACIONES Y ORDENES,

PERO LA FORMA ES DIFERENTE.
Statements:
He told me that he was going
They told us that they were going abroad
Commands:
He told me to keep still
The police told people to move on
4-USAMOS “ASK” PARA ORDENES Y PREGUNTAS,

PERO LA FORMA ES DIFERENTE.
Commands:
He asked me to open my suitcase
She asked me not to smoke
Questions:
He asked me what I did for a living
She asked me why I had come
149
TALK AND SPEAK

EN INGLES BRITANICO USAMOS LA PREPOSICION TO
PERA EN INGLES AMERICANO SE USA WITH.
YA ES IGUAL DE COMUN EL WITH EN LOS DOS
CAN I SPEAK TO YOU ?

CAN I SPEAK WITH YOU ?
TALK
SUGIERE QUE DOS O MAS PERSONAS ESTAN TENIENDO UNA

CONVERSACION
ES MAS COMUN QUE SPEAK.
WE STAYED UP ALL NIGT TALKING
SUGIERE USUALMENTE LA IDEA DE UNA CONVERSACION
SPEAK
SUGIERE ALGO MAS SERIO Y/O FORMAL
I HAVE A COMPLAINT. I’D WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK TO THE MANAGER
SUGIERE TAMBIEN,QUE UNA PERSONA ESTA HABLANDO MAS QUE OTRA
THE DOCTOR SPOKE TO THE AUDIENCE ABOUT THE DANGER OF

SMOKING
PUEDE SOLO REFERIRSE AL USO COMO PALABRA
I’VE LOST MY VOICE.I CAN’T SPEAK
USAMOS SPEAK CUANDO HABLAMOS SOBRE IDIOMAS
HOW MANY LANGUAGES CAN YOU SPEAK?
150
TO GET MARRIED CASARSE CON ALGUIEN (QUE DESCONOCEMOS)

TO BE MARRIED TO SB. ESTAR CASADO CON ALGUIEN
TO MARRY SOMEBODY CASARSE CON ALGUIEN QUE CONOCEMOS
ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO
• Se llama directo al estilo, cuando el que habla o escribe reproduce textualmente

con las que se ha expresado el autor...
• En el estilo indirecto el que habla o escribe,refiere por si mismo lo que el otro ha
dicho.
Veamos algunos ejemplos:
PEDRO: Los libros estan sobre la mesa (The books are on the table)
MARIA: Pedro dijo que los libros estaban encima de la mesa ( Peter said the books
were
on the table) .
PEDRO: Trabajo aquí (I work here)

MARÍA: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)
Un somero analisis de estos ejemplos nos revela que estas estructuras sintacticas son
basicamentes ,coincidentes en inglés y español.
Nos revela igualmente que:
a) Las construcciones de estilo indirecto van precedidas de un verbo introductorio.

b) Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las
construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.
c) El paso de estilo directo a estilo indirecto implica cambios importantes en tres
campos : Sujeto, Verbos y Adverbios. (Observese los subrayados)
151
VERBOS INTRODUCTORIOS
Existen una serie de verbos introductorios cuya selección viene fundamentalmente
determinada por el sentido de la frase.Cuando esta recoge un hecho sin matices,el
verbo introductorio es SAY o TELL. La diferencia radica en que usamos TELL
cuando se especifica el complemento indirecto y SAY cuando no se hace.
PETER: “I work here”

JOHN: Peter said he worked there (casi nunca se dice Peter said to me)
ó
Peter told me he worked here
ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO (II)
QUESTIONS
Si la frase en estilo directo es una PREGUNTA, el verbo introductorio,es ASKED
(Preguntó)
Puede darse dos casos :pregunta con o sin interrogativo (pronombre).

En el primer caso la frase resultante es una interrogativa y en el segundo una
disyuntiva con WHETHER o mucho mas comunmente con IF.
MARY: “Who lives next door? ”-Pronombre intrrogativo.

JOHN: “Mary asked who lived next door”
MARY: “Does Peter live in London? ”

JOHN: “Mary asked IF (whether) Peter lived in London.”
Debe de prestarse especial atención al hecho de que las interrogativas indirectas

tienen estructura afirmativa en ingles
El complemento indirecto del verbo ASK puede aparecer o no aparecer,sin que ello
introduzca ninguna otra modificacion.
Cuando la frase en estilo directo expresa un RUEGO irá introducido en estilo

indirecto por ASK (Pedir).
MARY to JANE: “Open the window,plese”

MARY asked JANE to open the window
MARY: “Don’t say that please,Peter”

JOHN: “ Mary asked Peter not to say that”
152
Sin en lugar de un ruego, se trata de una
ORDEN o MANDATO
El verbo introductorio de estilo indirecto el TELL (a veces ORDER)
MARY to the boy :”Stop making noise !”

JOHN: Mary told (ordered) the boy,to stop making noise
MARY to the boy: “Don’t make noise!”

JOHN: Mary told to the boy not to make noise
ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO (III)
Es necesario tener presente la necesidad de señalar de un modo explicito el

complemento
indirecto con TELL ya apuntado mas arriba.
Los verbos introductorios que acabamos de señalar son mas caracteristicos, pero hay
otros muchos que pueden aparecer esporadicamente tal como ponen de manifiesto los
ejemplos que siguen:
• He promised that he would do it the next day
• He wrote he was coming next week
• The phoned he was going to do the shopping
• He explained he hadnt’t been able to do it
• She remarked that the situation was rather complicated
Otros:
Said Accepted Hoped Exclaimed

Told Accused Insisted Urged
Slated Admitted Pollited at Asked
Responded Agreed Promised Inquired
Expressed Apologized Wished Wondered
Thought Assured Wanted Refused
Reminded Called Ordered Insisted
Invited Congratulated Begged Offered
Suggested Denied Warned Shauted
153
En Málaga a 6 de Junio de 2.000
Álvaro Souvirón
154
ÁLVARO SOUVIRÓN 3ºCURSO 2000-2001
PRESENT PERFECT
- Se hace la pregunta en inglés con Present Perfect,pero se traduce al español

en Presente.
A- How long has he been in Spain?
B- Cuanto tiempo hace que esta en España?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continuan ahora.

- Con How long.......+ Since and For
A-How long have you been studying english?

C- I‘ve been studying english for two years
- Acciones que acaban de terminar recientemente
A- You’re very dirty.What have you been doing?

B- I’ve been playing football
REFLEXIVOS
Myself, Himself, Herself, Yourself

Yourselves, Ourselves, Themselves
Si se les adjunta la particula “By” = Solo
She was by herself

Estaba sola
Each other A B
Paul and Peter live near each other
Enjoy..: Siempre necesita un reflexivo u otro objeto al lado

We enjoyed oorselves
154
BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER
BOTH....and... (A and B)...: Ambos / Los dos

Both Auxi and I are studying english
EITHER .... or... (A or B)....:Uno u otro / cualquiera

Either Auxi or Álvaro have blue eyes
NEITHER ...nor... (A nor B )....: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos

Neither Auxi nor Álvaro have curly hair
ONE OF US...: Uno de los dos

One of us are fatter than other one
- Despues de BOTH y NEITHER el verbo debe ser positivo

- Pueden llevar detrás un sustantivo
-
- Si el sustantivo va precedido de The, These, This, My...se añade “Of”
Both of the .../ Neither of these ...
-Con pronombres personales, también se añade Of

Both of them Both of us Neither of you
Niether of us was ungry
- Con un verbo negativo, se usa Either en vez de Neither.

I don’t know either of them
- Neither puede usarse solo o al principio de la frase
POSESIVOS –‘S y OF
- El Apostrophe -‘S se usa con personas

Lo poseido se coloca detrás y no lleva articulo
My sister’s mouse
- Of, se usa para hablar de cosas, lugares..
The roof of the building
155
Present En frases del tipo .... Significa:

Perfect +
ALREADY - Afirmativas YA
- Interrogativas (esperamos que la respuesta YA
sea afirmativa)
YET -Negativas TODAVÍA
Interrogativas (No sabemos si la respuesta sera YA
afirmativa o negativa, pedimos apinion)
JUST - Afirmativas ( Se intercala Just entre el ACABAR DE:
verbo To Have y el Participio
TOO
- Significa : También
- Se coloca al final de la frase
- Va detrás de un verbo afirmativo
I’m happy . I’m happy too
NOT EITHER
-Significa : Tampoco
-Se coloca al final de la frase
-Va detrás de un verbo negativo
I’m not happy . I’m not happy either
SO AM I
Estructura: So + auxiliar + sujeto
-Significa: (y) yo también
- Se usa en frase Positivas
I’m tired . So Am I
NEITHER DO I
Estructura: Neither + auxiliar + sujeto
-Significa: (ni) yo tampoco
- Se usa en frase Negativas
I won’t be here tomorrow. Neither will I
156
AM/ IS / ARE
SO WAS / WERE
DO / DID / DOES
HAVE / HAD
CAN
NEITHER WILL
MUST
IMPORTANTE: Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,: DO/ DOES / DID

NEITHER =NOR
SO AM I
(y) yo tambien
• En frases afirmativas
• Se coloca al principio de la frase
• Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did...) correspondiente
al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”
I’m tired / So am I
I was late for work today / So was John
I work in a bank / So do I
We went to the cinema last night / So did we
NEITHER DO I
(ni) yo tampoco
• En frases negativas
• Se coloca al principio de la frase
• Detrás se coloca el auxiliar (Have, Can, Did...) correspondiente
al verbo de la frase anterior . Cuando no sabemos el auxiliar,usamos “DO”
What does he like doing?.....que le gusta hacer?
What does he look like?...... Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)
Who does he look like?....... A quien se parece?
What’s it like?..............Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)
How is she?...................Como esta? (de salud)
Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase nº1
157
“BASTANTE”
SHE’S QUITE TALL
VERY
RATHER
FAIRLY
Rather es “Bastante” pero en frase negativas,con un tono peyorativo

The meal was rather expensive
Fairly, también se traduce por “Bastante” pero con un matiz menor que los
otros tres casos.
My parents live in a fairly large house
Mis padres viven en una casa bastante grande
No tienen que ver con Enough y Too (suficiente y demasiado)

158
LOOK OR LOOK LIKE

LOOK + ADJECTIVE.....:PERSONALIDAD
LOOK LIKE +NOUN.....:ASPECTO / APARIENCIA
OBLIGACION
Obligacion propia que yo me impongo y/o moral: MUST (DEBO)
Obligacion externa (una orden dada por tu jefe/padre: HAVE TO (TENGO)
POSESIVOS
En cuanto al apostrofe:
1. A photo of my father (una foto donde aparece mi padre)
2. A photo of my father’s ( Unas fotos que ha pagado my padre aunque no
aparezca)
Con pronombres posesivos
A friend of mine
A friend of yours
A friend of hers
A friend of his
A friend of theirs
A friend of ours
PARTS OF THE DAY

• MORNING (In the morning): de 8:00 de la mañana a 14:00
• AFTERNOON (In the afternoon): de 14:00 a 18:00
• EVENING (In the evening): de 18:00 a 23:00
• NIGHT(At the night): Despues de las 23:00
159
/i/ OR /ai/
i entre consonantes = /i/ (skin, dinner)
i + consonante + e = /ai/ (wine,driver)
igh entre consonantes = /ai/ (right,light)
PRESENT SIMPLE or PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

SITUACIONES PERMANENTES ACCIONES QUE ESTAN
I live in a flat SUCEDIENDO “AHORA”,EN EL
MOMENTO DE HABLAR
I’m having dinner with friends
ACCIONES HABITUALES + PARA CITAS FUTURAS
EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO What are you doing on friday night?
She always has toast for breakfast
LOS VERBOS DE POSESION,NO SON USADOS

EN PRESENT CONTINUOUS :
WANT, LIKE, LOVE, HATE,

NEED, PREFER, DEPEND, KNOW,
MEAN, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE,
REMEMBER, FORGET
160
TIME EXPRESSIONS
AT
Se usa para decir la hora
At 8 o’clock / At 10:30 / At midnight
Y también:
At weekend / At night / At christmas / At the end / At the moment
ON
Se usa con los dias y las fechas
On Sundays / On April 25 / On my birthday / On Christmas Eve
Y también:
On Monday morning / On Saturday night
IN
Se usa con los meses,años y estaciones
In April / In 1996 / In Summer
Y también:
In the morning / In the afternoon / In the evening /
In five minutes / in a few days/ In six weeks / In two years
161
QUANTIFIERS
Los sustantivos pueden ser CONTABLES o INCONTABLES
PARA GRANDES CANTIDADES:
POSITIVO A LOT /LOTS OF A LOT/ LOTS OF

NEGATIVO (NOT) MANY (NOT) MUCH
PARA PEQUEÑAS CANTIDADES:

POSITIVO A FEW A LITTLE
VERY FEW VERY LITTLE
Grandes Pequeñas Cantidad Mas de lo que Menos de lo

cantidades cantidades cero necesitas que
necesitas
CONTABLE (+) A LOT OF A FEW NOT...ANY TOO MANY NOT
LOTS OF VERY FEW NONE ENOUGH
(-) NOT MANY
(?) HOW MANY
UNCONTABLE (+) A LOT OF A LITTLE NOT...ANY TOO MUCH NOT

LOTS OF VERY NONE ENOUGH
(-)NOT MUCH LITTLE
(?)HOW MUCH
162
CONTABLE......MANY / FEW
INCONTABLE......MUCH / LITTLE
I HAVEA FEW FRIEND......TENGO MUCHOS AMIGOS

I HAVE FEW FRIENDS....TENGO POCOS AMIGOS
A LOT OF .....MUCHO (CANTIDAD)

A LOT ...ME GUSTA MUCHO, MUCHAS GRACIAS...
TOO + ADJECTIVE
TOO MUCH + NOUN (CONTABLE)
REMEMBER:
DO YOU GOING (NUNCA!!!)
DO + ING SON INCOMPATIBLES
163
GERUND
1. DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES
She left without saying goodbye
I´m thinking of buying a flat
2. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS ( ”EMOCION” )

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH, STOP...
I love cooking but I hate cleaning
I don’t mind driving you to the airport
3. COMO EL SUJETO DE LA FRASE

Eating in restaurants is expensive
Swimming is good exercise
TO + INFINITIVE
1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
It’s difficult to learn a language
2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON / PROPOSITO)

Why did you go to Mexico?
To see my aunt and uncle
3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( “INTENCION” )

WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE, EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET,
SEEM, TRY, PROMISE, OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE
Would you like to come?
I’m hoping to get a better job soon
164
QUESTION TAGS
Las QUESTION TAGS, son pequeñas preguntas al final de una frase que
corresponden a expresiones en español como: No? / Verdad?
Si la frase es afirmativa, la question tag es negativa

Si la frase es negativa, la question tag es afirmativa
Frase afirmativa Q.T. Negativa
It’s a beautiful day ins’t it?

She lives in London doesn’t she?
You Closed the window didn’t you?
Those shoes are nice aren’t they?
Tom will be at home tomorrow won’t he?
Frase Negativa Q.T. Afirmativa
That ins’t your car is it?

You don’t smoke do you?
You haven’t met my mother have you?
You won’t be late will you?
Usamos DO/DOES para el presente y DID para el pasado
SHORT ANSWERS
Usamos las Short Answers despues de preguntas con respuestas SI /NO
Para hacer una Short Answer,repetimos el verbo auxiliar.
Si no lo hay ,usamos do/does/did
Are you coming with us? Yes I am / No I’m not

Mary likes reading Yes she does / No she doesn’t
Do you go out yesterday Yes,we did / No we didn’t
Have you been here before? Yes,I have / no I haven’t
Can you cook? Yes I can / no I can’t
165
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH : GOOD ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN : ENOUGH MONEY
I USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO

(SOLÍA / NO SOLÍA)
Usamos USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO,
Para hábitos que han cambiado
I used to drive to work ( but i don’t now)
Situaciones pasadas o estados que han cambiado
She used to be a Diana Lookalike (But now,she isn’t)

She used to have short hair (But now,she’s a different style)
Para hábitos y/o situaciones del presente usamos

USUALLY+ PRESENT SIMPLE
I used to eat a lot of meat but now I usually eat fish
Porque: USED TO ,no existe en el

presente!!!
(+) I USED TO WORK IN A RESTAURANT
(-) I DIDN’T USED TO DRIVE TO WORK
(?) DID YOU USED TO PLAY WITH DOLLS WHEN
YOU WERE A CHILD?
166
WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD, DID YOU USE TO...

... SHARE A BEDROOM ?
Yes, I did. When I was a child I used to share a bedroom.
... BE ILL A LOT ?

Yes, I did. I used to be ill a lot.
... DO ANY SPORT ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to do any sport.
... PLAY IN THE STREET ?

Yes, I did. I used to play in the street .It was funny.
... LIKE SCHOOL ?

No, I didn’t. I didn use to like school. It was bored.
... EAT A LOT OF SWEETS ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to eat a lot of sweets. I didn’t like they.
... WATCH A LOT OF TV ?

Yes, a did. I used to watch a lot of TV.
... HATE ANY PARTICULAR FOOD ?

Yes, I did. I used to hate turkey and chicken,Today, already, I hate them
... FIGHT WITH YOUR BROTHER OR SISTER ?

Yes, I did: I used to fight with my brothers or sister.
... VISIT YOUR GRANDPARENTS ?

No, I didn’t. I didn’t use to visit my grandparents. They were died in that moment.
... BE AFRAID OF ANYTHING ?

Yes, I did. I used to be afraid of darkness and Count Drácula!
... HAVE A FAVOURITE POP GROUP / SINGER ?

Yes, I did. I used to have a favourite singer and pop group.
167
El comparativo y superlativo de los

adjetivos
La formación del comparativo y el superlativo de los adjetivos depende
del número de sílabas de la palabra.
Los adjetivos de una sílaba, excepto aquéllos que terminan en -ed (vexed,
bored), forman el comparativo agregando -er y el superlativo agregando
-est:
tall taller tallest
he's taller than me
big bigger biggest

it's the biggest in the world
La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo

usando more y el superlativo usando most:
famous more famous most famous
careful more careful most careful
interesting more interesting most interesting
Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos
irregulares:
good better best
bad worse worst
far further/farther furthest/farthest
many more most
much more most
little less least
168
ANY MORE / ANY LONGER
Usamos ANY MORE / ANY LONGER al final de una oracion con un verbo
negativo
para indicar que una situación pasada ya no existe.
I don’t work there any more

I used to work there but I don’t now
ANY LONGER / NO LONGER significan lo mismo que ANY MORE ,

pero es mas formal
This credit card is no longer valid
MAKE, LET (+ Person + Infinitive) without TO

BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive)
Usamos LET + Person + Infinitive para “PERMITIR”
Our teachers let us wear what we like
Usamos MAKE + Person + Infinitive para “OBLIGACIONES”

(A obliga a B a hacer algo)
Our boss makes us work late

Does your teacher make you speak English in class?
Usamos BE ALLOWED TO (+ Infinitive) para decir que PODEMOS / NO

PODEMOS
We aren’t allowed to smoke in the office
169
PAST TENSES ARE:
MAKE MADE
LET LET
BE ALLOWED TO WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO
THE JOKER
El articulo definitivo THE

(El/La/Los/Las)
Usamos THE:
• Para hablar acerca de GENTE, COSAS, SITIOS “ESPECIFICOS”

The books I bought yesterday
• Cuando solo hay UNO de algo (El Sol, La Luna, La Oficina de Correos)
We looked at the Moon
• Si esta CLARO que tú estas hablando sobre eso.

She opened the door and went into the flat
• Con instrumentos musicales

I can play the piano but no the guitar
170
NO usamos THE
• Cuando estamos hablando acerca de COSAS o GENTE “EN GENERAL”

Men /women are selfish
Love is more important than money
• Con: SITIOS EN GENERAL : School, University, Work, Bed, Hospital,

Church...
She’s at school
I start work at 8.00
• Despues de verbos BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE

How often do you go to church?
• Con NEXT / LAST ...WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...

I went to Amsterdam last month
What are you doing next weekend
• Con DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

I hate football but I love cicling
I’m terrible at Maths
RESUMEN DE THE
SI
COSAS, SITIOS, GENTE ESPECIFICA
•
• SOLO HAY UNA :SOL LUNA...
• ESTAMOS HABLANDO DE UNA COSA CLARAMENTE
• INSTRUMENTOS MUSICALES
171
NO
• COSAS, GENTE EN GENERAL
• SITIOS EN GENERAL: SCHOOL,WORK,HOSPITAL,UNIVERSITY...
• DESPUES DE :BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH, LEAVE
• CON : NEXT / LAST ...MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...
• CON DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS
CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
CAN Y COULD SOLO SE UTILIZAN EN

TIEMPO PRESENTE Y PASADO
LOS USAMOS PARA DECIR QUE ALGO ES POSIBLE O QUE ALGUIEN
TIENE LA HABILIDAD DE HACER ALGO
I can speak German
They can come at 7 o’clock
She couldn’t help me
BE ABLE TO SE UTILIZA EN FUTURO

LO USAMOS CUANDO NO ES UNA FORMA DE CAN
I’ll be able to drive next year

She’s never been able to park
I’d like to be able to dance well
I’ll be able to= PODRÉ
Being (Sujeto) able to use= Poder usar
172
PASADO
USO DEL COULD ó WAS /WERE ABLE TO
USAMOS COULD PARA HABLAR DE UNA HABILIDAD GENERAL
My grandfather could play the piano
USAMOS WAS / WERE BE ABLE TOPARA DECIR QUE ALGUIEN HIZO

ALGO EN UNA OCASIÓN ESPECIAL O TENIA UNA DIFICULTAD MUY
GRANDE PARA HACERLO
Although the restaurant was very full, we were able to get a table
I was be able to pass my driving test after six times
CAN Y COULD
La formas negativas de can y could son can't y couldn't, pero en
contextos formales o enfáticos se suele usar cannot y could not. Cuando
expresan la idea de posibilidad o permiso, y en oraciones interrogativas
en las que se pide un favor, can equivale a puedo, puedes, etc. y could
puede equivaler a podía, podías, etc., pude, pudiste, etc. o podría, podrías,
etc.:
He can help you él te puede ayudar

Can you open the door for me? ¿me puedes abrir la puerta?
She couldn't understand why no podía entender por qué
I couldn't finish the essay no pude terminar el trabajo
Could you lend me the money? ¿me podrías prestar el dinero?
We could go by train podríamos ir en tren
La expresión to be able to sustituye a can y could en los tiempos

verbales en que éstos no se utilizan:
173
Do you think he'll be able to do it? ¿crees que podrá hacerlo?

She hopes to be able to come on Tuesday espera poder venir el
martes
I haven't been able to do it yet todavía no he podido hacerlo
can't, could y couldn't también pueden ir seguidos de

have + participio:
He can't have said that! ¡ no puede haber dicho eso!
You could have told me! ¡ me lo podrías haber dicho!
I couldn't have done it without you no lo podría haber hecho sin ti
can y could equivalen a formas del verbo saber

cuando van seguidos de verbos que expresan una habilidad que se ha
adquirido:
She can't swim no sabe nadar
Can you type? ¿sabes escribir a máquina?
He could read when he was four sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro años
She told us she couldn't sing nos dijo que no sabía cantar
can y could generalmente no se traducen al

español cuando van seguidos de los verbos de los
sentidos:
I can't hear you no te oigo
I can see why she doesn't like it ya veo por qué no le gusta
He couldn't see a thing no veía nada
She could smell gas notó que olía a gas
174
AFIRMATIVO ? / NEGATIVO ?
COMO CONOCER SI ES CAN ó CAN’T CUANDO NOS LO

HABLAN :
Si la entonacion va sobre CAN es Afirmativo:

I can stop
Si la entonacion va sobre el VERBO PRINCIPAL es Negativo

I can’t stop
CAN BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE

PRESENT CAN AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO
SIMPLE - WILL BE ABLE TO
FUTURE (WILL) COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
PAST SIMPLE - HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
P. PERFECT - (TO) BE ABLE TO
INFINITIVE - BEING ABLE TO
GERUND
SUGERENCIAS
• LET’S....
• WHY DON’T WE....?
• HOW ABOUT...?
175
PARA CUANDO .... ?
When is It for ? Para cuando es ?

When would It be for ? Para cuando sería /Estaría ?
When will It be for ? Para será /estará
EN CASO
• In case (Por si acaso)
In case it rains, take an umbrella
• In the event (En caso de )

In the event of fire, call 080
176
BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES

PODEMOS USAR ADJETIVOS QUE AUMENTAN EL SIGNIFICADO DE ALOS
ADVERBIOS .POR EJEMPLO VERY Y ABSOLUTELY
NO PODEMOS DECIR ABSOLUTELY BIG PORQUE ABSOLUTELY SOLO VA CON

STRONG ADJECTIVES. Y NI PODEMOS DECIR
VERY ENORMOUS PORQUE ENORMOUS YA SIGNIFICA VERY BIG.
BASE ADJECTIVE STRONG ADJECTIVE

COLD FREEZING
TASTY DELICIOUS
INTERESTING FASCINATING
BAD HORRID, HORRIBLE, AWFUL,TERRIBLE,
DISGUSTING
GOOD PERFECT, MARVELLOUS, SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
DIRTY FILTHY
FUNNY HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED TERRIFIED
CLEVER BRILLIANT
PRETTY BEAUTIFUL
BIG ENORMOUS
SAD TRAGIC
TIRED EXHAUSTED
COLD FREEZING
HOT BOILING
HUNGRY STARVING
LITTLE TINY
ANGRY FURIOUS
SURPRISED AMAZED. ASTONISHED
SURE POSITIVE
ED = PEOPLE I’M BORED (SOY ABURRIDO)
ING =THINGS /PERSON I’M BORING (ESTOY ABURRIDO)

IT’S BORING ES ABURRIDO
177
A SEVERAL PHRASAL VERBS

FIND OUT DESCUBRIR
GET ON (WELL) LLEVARSE (BIEN)
GIVE UP DEJAR
GO ON SEGUIR
GO UP SUBIR /AUMENTAR
LIE DOWN TUMBARSE /HECHARSE
LOOK FOR BUSCAR
LOOK UP BUSCAR INFORMACION
PUTT OFF POSPONER
SET OFF PONERSE EN CAMINO
MAKING REQUESTS
EN INGLES HAY MUCHAS FORMAS DE HACER PETICIONES:
CAN
COULD
YOU HELP ME PLEASE?
WILL
WOULD
CAN
I SPEAK TO YOU ,PLEASE?
COULD
178
COULD Y WILL SON MAS INFORMALES
Would you mind opening the window?

Le importaría abrir la ventana?
Do you mind if I open the window?

Le importa si abro la ventana?
CAN YOU...? OR COULD YOU..?

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO (PUEDES,
PODRÍAS?)
Can / could) you open the door ,please ?

can / could you tell me the time ?
CAN I...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO ( PUEDO ?)
Tom, can i take your umbrella ?

(At phone) Hello. Can I speak to gary,please ?
CAN I HAVE...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS ( QUISIERA... DESEARIA... ME DA...? )
Can I have the bill ,please?

Can I have these postcards,please?
179
WHOULD YOU LIKE...?
PARA OFRECER ALGO:

Would you like some coffee
PARA INVITAR A ALGUIEN:
Would you like to come to a party ?
“QUISIERA” ES UNA MANERA EDUCADA DE PEDIR ALGO:
I’d like a drink
REQUEST
RESUME
SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO

(PUEDES, PODRÍAS?)
CAN I...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO (PUEDO?)
CAN I HAVE...?
SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS (QUISIERA..DESEARIA.. ME DA..?)

WHOULD YOU LIKE...?
QUIERES...? (LITERALMENTE: TE GUSTARÍA? )
180
FUTURE FORMS
WILL
I’ll give you my phone number. Ring me tonight
I’ll check her diary for you
I’ll phone back later
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny
I’m sure you‘ll pass your exam
GOING TO
DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO (Ya premeditadas)
We’re going to have a holiday
My daughter’s going to study spanish in madrid

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain
181
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
especialmennte con los verbos
GO, COME, SEE, MEET, LEAVE HAVE(DINNER ETC)
Pat and Peter are coming for a meal tonight
We’re having salmon for supper
BECAUSE Y BECAUSE OF
LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ES QUE
BECAUSE OF NO VA ACOMPAÑADO DE VERBO
He didn’t come BECAUSE he was ill

He didn’t come BECAUSE OF his illness
I WORK (sus prepocisiones de lugar)

IN.....: a city / country / region
AT....: (Inside of) Hospital / chemist’s / market
FOR ....: Big Companies
ACONTECIMIENTOS QUE VAN O PUEDEN SUCEDER
1º SEGURO QUE VA A SUCEDER:

You’re going to have an accident
2º PREDICCION (CON EL CONDICIONAL IF):

You’ll have an accident if...
3º POSIBILIDAD DE QUE OCURRA:

You might / may have an accident
(Might : menos posible / May : más posible)
182
WILL........: DECISION EN EL MOMENTO

SHALL..........: OFRECIMIENTOS
MIGHT/MAY ...........: NO ESTAS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA
GOING TO...........: DECISION PREMEDITADA
PRESENT CONTINUOUS............: PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS
MIGHT / MAY
QUIZAS... / ES POSIBLE.../ PUEDE
SE USA PARA DECIR ALGO QUE NO ESTAMOS SEGURO

QUE SUCEDA
You haven’t decided if you really want to go to the party: I might go .I’m not
sure
You’re not sure if you want to go to the cinema tonight:I might see a film this
evening
MIGHT Y MAY VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN INFINITIVO “SIN TO”
MIGHT ES MAS COMUN EN INGLES HABLADO

Take your umbrella . It migth rain /Quizas llueva
Ann may phone tonight / Es posible que Ann llame esta noche
183
LA NEGACION
MIGHT NOT / MAY NOT
QUIZÁS NO
I might not go to work / Quizas no vaya a trabajar
Sue may not come to ... / Quizas Sue no venga a ....
PARA PEDIR PERMISO
MAY I ?
PUEDO?
May I smoke? / Puedo fumar?
May I sit here? / Puedo sentarme aquí?
LIVING IN THE MATERIAL WORLD

CUAL ES LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE.... ?
LEND...: DEJAR PRESTADO / BORROW...:PEDIR PRESTADO

WIN...: GANAR UN PREMIO / EARN...: GANAR DINERO TRABAJANDO
SPEND...: GASTAR / WASTE...: DERROCHAR
INHERIT...: HEREDAR / INVEST...: INVERTIR
WEALTHY ...: ADINERADO / BROKE...: ARRUINADO
184
VOCABULARY IN REFERENCE TO THE "MONEY"
BANK LOAN PRESTAMO BANCARIO

BANKRUPT ARRUINADO
BROKE SIN UN DURO
CAN’T AFFORD NO PODERSELO PERMITIR
DEBT DEUDA
EXCHANGE RATE TIPO DE CAMBIO
FOOTBALL POOLS QUINIELAS
FOREING CURRENCY MONEDA EXTRANJERA
GIVE AWAY DAR, DONAR
INCOME INGRESOS (POR SUELDO)
INHERIT HEREDAR
INVEST INVERTIR
LIKELIHOOD PROBABILIDAD
MORTGAGE HIPOTECA
NOTE BILLETE
OWE DEBER DINERO / UN FAVOR...
SAFE CAJA FUERTE
SHARES ACCIONES DE BOLSA
SPEND GASTAR DINERO
TO SHOW OFF ALARDEAR
WASTE (MONEY) DERROCHAR
WEALTHY ADINERADO,RICO
WILL TESTAMENTO
YIELD RENDIMIENTO
185
FIRST CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDADES FUTURAS Y SUS
CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PRESENT... FUTURE + INFINITIVE
If she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes

she'll be here in ten minutes, If she takes a taxi
Si toma un taxi, Estará aquí en diez minutos
Estará aquí en diez minutos, si toma un taxi
En este caso es posible que se cumpla la condición
expresada.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE UN PRESENTE IMAGINARIO O UNA
SITUACION FUTURA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PAST...CONDITIONAL (WOULD / WOULDN’T)+
INFINITIVE
If she took a taxi, She would be here in ten minutes

She would be here in ten minutes, If she took a taxi
Si tomara un taxi, estaría aquí en diez minutos
Estaría aquí en diez minutos, si tomara un taxi
If I had any money, I would lend it to you
I would lend it to you, If I had any money
Si tuviera dinero, te lo prestaría (pero no tengo dinero)
Te lo prestaría, si tuviera dinero,
186

expresada.
En las oraciones condicionales a menudo se utiliza were en lugar de
was, sobre todo en la expresión if I were you (yo que tú):
If I were you, I would go and see a doctor
PUNTUALIZACIONES
• EL SUBJUNTIVO EN ESPAÑOL ES PRESENT SIMPLE EN

INGLÉS
I’ll do It if....I have time

I’ll do It when ....I have time
I’ll do It as soon as ....I have time
Lo haré si....tengo tiempo

Lo haré cuando....tenga tiempo
Lo haré tan pronto como....tenga tiempo
• EN LOS EJEMPLOS ANTERIORES: I WILL HAVE TIME :

NUNCA WILL !!!
I’ll do It if....I will have time

I’ll do It when ....I will have time
I’ll do It as soon as ....I will have time
• IF + NEGATIVE = UNLESS + AFFIRMATIVE
If he doesn’t arrive earlier , I’ll sack him

Si no llega mas pronto, le despedirè
Unless he arrives earlier , I’ll sack him
A menos que llegue mas pronto,le despedirè
187
VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION
VERBO MODAL NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

NO DEBER ,NO
PERSONAL PROHIBITION TENER QUE
OBLIGATION
HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE TO DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO

QUE
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
IT’S NO NECESSARY
SHOULD SHOULD NOT SHOULD’T TENDRIAS / NO
TENDRIAS
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACION
EJEMPLOS
MUST: OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)
I must remember her birthday
MUSTN’T: PROHIBICION
You mustn’t park here
HAVE TO: OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the left
DON’T HAVE TO: AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

It’s free. You don’t have to pay
SHOULD: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly
SHOULDN’T: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldn’t eat so much
188
Past Perfect
AFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
A past acction that I HAD I HADN’T WHEN HAD
PAST FINISHED FINISHED YOU
happened before
PERFECT WORK AT 6.00 WORK AT FINISHED
HAD + P.P
than another past 6.00 WORK?
acction
We arrived too late. They had already gone. (they went before we arrived)
Llegamos tarde.Ya se habian ido. (Se fueron antes de que llegaramos)
Formación. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del

Uso. Para referirse a acciones anteriores a determinado momento en el

pasado. Es el equivalente pasado del present perfect y se usa de forma
paralela:
I had already seen that film ya había visto la película
Sin embargo, con este tiempo, a diferencia de con el present perfect, se

puede especificar el momento en que había ocurrido la acción:
I wasn't hungry because I had had breakfast half an hour before
189
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Las frases de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la
informacion y decirnos sobre QUIEN o DE QUE cosas estamos
hablando
WHO/THAT WHICH /THAT WHERE WHOSE

QUIEN /QUE CUAL/QUE DONDE CUYO /CUYA
The boy as gone into hospital (Wich boy?)

the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital
the book is very good (Wich book?)
The book that I bought yesterday is very good
WHO/THAT...QUIEN /QUE
WHO lo usamos para referirnos a personas
THAT lo usamos para referirnos a cosas
The book is about a girl who marries a millonaire

What was the name of the horse that won the race?
Si WHO o THAT es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:

Si WHO o THAT es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:

(Sujeto: you)
WHICH / THAT.....CUAL / QUE

Puede ser usado para referirnos a toda oracion o idea anterior
Jane can´t come to the party,wich is a shame
WHERE...DONDE
WHERE lo usamos para referirnos a lugares
The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach
WHOSE...CUYO /CUYA
Usamos WHOSE para referirnos a la posesion de alguien
That’s the woman whose son won the lottery
190
DEFINING RELATIVES
The actor WHO/THAT won The Oscar ir from New Zealand
The film WHICH/THAT won The Oscar was about gladiators
The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.
The film WHOSE direction won The Oscar was Gladiator
This is the person WHO works for me

Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi
(La persona : sujeto)
This is the person WHO I work for

Esta es la persona para la que trabajo
(Yo : sujeto)
That is the car WHICH cost 1 million Pounds

Este es el coche que cuesta 1 millón de Libras
(El coche : sujeto)
That is the car WHICH I like

Este es el coche que me gusta
(A mí: sujeto)
WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO

EL VERBO DESPUES DEL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO
(WHO / WHICH )TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE
191
NON-DEFINING RELATIVES
Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o

cosa.
LA FRASE QUE CONTIENE EL RELATIVO,

VA SIEMPRE ENTRE COMAS. (Ó COMA Y PUNTO)
En este tipo de uso del relativo,

NO PODEMOS OMITIR WHICH /WHO, WHERE AND WHOSE
como antes que se daba el caso al cambiar el sujeto.
NO PODEMOS USAR THAT
• The house ,which has a large garden, was just what they had always wanted
• My mother ,who is 65, has just retired
• Finally I arrived home, where my mother was waiting for me
• Chester,where my parents live, is a beautiful town
192
PREPOSICIONES Y EXPRESIONES DE
MOVIMIENTO
• GO STRAIGHT ON.................SIGA RECTO

• ON THE LEFT......................... A LA IZQUIERDA
• ON THE RIGHT...................... A LA DERECHA
• TAKE THE FIRST/SECOND... STREET ON......TOME LA 1ª,2ª.....CALLE A....
• TURN LEFT..............................TUERCE A LA IZQUIERDA
• TURN RIGHT.......................... TUERCE A LA DERERCHA
• GO PAST.................................. PASAR DE LARGO
• TO CROSS............................... CRUZAR
• CROSSROADS....................... CRUCE DE CAMINOS
• ICE RINK................................ PABELLON DE PATINAJE
• ROUND ABOUT.................... ROTONDA
• ALONG..................................... A LO LARGO
• DOWN........................................HACIA ABAJO
• UP................................................HACIA ARRIBA
• INTO .............................. ..........HACIA DENTRO
• OUT OF..................................... HACIA FUERA
• OVER .........................................POR ENCIMA
• PAST...........................................PASAR JUNTO A
• TROUGH...ATRAVESAR;A TRAVES DE 3 DIMENSIONES O CUANDO HAY
OBSTACULOS
• ACROSS....................................A TRAVES DE UNA SUPERFICIE
• UPHILL.......................................CUESTA ARRIBA
• DOWNHILL..............................CUESTA ABAJO
• KEEP WALKING.......................CONTINÚA
• KEEP GOING............................ SIGUE
• AS FAR AS................................ HASTA
• HALFWAY................................. MITAD DE LA CALLES
• JUCTION.................................. CRUCE DE CALLES
• CROSSROAD............................ CRUCE DE CARRETERAS
• CAR PARK.................................. APARCAMIENTO
193
LA VOZ PASIVA
La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo:

El presente pasivo se forma con: AM / IS / ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE
El pasado pasivo se forma con : WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Si queremos indicar quien hizo la accion usamos el by
Usamos la pasiva cuando no estamos interesados en quien realiza la accion
Su uso es mucho más frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en

español, ya que se emplea también en frases como:
it was decided that... se decidió que...
he was told the truth le dijeron la verdad
Positive Negative Questions

PRESENT Rice is grown in It isn’t grown in Is it grown
china. germany. In france?
Cars are made in They aren’t made Are they made in

brazil in monaco korea
PAST Paper was It wasn’t When was it
invented by invented by the invented?
chinese. greeks.
The pyramids They weren’t Were they built

were built by the built by the by the pharaons?
egiptians english
194
THE PASSIVE (EXAMPLES)

+ Anna Karenina was written by leo tolstoy
- Anna Karenina wasn’t written by william shakespeare
? Was Anna Karenina written by leo tolstoy ?
+ The pyramids were built by the egyptians

- The piramids weren’t built by the greeks
? Were the pyramids built by the egyptians ?
+ The 1994 world cup was won by the brazilians

- The 1994 world cup wasn’t won by the spanish
? Was the 1994 world cup won by the brazilians ?
+ Paper was invented by the chinese

- Paper wasn’t invented by the italians
? Was paper invented by the chinese ?
+ The mona lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci

- The mona lisa wasn’t painted by Miguel Angel Buonarotti
? Was the mona lisa painted by Leonardo da Vinci ?
+ The olimpics games were started by the greeks

- The olimpics games weren’t started by the romans
? Were the olimpics games started by the greeks?
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made
195
ASKING POLITELY FOR INFORMATION
• Where’s the bookshop?

Excuse me , IS there a bookshop near here, please ?
Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW. / COULD YOU TELL ME IF.....where the bookshop
IS ?
NOTAR QUE: en la primera frase el verbo IS esta dentro de la frase porque

forma parte de la pregunta que se hace.
SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase el verbo IS va al final de la frase porque

la pregunta en sí es DO YOU KNOW/ COULD YOU TELL ME IF... ?
(Esta es mucho mas educada y correcta)
DOES this train stop at London Bridge

DO the shops open on Sunday
NOTAR QUE: en la primera frase,el auxiliar es DOES, por que,this train es 3ª

persona del singular.
SIN EMBARGO: en la segunda frase, el auxiliar es DO, porque, the shops, es

tercera persona pero del plural
Do the shops open on Sunday ?

Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW IF... the shops open on Sunday ?
How long does the journey take ?

Excuse me, COULD YOU TELL ME ...How long the journey takes ?
Where do I have to get off ?

Excuse me, COULD YOU TELL ME ...Where I have to get off ?
Does this train stop at London Bridge ?

Excuse me, DO YOU KNOW IF...This train stops at London Bridge ?
196
LA VOZ PASIVA(II)
1ª REGLA DE LA PASIVA:
LA PASIVA, SIEMPRE TIENE QUE TENER UNA

REGLA VERBAL MÁS QUE LA FRASE EN ACTIVA.
e.g.
Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody
EN LA FRASE PASADA A PASIVA, LA PRIMERA

REGLA VERBAL,SIEMPRE CONSERVA EL MISMO
TIEMPO VERBAL.
e.g.
Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody
EN LA FRASE EN PASIVA,LA REGLA

VERBAL,SIEMPRE ACABARÁ EN PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g.
Casablanca is remembered by everybody
197
OTRAS:
• Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3

elementos)
Cuando el verbo es TO BE es Being
Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been
• Nunca ing detrás de have has being
El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos
Los adjetivos de una sílaba, forman el comparativo agregando -er y el

superlativo agregando -est:
tall taller tallest / he's taller than me
big bigger biggest / it's the biggest in the world
La mayoría de adjetivos de dos sílabas o más forman el comparativo

usando more y el superlativo usando most:
famous more famous most famous
careful more careful most careful
198
interesting more interesting most interesting

Algunos adjetivos de uso frecuente tienen comparativos y superlativos
irregulares:
good better best/
bad worse worst
far further/farther furthest/farthest
many more most
much more most
little less least
WHAT’S THE OPPOSITE OF...?
Comparative Opposittes Superlative Opposites

Adjectives Adjectives
Longer Shorter The slowest The fastest

Smaller Bigger The coldest The hottest
Cheaper More expensive The safest The most dangerous
More difficult Easier The saddest The happiest
More interesting More boring The rudest The most polite
Better Worse The best The worst
More Less The most The least
PARA COMPARAR DOS COSAS
• Comparativo + than or Adverbio + than

Boxing is more dangerous than rugby
I can run faster than you
PARA EXPRESAR MAXIMOS O MINIMOS
• The + Superlativo or The + Adverbio

She’s the tallest player in the team
She plays the best
199
DECIR QUE DOS COSAS SON LO MISMO
• As + Adjetivo + as or As + Adverbio + as
Our team is as good as yours
He can play as well as me
• The same as
My racket is the same as yours

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST + ER COMPARATIVE
HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST + EST SUPERLATIVE
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + MORE COMPARATIVE
EXPENSIVE MORE THE MOST EXPENSIVE +THE MOST UPERLATIVE
EXPENSIVE
BAD WORSE THE WORST
N0TA
It is the least expensive
Es el menos caro
Se traduce por el menos porque least va seguido de un adjetivo
It consumes the least petrol
Consume la menor cantidad de gasolina
Se traduce por la menor cantidad porque least va seguido de un nombre
200
NARRATIVE TENSES
• PAST SIMPLE
• PAST PERFECT
• PAST CONTINUOUS
Usamos el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en el

pasado
She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small café
(ella se tomo un café despues de comprar el periodico)
Usamos el PAST PERFECT para hablar acerca de algo que sucedió antes del
tiempo del cual estamos hablando
When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill
(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara)
Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir una

accion mas larga en continuo.
The sun was shining when she left the café
(La accion de continuo mas larga es que el sol estaba brillando.

Ella dejó el café es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la accion
mas larga de continuo)
201
VERBOS MODALES DE DEDUCCION
• MUST + Inf (Seguro que es verdad)

• MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)
• CAN’T + Inf (Es imposible)
Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo
(logicamente) es verdad. El contrario es CAN’T BE
He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.They’re speaking Italian
Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE

verdad.
She might be working. I’m not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.
Usamos CAN’T para decir que algo es IMPOSIBLE
It can’t be true! I don’t believe it.

They can’t be in New York! I saw them this morning.
202
CONNECTORS
Usamos ALTHOUGH / THOUGH ,HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND
para introducir otra frase cuya informacion difiere de la primera
We had a good time ,although / though it rained a lot

She usually listens to pop music,however/on the other hand,She likes opera
too.
ALTHOUGH / THOUGH significan lo mismo,
THOUGH no es usado al principio de la frase, suele ir en la mitad de esta.
HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND solo pueden ser usados a principio de

la frase.
Usamos ALSO O AS WELL para introducir informacion similar adicional
He had some chocolate cake, and he also had an ice cream.

He ha some chocolate cake and an ice cream as well
ALSO Y AS WELL, significan lo mismo,
ALSO, usualmente va antes del verbo principal , pero despues de BE.

Y AS WELL,siempre va al finalde la frase, como Too
203
ESTILO DIRECTO/INDIRECTO
Se llama Estilo directo (DIRECT SPEECH), cuando el que habla o escribe
reproduce textualmente las palabras con las que se ha expresado el
autor...
es decir: LAS PALABRAS DICHAS DIRECTAMENTE POR UNA PERSONA
Se llama estilo indirecto(REPORTED SPEECH) cuando hablamos en

pasado sobre lo que alguien dijo, preguntó o escribió...
es decir: CUANDO REFERIMOS CON NUESTRAS PROPIAS PALABRAS

LO QUE EL OTRO HA DICHO ANTERIORMENTE.
PEDRO: Yo Trabajo aquí (I work here)

MARÍA: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)
Un somero analisis de estos ejemplos nos revela que estas estructuras

sintacticas son basicamentes ,coincidentes en inglés y español.
Nos revela igualmente que:
a) Las construcciones de estilo indirecto van precedidas de un verbo

introductorio.
b) Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las
construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.
c) El paso de estilo directo a estilo indirecto implica cambios importantes en

tres campos : Sujeto,(Yo / Pedro) Verbos (trabajo / trabajaba))
y Adverbios (Aquí/ Allí.) (Observese los subrayados)
Estilo Directo: Yo trabajo aquí.

Estilo Indirecto: Pedro dijo que trabajaba allí
204
AFIRMACIONES)
(REPORTED SPEECH : STATEMENTS)

Es usual que el tiempo del verbo en estilo directo se mueva un paso hacia el
pasado para formar el estilo indirecto
I’m going He said he was going
Si el verbo en el estilo directo está en Presente en el indirecto sigue en

Presente
I come from Spain She says she comes from Spain
(PREGUNTAS)
(REPORTED SPEECH : QUESTIONS)

1- El orden de las palabras en el reported question es igual que en el Direct
speech. (SUJETO + VERBO).
2- No hay inversion del sujeto y no se usan verbos auxiliares. No hay
do/does/did.
What time is it? He wants to know what time it is.
Where do you live She asked me where I lived
3- SI NO HAY QUESTION WORD (what, who, where...etc)

o EMPIEZA POR VERBO,
USAMOS “IF”
Can you show me the way?
She asked him IF he could show her the way
205
(ORDENES
REPORTED SPEECH : IMPERATIVES
USAMOS “TELL”PARA AFIRMACIONES Y ORDENES,
Statements (Afirmaciones):
He told me that he was going
They told us that they were going abroad
Commands (Ordenes):
He told me to keep still
The police told people to move on
SE FORMAN CON:VERBO + PERSONA+ TO+

INFINITIVO
PARA ORDENES NEGATIVAS USAMOS NOT TO

He told me not to tell anyone
PETICIONES,
REPORTED SPEECH : REQUEST
USAMOS “ASK” PARA ORDENES Y PREGUNTAS,
Commands (Ordenes):
He asked me to open my suitcase
She asked me not to smoke
Questions (Preguntas)
He asked me what I did for a living
She asked me why I had come
206
DIRECT & REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON

HE’S READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING A BOOK

HE’S FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I’VE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN
HOUR
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE A SHE SAID SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS
THEATRE FOR THE THEATRE
I‘LL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER

I’LL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO
YEARS UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS
PAST PERFECT SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT
EN CONTINUOUS
Bnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn gggggggggggg lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
llllll
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
lllllll
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
DON’T NOT TO
STATEMENTS UN TIEMPO ATRÁS EN EL I’M GOING
PASADO HE SAID HE WAS GOING
AFIRMATIVAS / NEGATIVAS SAID / TOLD ME...
QUESTIONS ORDEN: SHE ASKED ME WHERE I LIVED
SHE ASKED HIM IF HE COULD SHOW
PREGUNTAS ASKED ME... SUJETO + HER THE WAY
VERBO
COMMANDS VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF
NEGATIVO : NOT TO HE TOLD ME TO DRIVE FASTER
207
ORDENES HE TOLD ME NOT TO DRIVE FASTER

TELL
REQUEST VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF SHE ASKED ME TO OPEN MY BAG
NEGATIVO : NOT TO SHE ASKED ME NOT TO SMOKE
PETICIONES ASK
-ED /-ING ADJECTIVES
USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ED,PARA EXPRESAR

“COMO “NOS SENTIMOS NOSOTROS” = PARA PERSONAS
We were exhausted after the long flight
Estabamos agotados despues del largo vuelo
I’m bored
Estoy aburrido
USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION –ING,PARA EXPRESAR QUE

“ALGO ES DE UNA MANERA” = PARA COSAS
The long flight was exhausting
El largo vuelo fue agotador
It’s boring
Es aburrido
ED=COMO NOS SENTIMOS. ING = COMO ES ALGO.
PARA PERSONAS ESTOY: PARA COSAS ES:
FRIGHTENED ASUSTADO FRIGHTENING ATERRADOR
BORED ABURRIDO BORING ABURRIDO
SURPRISED SORPRENDIDO SURPRISING SORPRENDENTE
TIRED CANSADO TIRING CANSADO
DEPRESSED DEPRIMIDO DEPRESSING DEPRESIVO
TERRIFIED ATERRORIZADO TERRIFYING TERRORIFICO
ANNOYED ENFADADO ANNOYING MOLESTO
EXCITED EXCITADO EXCITING EXCITANTE
EMBARRASED AVERGONZADO EMBARRASING EMBARAZOSO
FASCINATED FASCINADO FASCINATING FACINANTE
208
IN CASE
(POR SI)
USAMOS IN CASE CUANDO SUGERIMOS QUE SE HAGA ALGO PORQUE
MAS TARDE HAY UNA POSIBILIDAD DE QUE SUCEDA ALGO Y NOS HAGA
FALTA LO SUGERIDO
DESPUES DE IN CASE USAMOS PRESENT ,PERO TAMBIÉN PODEMOS

USAR EL PASADO SI EL VERBO PRINCIPAL ESTA EN ESTE TIEMPO
Take a map in case you get lost
Coge un mapa por si te pierdes
SOME PHRASAL VERBS
PHRASAL VERB EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

BE ON THERE’S A GOOD FILM ON TV PONER (TV,CINE)
BE OVER THE MATCH IS OVER ACABAR
BREAK DOWN MY CAR HAS BROKEN DOWN ROMPER
BREAK UP HE BROKE UP WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND TERMINAR (UNA
RELACION)
FALL OVER HE FELL OVER AND BROKE HIS LEG CAERSE
FILL IN FILL IN THE FORM,PLEASE RELLENAR
FIND OUT FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS DESCUBRIR
GET AROUND THE BEST WAY TOGET AROUND IS BY CAR VIAJAR (POR LA
CIUDAD)
GET IN (TO) GET OUT (OF) GET INTO THE CAR.WE’RE LEAVING ENTRAR/SALIR DE
UN COCHE
GET ON/ FF GET OFF THE BUS AT THE NEXT STOP ENTRAR /SALIR
OCHE,BUS...
GET ON WITH I GET ON WELL WITH MY SISTER LLEVARSE BIEN
GET UP SHE GETS UP AT 7 EVERY MORNING LEVANTARSE
GIVE AWAY HE GAVE AWAY ALL HIS MONEY DAR (DINERO)
GIVE BACK GIVE ME BACK MY BALL DEVOLVER
GIVE UP I’VE DECIDED TO GIVE UP SMOKING DEJAR
GO AWAY WE WENT AWAY FOR A WEEKEND SALIR DE LA CIUDAD
GO OUT WE WENT OUT LAST NIGHT SALIR DE LA CASA
GO BACK HE WENT BACK TO WORK VOLVER
GO DOWN THE TEMPERATURE HAS GONE DOWN BAJAR
GO/CARRY ON HE WENT ON SPEAKING FOR TWO HOURS SEGUIR,CONTINUA
R
209
GO UP PRICES ARE GOING UP SUBIR

HOLD ON PLEASE HOLD ON A MOMENT ESPERAR
HARRY UP HURRY UP.WE’RE LATE DARSE PRISA
LIE DOWN HE LAY DOWN ON THE BED TENDERSE
LOOK AFTER HE’S LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN VIGILAR
LOOK FOR I’M LOOKING FOR A JOB BUSCAR
LOOK FORWARD TO I’M LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU TENER GANAS QUE
SUCEDA ALGO
LOOK UP CAN YOU LOOK UP THIS WORD IN THE BUSCAR INFORMACION
DICTIONARY? EN UN LIBRO
PAY BACK I’LL PAY YOU BACK TOMORROW DEVOLVER DINERO
PRESTADO
PICK UP I’LL PICK YOU UP AT YOUR HOUSE AT 7 RECOGER A ALGUIEN O ALGO
DEL SUELO
PUT ON PUT ON YOUR COAT .IT’S COLD VESTIR
PUT OFF LET’S PUT OFF THE MEETING UNTIL MONDAY POSPONER,ATRASAR
RUN OUT OF OH.NO! WE’RE RUNNING OFF PETROL QUEDARSE SIN AGO
RUN OVER HE WAS RUN OVER BY A BUS ATROPELLAR
SET OFF THEY SET OFF EARLY IN THE MORNING PONERSE EN CAMINO
SWITCH / TURN OFF PLEASE SWITCH /TURN OFF THE LIGHTS APAGAR/DESCONECTAR
SWITCH / TURN ON FIRST SWICHT /TURN ON THE ENGINE ENCENDER /CONECTAR
TAKE BACK I’M GOING TO TAKE THIS SWEATE BACK DEVOLVER / CAMBIAR
TAKE OFF THE PLANE TOOK OFF DESPEGAR UN AVION
HE WAS HOT SO HE TOOK OFF HIS JACKET /
QUITARSE UNA
PRENDA
TAKE OUT SHE TOOK SOME MONEY OUT OF THE BANK SACAR
THROW AWAY HE THROW THE SHOES AWAY TIRAR A LA BASURA
TRY ON CAN I TRY THESE JEANS ON? PROBARSE ROPA
TURN UP /DOWN CAN YOU TURN UP THE TV? I CAN’T HEAR IT SUBIR (EL VOLUMEN)
WAKE UP I WAKE UP AT 8 EVERY MORNING DESPERTAR
WASH UP I’LL COOK IF YOU WASH UP LAVAR
210
THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIÓN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:
EN ESTE CASO ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA
CONDICIÓN EXPRESADA.
(PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ALGO QUE SUCEDIÓ EL EL PASADO Y

PODRÍA HABER SIDO DIFERENTE)
IF + PAST PERFECT...WOULD+ HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE (conditional perfect)
If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi
Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos

Ella habria estado aquí si hubiera tomado un taxi
PODEMOS USAR COULD Ó MIGHT EN VEZ DE WOULD
If I’d worked harder, I could have passed the exam

I could have passed the exam If I’d worked harder
Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen

Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado más duro
211
VOWELS & CONSONANTS

DIPHTONGS
i: see /si:/ π pen /pen/
Ι sit /sit/ b bad /bΘ Θd/
e ten /ten/ t tea /ti:/
Θ hat /hΘ Θt/ d did /did/
Α: arm /Α Α:m/ k cat /kΘΘt/
got /γγ t/ γ got /γγ t/
: saw /σ σ :/ tΣΣ chin /tΣΣin/
Υ put /π πΥt/ dΖΖ June /dΖ Ζu:n/
υ: too /tυυ:/ f fall /f :l/
℘ cup /k℘ ℘π/ v voice /v is/
I happy /’hΘ Θpi/ Τ thin /ΤΤin/
∈: fur /f∈∈:(r)/ ∆ then /∆∆en/
↔ ago /↔↔’g↔ ↔Υ/ σ σ↔Υ/
so /σ
ei page /peidΖ Ζ/ ζ zoo /ζζυ:/
↔Υ home /h↔ ↔Υm/ Σ she /ΣΣi:/
ai five /faiv/ Ζ vision /‘viΖΖn/
aΥΥ now /naΥ Υ/ η how /η η↔Υ/
Ι join /dΖΖ Ιn/ µ man /mΘ Θn/
Ι↔ near /nΙΙ↔( r)/ ν no /νν↔Υ/
e↔↔ hair /he↔ ↔(r )/ Ν Ν/
sing /siΝ
Υ↔ pure /pjΥ Υ↔( r )/ l leg /leg/
r red /red/
j yes /jes/
w wet /wet/
VERBO NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

MODAL
212

NO DEBER ,NO TENER
PERSONAL PROHIBITION QUE
OBLIGATION
HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO QUE

TO
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
IT’S NO NECESSARY
TENDRIAS
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACI
ON
EJEMPLOS




SHOULDN’T: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION


213
Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo (logicamente) es verdad. El
contrario es CAN’T BE

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE verdad.


214
ÁLVARO SOUVIRÓN 4º CURSO 2001-2002
PHRASAL VERBS
LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SON VERBOS QUE VAN ACOMPAÑADOS DE UNA

PARTICULA (PREPOSICION O ADVERBIO (ON,OFF,DOWN,IN...ETC.) QUE
ADQUIEREN UN NUEVO SIGNIFICADO,
CON LA MAYORÍA DE LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SI EL OBJETO ES UN

NOMBRE,EL OBJETO SE PUEDE PONER ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
Put on your coat / put your coat on

He took out his wallet / he took his wallet out
CUANDO EL OBJETO ES UN PRONOMBRE,ESTE SIEMPRE

VA ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
Put it on.
VERB TAKE OUT PARTICLE
OBJECT OBJECT
HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET HE TOOK IT OUT
Can I try on this dress ?

Can I try this dress on ?
Can I try “them” on
SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES?
Normalmente,si la particula es up,se puede separar ,y si es after,no se puede
216
HAY CUATRO TIPOS DE VERBOS FRASALES
TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS/PROBLEMAS

1-VERBO FRASAL SIN UN The meeting went on for EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA NO SE
OBJETO PUEDEN SEPARAR
hours
2-EL VERBO FRASAL PUEDE Take off your shoes SI EL OBJETO ES UN NOMBRE ,ESTE
ESTAR SEPARADO OR UN PUEDE IR O DESPUES DE AMBAS
Take your shoes off
OBJETO PARTICULAS DEL VERBO FRASAL O
Take them off ENTRE ELLAS.SI EL OBJETO ES UN
PRONOMBRE ESTE DEBE DE IR
ENTRE LAS DOS PARTES NO TAKE
OFF THEN
3-VERBOS FRASALES QUE NO I looked through the NO I LOOKED THE MAGAZINE
PUEDEN ESTAR SEPARADOS THROUG
magazine when i was at the
POR UN OBJETO
hairdresser
4-VERBOS FRASALES CON DOS We’ve run out of petrol LAS TRES PALABRAS NO PUEDEN
PREPOSICIONES /ADVERBIOS SER SEPARADAS.
NO WE’VE RUN OUT OF PETROL
ALGUNAS VECES EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA PARTICULA DE LA PARTICULA

(PREPOSICION O ADVERBIO) NOS AYUDA A ENTENDER EL VERBO
FRASAL.EJ.BACK CASI SIEMPRE SIGNIFICA: VOLVER.
ALGUNAS PREPOSICIONES PUEDEN TENER DIFERENTES

SIGNIFICADOS:
UP A) AUMENTO B) COMPLETAMENTE
DOWN A) PONER EN PAPEL B) DISMINUCION

B) C) PARAR COMPLETAMENTE
ON A) CONTINUACION B) VESTIR C) CONECTAR
OFF A) DESCONECTAR B) SALIR
OUT A) HACER DESAPARECER B) PARA GENTE DIFERENTE
217
PARA HABLAR DE NACIONALIDADES
1- ADJECTIVE + PEOPLE
French people
2-THE + ADJECTIVE
The French
3- SI EL ADJETIVO TERMINA EN AN ,SE LE AÑADE –S

The Hungarians
4-HAY PALABRAS ESPECIALES QUE DEFINEN NACIONALIDADES

The Poles Los Polacos
The Spaniards Los Españoles
QUESTION FORMATION
Use Examples Notes / Problems
Para formar preguntas Has your Father phoned? Con el Present Simple y el
normales usamos un verbo Where do they normally Past Simple usamos
auxilar (do,have) work? Do/Does/Did
Did you enjoy the show?
Usamos preguntas negativas Don’t you like chips? El orden de las palabras es
para comprobar si algo es Hasn’t Mary phoned el mismo que en las
verdad o mentira preguntas normales
Cuando la question word es el Who wrote Proud and No who did write
sujeto no se usa Do/ Did Prejudice?
Which actor won the Oscar
Usamos indirect question para Could you tell me where the El orden de las palabras
preguntar de una forma mas bank is? es:subject + verb
educada
Preguntas terminando en What are they talking La preposicion va al final
preposiciones about de la pregunta
Where does he come from?
Short questions I’m going on holiday
tomorrow
218
Where to?
QUESTION TAGS
Las QUESTION TAGS, son pequeñas preguntas al final de una frase que
corresponden a expresiones en español como: No? / Verdad?
Si la frase es afirmativa, la question tag es negativa

Si la frase es negativa, la question tag es afirmativa
Frase afirmativa Q.T. Negativa
It’s a beautiful day ins’t it?

She lives in London doesn’t she?
You Closed the window didn’t you?
Those shoes are nice aren’t they?
Tom will be at home tomorrow won’t he?
Frase Negativa Q.T. Afirmativa
That ins’t your car is it?

You don’t smoke do you?
You haven’t met my mother have you?
You won’t be late will you?
Usamos DO/DOES para el presente y DID para el pasado
SHORT ANSWERS
Usamos las Short Answers despues de preguntas con respuestas SI /NO
Para hacer una Short Answer,repetimos el verbo auxiliar.
Si no lo hay ,usamos do/does/did
Are you coming with us? Yes I am / No I’m not

Mary likes reading Yes she does / No she doesn’t
Do you go out yesterday Yes,we did / No we didn’t
Have you been here before? Yes,I have / no I haven’t
219
Can you cook? Yes I can / no I can’t
ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
USO: USAMOS ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES

ADVERBIALES PARA DESCRIBIR UN VERBO,ADJETIVO,O
UNA FRASE ENTERA
TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS
COMO ALGUIEN He drives very badly. Normalmente van
HACE ALGO: DESPUES DEL VERBO
DE MODO
CUANTAS VECES I never drink alcohol Ponemos ANTES DEL
SUCEDE ALGO: We usually go to bed at VERBO PRINCIPAL,
DE FRECUENCIA midnight. pero DESPUES DEL
He’s always late. VEBO TO BE
CUANDO SUCEDE I think he’ll be here Pueden ir al PRINCIPIO
ALGO: soon. DE LA FRASE PARA DAR
DE TIEMPO Last night I had dinner ÉNFASIS
with a friend.
CUANTAS VECES ES He drinks a lot. A bit,little,much, y a lot
ALGO HECHO: I’ve almost finished. van DESPUES DEL
DE GRADO VERBO O EXPRESION.
Todos LOS DEMAS van
ANTES DEL VERBO
PRINCIPAL
PARA HACER Ideally we ought to leave AL PRINCIPIO es mas
COMENTARIOS at 10:00. enfático
ACERCA DE UNA The car broke down,
SITUACION: unfortunately.
FRASES
ADVERBIALES
OTROS ADVERBIOS I only have one sister. LA MAYORIA de los
They’ve just arrived. adverbios van ANTES
She can probably come. DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL
220

PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING -ED
1- WHEN THE BASE FORM OF THE VERBS ENDS WITH THE SOUNDS
/D/ OR /T/ THE PRONUNCIATION IS /ID/
E.G. WAIT WAITED = /WEITID/
2- WHEN THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB ENDS WITH THE SOUNDS
/F/ /K/ /P/ /S/ / Σ/ / tΣ

Σ/ THE PRONUNCIATION IS T
E.G. FINISH FINISHED = /FINIΣ

ΣT/
3- WITH ALL THE OTHER VERBS
/D/
221
TENSES IN CONDITIONALS (FIRST AND ZERO)

AND FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
FIRST CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL
if + two present tenses
If you boil water, It evaporates
If significa when o whenever (cuando)
Use Examples Notes / Problems

Usamos el Primer condicional If I see her, I’ll tell her Despues de If se usan
(If + Present Tense+ If you’ve finished ,Let’s go tiempos
will/won’t /going He won’t come If he isn’t presentes,simple,perfect o
to/Imperative, feeling better. continuo,pero no una forma
para hablar acerca de una If the film is very violent,Im futura
posibilidad futura y sus going to leave If I’ll see her
consecuencias
Usamos el Zero conditional If I’ve got a headhache.
tiempos presentes en cada I always take an aspirin.
una de las partes . If you heat water to 100ºC
para hablar acerca de algo que It boils (It’s the consecuence)
siempre sucede
Usamos un tiempo presente I’ll get up when the doctor If= para posiblidad
(simple ,perfect, continuous) comes. When= cuando estos
despues de : She’ll go back to work as soon seguro que sucedera.
When,as soon as, before, as she feels better. As soon as =
after, until,unless, and in Don’t stop taking the pills until inmediatamente cuando.
case.. you’ve finished the packet. Until=encima del tiempo
222
para hablar acerca del futuro She’ll probably come unless cuando
(no will+infinitivo). she’s studying. Unless= excepto si.in case
En la otra parte,usamos will o Take a coat in case it’s get cold = por si hay una posibilidad
going to o imperativo later de que suceda:Por si.
FIRST OR SECOND CONDITIONALS ?
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL
if + past, conditional
expresada. Este tipo también puede expresar algo contrario a la
realidad actual:
if I had any money, I would lend it to you
si tuviera dinero, te lo prestaría (pero no tengo dinero)
FIRST-If you rest for a couple of days,you’ll feel better

Likely (=probable) or possible situations
SECOND- If you rested for a couple of days,you’d feel better

Unlikely (=unproblable) or impossible situations
223
FIRST- If I’m not working tomorrow,I’ll come with you

Likely (=probable) or possible situations
SECOND- If We Aren’t working tomorrow,We’d come with you

Unlikely (=unproblable) or impossible situations
FUTURE FORMS
SHALL
SE USA PARA :
OFRECIMIENTOS...Shall I clean the car?
SUGERENCIAS....Shall we go to the cinema
Y
PROMESAS...You shall have ....
WILL
EXPRESA UNA INTENCION O DECISION NO PLANEADA.

TOMADA EN EL MOMENTO DE DECIRLO,
We’ll ask a policeman
Solo usamos shall con I and we
GOING TO...
EXPRESA INTENCION Y/O PREDICCION

DECISION TOMADA ANTES DEL MOMENTO DE DECIRLO
TAMBIEN CUANDO PARECE EVIDENTE QUE ALGO VA A SUCEDER

Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (TO BE + ING)
PARA PLANES FIJOS QUE HAREMOS EN UN FUTURO CERCANO

WE’RE TAKING TO THE CINEMA
ESTOS DOS ÚLTIMOS:GOING TO Y P.CONTINUOUS ,SON MUY MUY PARECIDOS
224
EJEMPLO:
-I’m going to the shops soon, do you want anything?
-We haven’t got any sugar
-It’s on my list, Im going to buy some.
-we haven’t got any bread
-ok. I’ll go to the baker’s and I’ll buy a loaf
GOING TO.. TENIA PREVISTO DE ANTEMANO IR DE COMPRAS Y COMPRAR AZUCAR.

WILL: NO LO TENIA PREVISTO PERO CUANDO SE LO DICEN,EN ESE MOMENTO,
TOMA LA DECISION
CONCERTANDO UNA CITA
USO DEL WILL Y DEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS
RECORDEMOS QUE EL PRESENT CONTINUOUS ES MUY PARECIDO AL GOING TO

Y QUE PUEDE SER USADO PARA EXPRESAR PLANES DE FUTURO ENTRE PERSONAS
LOGICAMENTE AL IGUAL QUE EL GOING TO , SON PLANES YA DECIDIDOS

O SABIDOS DE ANTEMANO
Y WILL SON DECISIONES TOMADAS EN EL MOMENTO
-COULD I SPEAK TO MR.HUELIN?

-I’M AFRAID HE’S OUT AT THE MOMENT
-WHAT TIME WILL HE BE BACK?
-MMM. AT ABOUT 10 O’CLOCK, HE’S DOING EXERCISE AT THE GYM.
-IS HE FREE AT LUNCH TIME?
-I’LL CHECK. NO,HE’S HAVING A LUNCH WITH HIS WIFE
-WHEN’S A GOOD TIME TO TRY AGAIN
-HE’LL BE IN HIS OFFICE AT HALF PAST SIX
-I’LL PHONE BACK THEN
-THAT’S FINE
WILL
I’ll give you my phone number,ring me tonight
I’ll check her diary for you
I’ll phone back later
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny
225
I’m sure you ‘ll pass your exam
GOING TO
DECISION ANTES DEL MOMENTO

We’re going to have a holiday
My daughter’s going to study spanish in madrid

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Pat and peter are coming for a meal tonight
We’re having salmon for supper
FUTURE PERFECT
(WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)
USAMOS EL FUTURE PERFECT PARA DECIR QUE ALGO

“ESTARÁ ACABADO”
EN UN MOMENTO PARTICULAR FUTURO
In two weeks term will have finished

They won’t have come out of the cinema yet
I’ll have done the home work by monday
Este tiempo es usado frecuentemente con expresiones de tiempo
226
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(WILL BE + VERB + ING)
USAMOS EL FUTURE CONTINUOUS PARA DECIR QUE UNA ACCION

“ESTARA EN PROGRESO”
EN UN CIERTO MOMENTO FUTURO
I hope I’ll be living in my own flat soon.

What will you be doing tomorrow at 11:00?
Ese tiempo es muy comun usarlo con un tiempo exacto en el futuro (11:00)
I USED TO / I DIDN’T USE TO
(SOLÍA / NO SOLÍA)
Para hábitos que han cambiado / Situaciones pasadas o estados que han cambiado
I used to drive to work ( but I don’t now)
BE USED TO (+VERB +ING) O UN NOMBRE
(ESTOY ACOSTUMBRADO )
Una nueva situacion que ahora ya es familiar y estas acostumbrado
I’m used to not eating chocolate

I’m used to my new way of life
227
GET USED TO (+VERB+ ING) O UN NOMBRE
(ME ESTOY ACOSTUMBRANDO)
Algo que todavia no es familiar para ti o te estas adaptando a ello
I’m still getting used to my job

I have got used to living without caffeine
USUALLY+ PRESENT SIMPLE
(NORMALMENTE)
Para hábitos y/o situaciones del presente usamos
I used to eat a lot of meat but now I usually eat fish
GERUND

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH,
STOP...

228
TO + INFINITIVE
1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
It’s difficult to learn a language
2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON / PROPOSITO)

Why did you go to Mexico?
To see my aunt and uncle
3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( “INTENCION” )

WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE,
EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET, SEEM, TRY, PROMISE,
OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE
Would you like to come?
I’m hoping to get a better job soon
NARRATIVE TENSES
• PAST SIMPLE
• PAST CONTINUOUS
• PAST PERFECT
• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Usamos el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en el

pasado
She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small café
(ella se tomo un café despues de comprar el periodico)
229
Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir

una accion mas larga en continuo.
The sun was shining when she left the café
(La accion de continuo mas larga, es que el sol estaba brillando.

Ella dejó el café es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la accion
mas larga de continuo)
Usamos el PAST PERFECT (had + past participle) para hablar acerca de

algo que sucedió antes del tiempo del cual estamos hablando
When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill
(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara)
Usamos el PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (had + past participle + verb +

ing) para hablar acerca de una accion en continuo mas larga que estaba
sucediendo antes del tiempo especifico en el pasado cuando los
acontecimientos principales de la historia sucedieron
She went to the doctor because she hadn’t been feeling well
Ella fue al doctor porque no se habia estado sintiendo bien
THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIÓN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:
EN ESTE CASO ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA

CONDICIÓN EXPRESADA.
230
(PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ALGO QUE SUCEDIÓ EL EL PASADO Y

PODRÍA HABER SIDO DIFERENTE)
IF + PAST PERFECT...WOULD+ HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE (conditional perfect)
If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi
Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habría estado aquí en diez minutos

Ella habria estado aquí si hubiera tomado un taxi
PODEMOS USAR COULD Ó MIGHT EN VEZ DE WOULD
If I’d worked harder, I could have passed the exam

I could have passed the exam If I’d worked harder
Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen

Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado más duro
ZERO CONDITIONAL
PRESENT......PRESENT
SIEMPRE SE CUMPLE LA EXPRESION

If you boil water ....it evaporates
231
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF....WILL
PUEDE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION

If she takes a taxi....she will be here in ten minutes
SECOND CONDITIONAL
IF + PAST...WOULD + INF.
ES MENOS PROBABLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION

If she took a taxi...she would be here in ten minutes
THIRD CONDITIONAL
IF + HAD + P.P.....WOULD + HAVE + P.P.
ES IMPOSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICION

If she had taken a taxi...she would have been here in ten minutes
SHOULD /SHOULDN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE:
Lo usamos para criticar una accion pasada
232
cuando tu o alguien no hizo la cosa correcta

Have se pronuncia /həv/
I should have waited
Debería haber esperado
You shouldn't have accepted
No deberías haber aceptado
PODEMOS USAR TAMBIEN CON EL MISMO SIGNIFICADO
OUGHT TO HAVE / OUGHTN’T TO HAVE

Su uso equivale al de debería, deberías, etc:
La forma negativa de ought to es ought not to. También existe la

contracción oughtn't to, pero es menos frecuente.
You ought to write to her

Deberías escribirle
They ought to arrive before three
Deberían llegar antes de las tres
You ought not to go out alone
No deberías salir solo
OUGHT TO TAMBIÉN SE USA SEGUIDO DE HAVE + PARTICIPIO:

I ought to have bought it
Debería haberlo comprado
She ought not to have agreed
No debería haberlo consentido
233
SHOULD
LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE SHOULD ES SHOULDN'T, PERO EN
CONTEXTOS FORMALES O ENFÁTICOS SE SUELE USAR SHOULD
NOT.
SE USA SHOULD PARA INDICAR QUÉ ES LO QUE DEBE HACERSE:
All essays should be typed

Todos los trabajos deben ser escritos a máquina
Why should I listen to her?
¿Por qué le voy a hacer caso?
¿Por qué he de hacerle caso?
A MENUDO SHOULD INDICA UN DEBER MORAL Y EQUIVALE A

DEBERÍA, DEBERÍAS, ETC.:
You shouldn't speak to her like that
No deberías hablarle así
Should I offer to help?
¿Crees que debería ofrecerme para ayudar?
TAMBIÉN SE USA SEGUIDO DE HAVE + PARTICIPIO:
I should have waited

Debería haber esperado
You shouldn't have accepted
No deberías haber aceptado
234
A VECES SHOULD INDICA PROBABILIDAD:

The taxi should be here soon
El taxi debe (de) estar al llegar
It shouldn't cause any problems
No debería (de) causar ningún problema
THE...THE + COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE / ADVERB
LO USAMOS PARA ENSEÑAR QUE CUANTO MAS ES UNA COSA ,MAS ES LA OTRA
“CUANTO MAS CHOCOLATE SE COME......MAS SE ENGORDA”
EXAMPLES
If we leave soon we’ll get there earlier

The sooner we leave the earlier we’ll get there
If I speak fast I make more mistakes

The faster I speak the more mistakes I make
If the weather is cold you use more electricity

The colder the weather is the more electricity you use
If the restaurant is full the service is worse

The fuller the restaurant is the worse the service is
If the colour is bright she’ll like it more

The brighter the colour is the more she’ll like it
If you have a lot of money you can dress better

The more money you have the better you can dress
* CUIDADO CON LA POSICION DEL IS / IT !!!
235
I WISH = IF ONLY
OJALÁ...
I WISH + PAST TENSE
REFIRIENDOSE AL PRESENTE O AL FUTURO

OJALA YO FUESE RICO (AHORA O DENTRO DE UN MES)
I whish I were rich
I WISH + PAST PERFECT
REFIRIENDOSE AL PASADO
OJALA YO HUBIESE TERMINADO MI TRABAJO (AYER)
I wish I had finished my homework (yesterday)
I didn’t learn german , I wish I had learned german (or if only)
I WISH + WOULD
REFIRIENDOSE A QUEJAS O CRITICAS HACIA ALGO O ALGUIEN

(Pensamos en futuro y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)
OJALÁ DEJARA DE LLOVER
I wish it would stop raining
236
SIN S FINAL
NOMBRES INCONTABLES SIN ARTICULO
MASA Y LIQUIDOS
HOW MUCH? CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES (CUANTO/CUANTA)
CON S AL FINAL
NOMBRES CONTABLES CON ARTICULO
PUEDEN LLEVAR NÚMERO
HOW MANY? CON NOMBRES CONTABLES (CUANTOS CUANTAS)
NOMBRES INCONTABLES:
LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON SIEMPRE INCONTABLES:
Traffic
Weather
Accommodation
Health
Scenery
Rubbish
Work
Politics (y otras palabras terminadas en –ics)
• SIEMPRE NECESITAN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR
• NO LLEVAN S FINAL
• NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN
There was terrible traffic this morning
237
LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON TAMBIEN INCONTABLES:
Furniture, Information, Advice

News, Luck, Bread
Toast, Luggage, Equipment
• NECESITAN TAMBIEN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR
• CUANDO HABLAMOS DE UN SOLO ELEMENTO DE ESTOS USAMOS

:A PIECE OF
That’s a beautiful piece of furniture
ALGUNOS NOMBRES PUEDEN SER CONTABLES O INCONTABLES,PERO

CAMBIAN LOS SIGNIFICADOS
IRON....UNCONTABLE : EL METAL
IRON.......CONTABLE : LA PLANCHA
I’d like a glass of water / The table is made of glass
NOMBRES PLURALES
ESTOS NOMBRES SOLO EXISTEN EN PLURAL
Clothes, People. Trousers

Jeans, Arms (guns..), Police
• NECESITAN UN VERBO EN PLURAL

• NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN
People here are very friendly

The police have arrived
238
HAVE SOMETHING DONE
CUANDO TU ORGANIZAS ALGO PARA QUE OTRA PERSONA LO HAGA
HAVE + SOMETHING + PAST PARTICIPLE
I’m having the house painted

(he pagado a los pintores para que lo hagan por mi)
He’s having a new garage built

El ha construido un nuevo garage (los albañiles)
We’ve just had the house painted

Hemos acabado de pintar la casa(la han pintado los pintores)
I usually have my hair cut one a month

Normalmente me corto el pelo una vez al mes (el peluquero)
Aquí Have es el verbo principal,asi pues la negativa y la interrogativa son

formadas con Do/Did en el Present simple y el Past simple
I didn’t have the kitchen painted because I did it myself
How often do you have your car serviced?
239
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

SIGNIFICA “ANTES DE AHORA” .
NO EXPRESA “CUANDO” HA SUCEDIDO UNA ACCION,
SI QUEREMOS DECIR EXACTAMENTE CUANDO, TENDREMOS QUE USAR EL
PAST SIMPLE
EL PRESENT PERFECT TIENE ESTOS USOS PRINCIPALES:
1- EXPRESA UNA ACCION QUE OCURRIO EN EL PASADO Y TODAVIA NO HA

ACABADO.
We’ve lived in the same house for ten years
2-CON HOW LONG / FOR / SINCE PARA VERBOS QUE NORMALMENTE NO

SON USADOS EN CONTINUO
I’ve known her since I was a child
4. CON EVER / ALREADY / YET / JUST
3- EXPRESA UNA ACCION PASADA QUE TIENE RESULTADO EN EL

PRESENTE
(EN UN PASADO RECIENTE)
I’ve lost my wallet (I haven’t got it now)
4 -CUANDO DECIMOS CUANTO O CUANTAS VECES

I’ve read two books this morning
5 -SE HACE LA PREGUNTA EN INGLÉS CON PRESENT PERFECT,PERO SE

TRADUCE AL ESPAÑOL EN PRESENTE.
A- How long has he been in Spain?
B- Cuanto tiempo hace que esta en España?
6- LIVE AND WORK (+FOR / SINCE) PUEDEN SER USADOS CON

AMBOS TIEMPOS CON EL MISMO SIGNIFICADO.
240
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
ACCIONES QUE EMPEZARON EN EL PASADO Y HAN SEGUIDO

REALIZANDOSE DE FORMA CONTINUADA HASTA EL PRESENTE .
How long have you been studying english?
CUANDO PREGUNTAMOS HOW LONG.......Y RESPONDEMOS... SINCE AND

FOR
I‘ve been studying english for two years
ACCIONES QUE ACABAN DE TERMINAR RECIENTEMENTE

A- You’re very dirty. What have you been doing?
B- I’ve been playing football
CON LOS VERBOS LIVE AND WORK PODEMOS USAR AMBOS TIEMPOS
241
WORDS THAT JOIN IDEAS
IN SPITE OF DESPITE A PESAR DE
CURRENTLY ACTUALMENTE
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE / DE HECHO
SO ASI QUE
ALTHOUGH AUNQUE
NEARLY CERCA
I BELIEVE CREO
DUE TO DEBIDO A
AT THE MOMENT EN ESTE MOMENTO
IN MY OPINION EN OPINION MIA
SPECIALLY ESPECIALMENTE
IT IS CLEAR TO ME THAT ESTA CLARO PARA MI QUE...
I’M IN FAVOUR OF ESTOY A FAVOR DE...
I AGREE WITH ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I’M AGAINST ESTOY EN CONTRA
OBVIOUSLY EVIDENTEMENTE
EVENTUALLY FINALMENTE
EVEN INCLUSO
MOREOVER LO QUE ES MAS
I DISAGREE WITH NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
BUT PERO
CONSEQUENTLY POR CONSIGUIENTE
FOR EXAMPLE /FOR INSTANCE POR EJEMPLO
ON THE OTHER HAND POR OTRO LADO
FINALLY POR ULTIMO
BECAUSE PORQUE
AS I SEE IT SEGÚN YO LO VEO
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
ONLY SOLO
ALSO AS WELL TAMBIEN
EITHER TAMPOCO
242
A. IN MY OPINION.... (Opinion)
THE FACT THAT.... ( Se expone el tópico
IT’S CLEAR TO ME
B. I BELIEVE THAT....(Se respalda la opinion)
AS I SEE IT....(Ejemplos,hechos,datos)
I STRONGLY FEEL....( Se aporta una nueva idea)
C. IN ADDITION.... (Campañas, tv,prensa,informacion...)
D. IN CONCLUSSION.....(Se ofrece una solucion)
QUANTIFIERS
USO EJEMPLOS
Usamos ALL para la cantidad total:
1 - ALL + plural o nombre incontable All men like cars

cuando se habla en general.
2 – ALL (OF) para especificar gente o All cheese is made from milk
cosas All of the people at work smoke
3 – ALL + RELATIVE CLAUSE para decir I’ve got all that I need
Everything / the only thing
EVERYBODY / EVERYTHING para
hablar de todo el mundo / todas las cosas Has everybody finished?
Everything was incredibly
expensive
EVERY para decir cada cuanto tiempo
suceden las cosas I go to class every Tuesday
EACH para hablar sobre dos cosas

There are two hotels . Each (one)
has its own style
NO + noun
There are no oranges
NONE + without noun or + of
Are there any oranges? No none
ANY(body,etc) +positive verb or ALONE
para decir no importa Buy any kind of bread
Anybody can come to my party
243
BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

BOTH....and... (A and B)...: Ambos / Los dos
Both Auxi and I are studying english
EITHER .... or... (A or B)....:Uno u otro / cualquiera

Either Auxi or Álvaro have blue eyes
NEITHER ...nor... (A nor B )....: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos

Neither Auxi nor Álvaro have curly hair
Las frases de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la

informacion y decirnos sobre QUIEN o QUE cosas estamos
hablando
WHO/THAT WHAT WHICH /THAT WHERE WHOSE

QUIEN LO QUE QUE. EL QUE . LO QUE. DONDE CUYO.CUYA
QUE LA COSA QUE EL CUAL. LO CUAL DE QUIEN
The actor WHO/THAT won The Oscar ir from New Zealand

The film WHICH/THAT won The Oscar was about gladiators
The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.
The film WHOSE direction won The Oscar was Gladiator
WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO EL VERBO DESPUES DEL

PRONOMBRE RELATIVO (WHO / WHICH ) TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE
This is the person WHO works for me

Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi
(La persona : sujeto)
This is the person WHO I work for

Esta es la persona para la que trabajo
(Yo : sujeto)
244
That is the car WHICH cost 1 million Pounds

Este es el coche que cuesta 1 millón de Libras
(El coche : sujeto)
That is the car WHICH I like

Este es el coche que me gusta
(A mí: sujeto)
Si WHO o THAT es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:

Si WHO o THAT es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:

(Sujeto: you)
Usamos WHOM en vez de WHICH despues de preposiciones o en Inglés muy

formal
Usamos WICH (Not THAT) despues de preposiciones o para referirnos a todo
Dave hasn’t arrived yet,which is very worrying
LA VOZ PASIVA(II)
LA PASIVA, SIEMPRE TIENE QUE TENER UNA

REGLA VERBAL MÁS QUE LA FRASE EN ACTIVA.
e.g.
Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody
245
EN LA FRASE PASADA A PASIVA, LA PRIMERA
REGLA VERBAL,SIEMPRE CONSERVA EL MISMO
TIEMPO VERBAL.
e.g.
Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca
Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody
EN LA FRASE EN PASIVA,LA REGLA
VERBAL,SIEMPRE ACABARÁ EN PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g.
Casablanca is remembered by everybody
OTRAS:
• Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3

elementos)
Cuando el verbo es TO BE es Being
Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been
• Nunca ing detrás de have has being
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made
246
SO and SUCH
Hacen que el significado de el adjetivo o adverbio sea mas fuerte,mas enfático
1- USAMOS SO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

You are so stupid !
The water’s so warm
The weather’s so nice
2- USAMOS SUCH + A /AN + NOUN / ADJECTIVE

Such a story
Such people
Such a stupid story
Such nice people
3- SUCH +ADJECTIVE+ PLURAL OR INCONTABLE NOUN

They’re such boring books
4- USAMOS SO / SUCH...THAT (opcional) para expresar una consecuencia

The book was so exciting (that) I couldn’t put it down
EACH and EVERY

USAMOS EACH CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS SEPARADAMENTE ,UNA A
UNA
El uso de Each es mas usual para pequeños numeros
At the begining of the game, each player has three cards
USAMOS EVERY CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS COMO UN GRUPO

El significado es similar a All (todo)
El uso de Every es mas usual para grandes numeros
I would like to visit every country in the world
247
EVERYONE and EVERY ONE

USAMOS EVERYONE SOLO PARA REFERIRNOS A
PERSONAS(=EVERYBODY)
Everyone enjoyed the party
USAMOS EVERY ONE PARA REFERIRNOS A COSAS (=EACH ONE)

He is invited to a lot of parties and he goes to every one

Like Gustar
Love Amar Apologized for Disculparse por
Adore Adorar Accuse (sb) of Acusar de
Enjoy Disfrutar Admit Admitir Doing
Prefer Preferir Deny Negar Cooking
Hate Odiar Insist (on) Insistir en Sightseen
Can’t stand No soportar Recommend Recomendar
Don’t mind No importar Regret Arrepentirse de
Finish Acabar Suggest Sugerir
Look forward to Tener ganas de
Choose Escoger
Dare Desafiar
Decide Decidir
Expect Esperar
Forget Olvidar
Help Ayudar To do
Hope Esperar
Learn Aprender To come
Manage Poder
Need Necesitar To cook
Offer Ofrecer
Promisse Prometer
Refuse Negar
Seem Parecer
Want Querer
Would love Querría
Would hate Odiaría
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise Aconsejar
Allow Permitir
Ask Preguntar
Beg Pedir limosna
Encourage) Animar
Expect Esperar
Help Ayudar
248
Need Necesitar Me
Invite Invitar To do
Order Ordenar Him
Remind Recordar To go
Tell Decir Them
Want Querer To come
Warn (+not) Avisar/no Someone
Would love Querría
Would hate Odiaría
Let Make Help Her Us Do
Begin Start Continue Raining To rain
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de significado)
Remember Stop Try Doing To do
LIKE VERSUS AS
LIKE
COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA
SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE
Trabaja como un camarero(de bien y de rápido,pero no es camarero)
SIGNIFICA:
SIMILAR A ..:
Their house is like a zoo
IGUAL QUE...:
I’m gemini, like you
COMO EJEMPLO....:
Why do you say things like that?
249
AS
TAMBIEN COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA
SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE
Trabaja de camarero( es camarero de profesión)
PERO EXPRESA:
TRABAJO...:
I worked as a waiter
FUNCION O USO DE COSA PERSONA ...:

We use our garage as kitchen
Use this plate as an ashtray
Con verbos de speaking and knowing, y + usual y always

COMO CONJUNCION LIKE y AS
SON SEGUIDOS DE UN SUJETO Y UN VERBO(CLAUSE)
As you know, we’re leaving tomorrow
LA USAMOS TAMBIEN EN COMPARACIONES

My daughter is as tall as me
250
VERBOS QUE PUEDEN SER SEGUIDOS POR UN

GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO
FORGET
Forget + Infinitivo
Te olvidaste.No hicistes algo
Matt forgot to take his camera out of the car
Forget + Gerund
Hicistes algo. Y no lo olvidarás (o si)
I’ll never forget talking my son to school for the first time
Forget + gerund es normalmente usado en el negativo
REMEMBER
Remember + Infinitive
Recuerdas algo,luego tu lo hicistes
Remember to close the windows before you leave!
Remember + Gerund
Hicistes algo.Mas tarde te acuerdas de lo que hicistes
I definitely remember closing the window
TRY
Try + Infinitive
Haces un esfuerzo para hacer algo dificil
I tried to change the wheel ,but I couldn’t
Try + Gerund
Intentas hacer algo que es facil de hacer
I don’t know why my radio ins’t work. I tried changing the batteries,but they‘re OK.
NEED
Need + Infinitive
Tienes que o deberias de hacer algo
I need to clean my shoes.They’re filthy
Need + Gerund
Algo tiene o deberia de ser hecho
My shoes need claning.They’re flithy
251
INFINITIVO GERUNDIO
FORGET Te olvidastes de hacer algo. Hicistes algo y no lo olvidaras.
No lo hicistes
REMEMBE Recuerdas algo , Te acuerdas de haber estado
R luego lo hicistes haciendo algo
TRY Intentas hacer algo dificil Intentas hacer algo facil.
NEED Tienes que hacer algo. Algo tiene que ser hecho
Deberias de hacer algo Algo deberia de ser hecho
ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH,

IN SPITE OF, DESPITE
(AUNQUE /A PESAR DE QUE)
Usamos estos terminos para expresar un contraste de ideas
Despues de ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, usamos
un sujeto + verbo
Although it rained a lot ,they enjoyed themselves

I didn’t get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications
EVEN THOUGH,es mas duro que ALTHOUGH, THOUGH (+ informal)

Even though I was really tired , I coulden’t sleep
Despues de IN SPITE OF Y DESPITE usamos
1- un nombre
2- un verbo en – ing form
3- The fact that + sujeto + verbo = more formal
In spite of the traffic I arrived on time

I couldn’t sleep despite being tired
I didn’t get the job in spite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary
qualifications
252
EXPRESING PURPOSE AND REASON
PURPOSE
1. TO, IN ORDER TO, SO AS TO + INFINITIVE

I went to the cinema to see a film
Please drive slowly in order to avoid accidents (more formal)
He took an umbrella so as not to get wet (more formal)
For negative purpose use: SO AS NOT TO and IN ORDER NOT

TO
2. FOR + NOUN
They went to Thailand for a holiday
3. SO THAT + CLAUSE (subject and verb)

I’ll do the cooking so that you can have a rest
She gave him so that he can know where he go
Despues de That normalmente va un verbo modal(can,could,would)
REASON
1. BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( subject + verb)

We arrived late because we missed the bus
2. BECAUSE OF + NOUN
We took an umbrella because of the rain
253
Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through all time)
Adore Adorar VERBS OF

Accuse (sb) of Acusar de
Admit
Apologized for
Admitir
Disculparse de
SENSATION
Can’t stand No soportar Para describir sentidos o
Deny Negar Doing
Don’t mind No importar sensaciones usamos:
Enjoy Disfrutar
Finish Acabar Cooking
Hate Odioar
Insist (on) Insistir en
Like Gustar Sightseing
TASTE, SMELL, FEEL,
Look forward to
Love
Tener ganas de
Amar
LOOK, and SOUND
Prefer Preferir
Recommend Recomendar
Regret Arrepentirse de 1- LOOK ,SMELL,(etc.) +
Suggest Sugerir
Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon) ADJECTIVE
It looks wonderful
Agreee Estar de acuerdo It tastes delicious
Choose Escoger
Dare Desafiar
Decide Decidir
Expect Esperar 2- LOOK, SMELL (etc.) + LIKE
Forget Olvidar
Help Ayudar
+NOUN (like=similar to)
Hope Esperar To do She looks like an actress
Learn Aprender This soup tastes like gazpacho
Manage Poder
Need Necesitar To come
Offer Ofrecer
Promisse Prometer 3- LOOK (etc.) + AS + IF +
Refuse Negar To cook
Seem Parecer
CLAUSE (subject + verb)
Want Querer That cake smells as if it’s burning
Would like Gustaría It sounds as if the baby’s woken up
Would love Querría
Would hate Odiaría
Verb + Sb.+ To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise Aconsejar
Allow Permitir
Ask Preguntar
Beg Pedir limosna Him
Encourage Animar To do
Expect Esperar
Help Ayudar Me
Need Necesitar
Invite Invitar To go
Order Ordenar
Remind Recordar Them
Tell Decir
Want Querer To
Warn (+not) Avisar/no come
Would like Gustaría Someone
Would love Querríaa
254
ESTAR ABURRIDO
BORING: ESTAR / SER ABURRIDO PERMANENTEMENTE

BORED: ESTAR / SER ABURRIDO TEMPORALMENTE
VERBS OF SENSATION
Para describir sentidos o sensaciones usamos:
TASTE, SMELL, FEEL, LOOK, and SOUND
1- LOOK ,SMELL,(etc.) + ADJECTIVE

It looks wonderful
It tastes delicious
2- LOOK, SMELL (etc.) + LIKE +NOUN (like=similar to)

She looks like an actress
This soup tastes like gazpacho
3- LOOK (etc.) + AS + IF + CLAUSE (subject + verb)

That cake smells as if it’s burning
It sounds as if the baby’s woken up
255
THE PASSIVE
OTHER USES
1- IT + PASSIVE + CLAUSE
Esta estructura es comunmente usada en noticieros de prensa y TV con los verbos
KNOW,TELL,UNDERSTAND, REPORT, EXPECT, SAY AND THINK.
Esto hace que la informacion suene mas impersonal
SE DICE....SE SABE....SE ESPERA....SE PIENSA.....
It said that street crime has dobled this year

It’s thought that the police are inteviewing suspects
It is said that 32 million Big Macs are eaten worldwide every day
It’s was known that the minister had accepted bribes
It’s being said that the couple have secretly divorced
2- VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS

Algunos verbos : GIVE, ASK, SHOW, TELL, TEACH, OFFER, PROMISE, SEND...
A menudo tienen dos objetos
Le ofrecieron el trabajo a Angela

Angela was offered the job or The job was ofered to Angela
I was told that the film was good

She was tought to cook by her mother
I was promised that they would finish the work today
We were given free tickets for a concert
He was asked to make a speech at the weeding
ATENCION!!!
CUANDO LA FRASE COMIENZA POR

THEY, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY and PEOPLE...
NO LLEVA “BY”
A PARTIR DEL RELATIVO ( THAT ) LA FRASE QUEDA COMO ESTABA ANTES
DE VOLVERLA A PASIVA
256
WORDS AND PHRASES THAT JOIN IDEAS

(INCREASED)
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE / DE HECHO
AFTERWARDS DESPUES
ALSO / AS WELL TAMBIEN
ALTHOUGH AUNQUE
ANOTHER ADVANTAGE IS OTRA VENTAJA ES
ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS OTRO ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
AS I SEE IT SEGÚN YO LO VEO
AS OPPOSED TO MAS QUE / OPUESTO
AT FIRST LO PRIMERO
AT LAST POR ULTIMO
AT THE MOMENT EN ESTE MOMENTO
BECAUSE PORQUE
BUT PERO
CONSEQUENTLY POR CONSIGUIENTE
CURRENTLY ACTUALMENTE
DESPITE A PESAR DE
DUE TO DEBIDO A
EITHER TAMPOCO
EVEN INCLUSO
EVENTUALLY FINALMENTE
FINALLY POR ULTIMO
FOR EXAMPLE /FOR INSTANCE POR EJEMPLO
FURTHERMORE ADEMAS
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
I (STRONGLY) BELIEVE CREO
I (STRONGLY) FEEL TENGO LA SENSACION
I AGREE WITH ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I BELIEVE CREO
I DISAGREE WITH NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I DON’T FEEL THAT YO NO SIENTO QUE
I’M AGAINST ESTOY EN CONTRA
257
I’M IN FAVOUR OF ESTOY A FAVOR DE...

IN ADDITION EN SUMA
IN CONTRAST TO EN CONTRASTE CON
IN MY OPINION EN OPINION MIA
IN SPITE OF /DESPITE A PESAR DE
IN THE END EN EL FINAL/ AL FINAL
IN THE PAST EN EL PASADO
IT IS CLEAR TO ME THAT ESTA CLARO PARA MI QUE...
LATER MAS TARDE
MOREOVER LO QUE ES MAS
NEARLY CERCA
OBVIOUSLY EVIDENTEMENTE
ON THE OTHER HAND POR OTRO LADO
ONCE UNA VEZ
ONE ADVANTAGE IS UNA VENTAJA ES
ONE ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS UN ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
ONLY SOLO
OTHER PEOPLE BELIEVE OTRA GENTE CRE
PERHAPS QUIZAS
PERSONALLY PERSONALMENTE
POSSIBLY POSIBLEMENTE
PROBABLY PROBABLEMENTE
SINCE DESDE HACE
SO ASI QUE
SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE ALGUNA GENTE CREE
SPECIALLY ESPECIALMENTE
SUDDENLY DE REPENTE
THEN ENTONCES
THOSE WHO ARE IN FAVOUR AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN A FAVOR
THOSE WHO ARE AGAINST AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN EN CONTRA
THOUG AUNQUE
TO BEGIN WITH PARA EMPEZAR CON
WHEREAS MIENTRAS QUE
WHILE MIENTRAS /CUANDO
258
GERUND

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH,
STOP...

INFINITIVO GERUNDIO
FORGET Te olvidastes de hacer algo. Hicistes algo y no lo
No lo hicistes olvidaras.
REMEMBER Recuerdas algo , Te acuerdas de haber
luego lo hicistes estado haciendo algo
TRY Intentas hacer algo dificil Intentas hacer algo facil.
NEED Tienes que hacer algo. Algo tiene que ser hecho
Deberias de hacer algo Algo deberia de ser hecho
259
Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through all

time)
Adore
Accuse (sb) of Adorar
Admit Acusar de
Apologized for Admitir
Can’t stand Disculparse de
Deny No soportar
Don’t mind Negar Doing
Enjoy No importar
Finish Disfrutar
Hate Acabar Cooking
Insist (on) Odioar
Like Insistir en
Look forward to Gustar Sightseing
Love Tener ganas de
Prefer Amar
Recommend Preferir
Regret Recomendar
Suggest Arrepentirse de
Sugerir
Choose Escoger
Dare Desafiar
Decide Decidir
Expect Esperar
Forget Olvidar
Help Ayudar
Hope Esperar
Learn Aprender
Manage Poder
Need Necesitar
Offer Ofrecer
Promisse Prometer
Refuse Negar
Seem Parecer
Want Querer
Would love Querría
Would hate Odiaría
260
VERBO MODAL NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION AFIRM.

NO DEBER ,NO TENER
PERSONAL PROHIBITION QUE
OBLIGATION
HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO

TO QUE
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
IT’S NO NECESSARY
TENDRIAS
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACION
EJEMPLOS




SHOULDN’T: CONSEJO, Recomendación

261

Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo
(logicamente) es verdad. El contrario es CAN’T BE

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE

verdad.


262
MODAL VERBS OF PROBABILITY
RANGE OF MODAL CERTEZA COMENTARIO

CERTAIN VERB
(de mas a
menos)
1 WILL SEGURO ES PRESENTE, NO FUTURO
2 MUST CASI SEGURO !
3 MAY PUEDE,
4 MIGHT & NO MUY SEGURO PARA EL PASADO SE LE
COULD AÑADE EL PRESENT
NEGATIVES PERFECT:
3 COULDN’T PUEDE QUE NO
2 CAN’T CASI SEGURO QUE she must have left early
NO
they must have missed the
train
1 WON’T SEGURO QUE NO
they may have called earlier
Will have gone: habrá ido

Must have gone: puede
haber ido
EN POSITIVO,NO USAMOS NUNCA CAN,USAMOS MAY.

PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE UNO MISMO,OBVIAMENTE, NO SE USA WILL O
MUST
EJEMPLOS
That will be Joe on the phone ..... Debe (de) ser Joe el que llama
Es seguro que es Joe
It must be about ten o'clock ..... Deben (de) ser alrededor de las diez
Casi seguro que son las diez
263
She may decide to stay ..... Puede que decida quedarse

Puede que si o puede que no
I might go this weekend ..... A lo mejor voy este fin de semana

No estoy muy seguro,a lo mejor
We could take the train Podríamos coger el tren

Cogeriamos el tren (en caso de no tener coche,por ejemplo)
VER + -ING OR TO + INFINITIVE

FRECUENTEMENTE USAMOS VERB + -ING PARA UNA ACCION QUE
SUCEDE,
QUE PASA, ANTES DEL PRIMER VERBO
They denied stealing the money

(primero se habia robado el dinero,despues niegan haberlo hecho)
stealing denied
USAMOS VERB + TO + INFINITIVE PARA UNA ACCION

QUE SIGUE AL PRIMER VERBO
They decided to steal the money

(primero lo deciden y seguidamente lo hacen)
decided to steal
264
REMEMBER
VERB + -ING
TE ACUERDAS DE HABER ESTADO HACIENDO ALGO
I’m absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it.
RECUERDAS ALGO QUE DEBES DE HACER Y LO HACES
I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the
windows
REGRET
VERB + -ING
ME ARREPIENTO DE HABER HECHO ALGO ANTES; PRIMERO LO HICE Y

AHORA LO LAMENTO
We’ve always regretted selling the farm
ME APENA, LAMENTO ALGO QUE VOY A DECIR / INFORMAR, AHORA
We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job
265
GO ON
VERB + -ING
CONTINÚO HACIENDO /DICIENDO LA MISMA COSA
The minister went on talking for two hours
CONTINÚO HACIENDO /DICIENDO ALGO NUEVO
After discussing the economy,the minister then went on to talk about foreign
policy
TRY
VERB + -ING
INTENTAS HACER ALGO FACIL

PROBAR ALGO NUEVO
I tried moving the table to the other side of the room
INTENTAS HACER ALGO DIFICIL
I tried to move the table but it was too heavy
266
NEED
VERB + -ING
ALGO TIENE O DEBERIA DE SER HECHO
The batteries in the radio need changing
TIENES TU O DEBERIAS DE HACER TU ALGO
I need to take more exercise
NON-DEFINING RELATIVES
Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o

cosa.
LA FRASE QUE CONTIENE EL RELATIVO,

VA SIEMPRE ENTRE COMAS. (Ó COMA Y PUNTO)
En este tipo de uso del relativo,

NO PODEMOS OMITIR WHICH /WHO, WHERE AND WHOSE
como antes que se daba el caso al cambiar el sujeto.
NO PODEMOS USAR THAT
• The house ,which has a large garden, was just what they had always wanted
• My mother ,who is 65, has just retired
• Finally I arrived home, where my mother was waiting for me
• Chester,where my parents live, is a beautiful town
267
HAVE SOMETHING DONE (I)
CUANDO TU ORGANIZAS ALGO PARA QUE OTRA PERSONA LO HAGA
REGLA GENERAL

I’m having the house painted
(he pagado a los pintores para que lo hagan por mi)
He’s having a new garage built

El ha construido un nuevo garage (los albañiles lo han hecho)
We’ve just had the house painted

Hemos acabado de pintar la casa(la han pintado los pintores)
I usually have my hair cut one a month

Normalmente me corto el pelo una vez al mes (el peluquero)
Aquí Have es el verbo principal,asi pues la negativa y la interrogativa son

formadas con Do/Did en el Present simple y el Past simple
I didn’t have the kitchen painted because I did it myself

How often do you have your car serviced?
268
“CAUSATIVE HAVE”
HAVE SOMETHING DONE (II)
REMEMBER:
REGLA GENERAL
EL PAST PARTICIPLE VA DESPUES DEL OBJETO

EXAMPLE OF SITUATION:
The roof of Jill’s house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody
to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job.
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday
This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof.
She didn’t repair it herself.
Examples
Have + Object + P.Participle
Jill Had The roof Repaired Yesterday
Where Did you have Your hair Cut?
Your hair Have you had It Cut?
looks nice
Julia Has just had Central Installed In her house
heating
We Are having The house Painted At the moment
How often Do you have Your car Serviced
I think you Have Tha coat Cleaned Soon
should
I don’t like Having My taken
photograph
269
“CAUSATIVE HAVE”
HAVE SOMETHING DONE (III)
Sometimes HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Has a different meaning In depending of the verb:
ED PARTICIPLE:
Subject + Have + Sb /Sth + ED Participle
• Arrangement:
I’ve had my house painted

I’m having my car repaired
• Suffering:
She has had her husband killed

The have had their house burn down
George had his nose broken in a fight
BARE INFINITIVE
(infinitivo “desnudo”,sin sujeto)
Subject + Have + Sb /Sth + Bare Infinitive
• Uncontrolled
(The action is uncontrolled by the subject)
The Galicians are having their beaches pollut

During the flood they had their house destroy
270
VERB + ING
Subject + Have + Sb /Sth + Verb Ing
• Intollerance
I won’t have you coming back home at 5 a.m. and drunk
• Omen
Presagio (malo o bueno)
You’ll have your fingers burning
• Persuasion
The new teacher had the students sitting down quietly in five minutes
271
PHRASAL VERBS
Back up Respaldar
Bump into Encontrarse con
Call off Cancelar
Carry out Llevar a cabo
Cut down Reducir
Frown on Desaprobar
Get across Hacer entender
Knock down Atropellar
Leaf through Hojear
Live on Vivir de
Live up to Estar a la altura
Look down on Despreciar
Make out Distinguir
Pick out seleccionar
Pick up Recoger
Put off posponer
Rely on Confiar en
Rip off Timar
Run up acumular
Set off Encender
Set off Salir
Set up Montar un negocio
Stand out Destacar
Take on Coger un empleo
Take up Llevar / ocupar
Talk Sb into Convencer a alguien
Tie up Atar
Track down Localizar
Turn up Aparecer
272
LINKERS
And what’s more / Y lo que es mas /Ademas

And what’s more,he knew how touse it
As soon as / En cuanto / tan pronto como

As soon as the water boils, add the pasta
At the end / Al final

At the end of the story....
Because of / a causa de / debido a

He couldn't play because of his injury
But / Sino
they had not one, but three houses!
Calmy / Con calma

Calmly,the child pick up the paw
Despite / A pesar de
despite the rain, the beach was full of people
However / Sin embargo

the room is very small; we'll take it, however
In the end / Finally

In the end the wolf ran off
Just then / Justo entonces

Just then she heard the howl of a wolf
273
LINKERS (II)
Obediently / Obedientemente
Obediently,the child started out through the wood
So...that / Para que

I put it away so (that) he wouldn't see it
Such...that / Tal que

I had such a headache that I decided to stay at home
First / Firstly /Lo primero ,Primeramente...

First of all we had to clean the walls
Also / Tambien
She's a student, but she also has a part-time job
In conclusion / En conclusion
in conclusion...
Overall / En conjunto / En general

The play was a success overall
Since / Desde
I haven't been there since I was a child
Furthermore / Ademas
I don’t know what happened to Rupert and furthermore I dont
care
274
Last but not least / Por ultimo y no por eso menos importante
and, last but not least,...
In addition / Ademas
There will be four children in addition to the six adults
LINKERS (III)
Therefore / por lo tanto Por consiguiente

Their funds ran out, and therefore they had to close
To summarise / En resumen
The theatre was packed,the audience was happy,
to summarise ie has been a huge success
As a result / Como consecuencia de ello

as a result, the match was postponed
Moreover / Además, lo que es más

we got there late and, moreover, exhausted
First and foremost / Ante todo / Primero y mas importante

Manchester was, first and foremost, an industrial city
Finally / Por ultimo

Finally, I should like to ask...
Consequently / En consecuencia
Our shares have gone down a 45 % consequently,the competition is
buying
275
To conclude / Para terminar

To conclude I can only say that he is innocent
In brief /Resumiendo
In brief, this is what happened
Hence / De ahí / Por lo tanto

he lived in Mexico for fifteen years, hence his accent
VERBO MODAL NEGATIVO TRADUCCION

AFIRM.
MUST MUSTN’T DEBER,TENER QUE
(NO PASADO,SOLO EN PRESENTE NO DEBER ,NO
Y OBLIGACIONES FUTURAS)
MUST NOT TENER QUE
PERSONAL OBLIGATION
La obligacion procede del
PROHIBITION
que habla
HAVE TO DON’T HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO

DO NOT HAVE TO QUE
EXTERNAL OBLIGATION,
FOR CIRCUNSTANCES OR ABSENCE OF
LAW. OBLIGATION.IT’S
La obligacion procede de NO NECESSARY
otros o por ley
EJEMPLOS

I must pay all my debts
276
Remember Johnny that you mustn’t stare at people on the bus

I had to pay all my debts when my taylor caught me
When I was in te army I had to do lot of things I abhorred.
Sorry boys,but the headmaster says you have to stay in detention this
afternoon

NECESSITY MODALS
NEEDN’T
LEXICAL NEED MODAL NEED
AFIRMATIVE
I need to play soccer NO AFIRMATIVE
I don’t need to workk I needn’t to work
She doesn’t need to work She needn’t to work
Does she need to work? Need she work?
• You needn’t do something= NO es necesario que lo hagas,

NO necesitas hacerlo:
277
EJEMPLOS:
You Can come with me if you like but you needn’t come if you don’t
want to
Tu puedes venir conmigo si te apetece,pero no necesitas venir si no
te apetece.
(NO ES NECESARIO QUE VENGAS)
We’ve got plenty of time.We needn’t hurry

Tenemos tiempo de sobra. No necesitamos apresurarnos
(NO ES NECESARIA LA PRISA)
NECESSITY MODALS(II)
NEEDN’T HAVE (DONE)
LEXICAL NEED MODAL NEED
NEGATIVE
I didn’t need to go I needn’t have gone
She didn’t need to work She needn’t have worked
278
EJEMPLOS
George had to go out. He thought it was going to rain, so he

decided to take the umbrella.
But it didn’t rain,so the unbrella was not necessary.So:
He needn’t have taken the umbrella
He needn’t haven taken the umbrella = he took the umbrella but

this was not necessary. Of course,he didn’t know this when he went
out.
Compare
I Didn’t need to get up early,so I didn’t.

it was not necessary for me. So I didn’t
No tenia que levantarme temprano y no lo hice
(Yo sabia en ese momento que no era necesario)
I didn’t need to get up early,but it was a lovely morning,so I did.

No tenia que levantarme temprano,pero lo hice de todos modos.
I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away.But in

fact it didn’t take me long to get ready,So I needn’t have got up
so early.I could have stayed in bed longer.
Tenia que levantarme temprano y asi lo hice.
( Cuando lo hice supe que no era necesario)
Asi pues didn’t need to go y needn’t have gone (i,e,) en el

pasado son diferentes.Porque?
279
Verb Was it necessary? Did you go?
Didn’t need to go No yes
Needn’t have gone No ?
SOME ADJECTIVES AND THEIR TRANSLATION
ADJECTIVE TRANSLATION
Compassionate Compasivo
Sympathetic Compresivo
Gregarious Sociable
Gentle Dulce,tierno
Dexterous diestro
Insightful Perspicaz
Composed Tranquilo
Faithful Fiel
Self-reliant Independiente
Encouraging Alentador
Regal Regio
Down –to- heart Sensato y practico
Supportive Que apoya
Strong –willed De mucha fuerza de voluntad
Having low self esteem Tenen baja autoestima
Non – committal Evasivo
Overburdened Agobiado, sobrecargado
Chilvarous Caballeroso
Trustworthy Digno de confianza
Having high values Tener altos valores,principios
280
PREFIXES,THEIR MEANINGS AND EXAMPLES

PREFIXE MEANING EXAMPLE
Arch Chief,main, Archangel
Hightest ranking Archbishop
Counter Against Counterattack
Counterproductive
Hyper Exceeding, surpasing Hyperactive,hyperactive,
Hypertension
Mal Badly,wrong Malformation,malfunction,
Malnutrition
Pro For,in favour of Proamerican , progovernment
Pseudo False, pretended Pseudoanarchist,
Pseudoleft-wing
(izquierdista)
Sub Under Subconcious,subcontract,
Submarine, submarine
Trans Across Transatlantic,transcontinent
al
Bi Two Bilingual,
Biannual,bisexual
Co With,together Cooperation
Coalition ,co-driver
De Taken away Decentralise,
Debunk (descentralizar)
Ex Former , before Ex – husband,
Ex - president
Fore Before , in front of Forecast ,forebears
(antepasados) Forefront
(vanguardia)
Inter Between International ,interchange,
Intercontinental
281
PREFIXES,THEIR MEANINGS AND EXAMPLES

(II)
PREFIXE MEANING EXAMPLES

Neo New Neoclassical.
Neorealism
Over Extremely , too Overeat, Overburdened,
Overcrowded
Post After Postscript , Postwar,
Postpone
Pre Before Prefix, Prehistoric,
Prejudge
Re Again Redecorate, reanimated,
Reactivate
Super Above , more than Supersonic, superhuman,
Superintendent
Tri Three Triangle, trident
Trilogy
Under Not enough Underpaid, underdeveloped,
Underhand (desaseado)
282
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
PREFIXE EXAMPLES
UN Unsatisfied, Unwelcome , Unfriendly, Undisciplined
IN Inability, Inhospitable, Inaccessible, Inaccurate
(inexacto)
IM Immature, Immaculate, Immeasurable, Inmoral,
Inmodest
NON Non-alcoholic,Non-aligned, Non-believer,
Nonconformist
DIS Disability, Disadvantage, Disaffection,Disagreeable
IR Irrational, Irreconciliable,
Irregular,Irrelevant,Irresolute
IL Illegal, Illogical, Illegible, Illicit,
MIXED CONDITIONAL
Al margen de los tres condicionales basicos,existe un cuarto

tipo que se denomina Mixed Conditional que tiene la
particularidad de mezclar las propiedades del tercer y segundo
(por ejemplo) en la misma oracion de condicional.
La primera parte de la oracion (la condicion) va en

pasado,mientras la segunda parte (la consecuencia) podrá ir
tanto en presente como en futuro.
III conditional II conditional
If I hadn’t broken my legs yesterday...I would go to the ball
II conditional III conditional

If She spoke chinesse.... she would have got the job
283
I WISH = IF ONLY
OJALÁ...
I WISH + PAST TENSE
REFIRIENDOSE AL PRESENTE O AL FUTURO

OJALA YO FUESE RICO (AHORA O DENTRO DE UN MES)
I whish I were rich
I WISH + PAST PERFECT
REFIRIENDOSE AL PASADO
OJALA YO HUBIESE TERMINADO MI TRABAJO (AYER)
I wish I had finished my homework (yesterday)
I didn’t learn german , I wish I had learned german (or if only)
284
I WISH + WOULD
REFIRIENDOSE A QUEJAS O CRITICAS HACIA ALGO O ALGUIEN

(Pensamos en futuro y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)
OJALÁ DEJARA DE LLOVER
I wish it would stop raining
I WISH = IF ONLY
(Ojalá)
OBSERVAR:
QUE EL CAMBIO DEL TIEMPO VERBAL ES UN PASO

HACIA DELANTE EN EL PASADO.
ESTO ES.....:
AM / IS......WAS
ARE.....WERE
HAVE / HAS.....HAD
CAN....COULD
WILL / WON’T....WOULD
DOES / DO.....DID
LIKE...LIKED
GO....WENT
ETC.ETC...
I AM SHORT - I WISH I WAS TALL (or If only)

I LIVE IN SPAIN -I WISH I DIDN’T LIVE IN SPAIN(or If only)
-I WISH I LIVED IN ENGLAND
285
PETER SMOKES TOO MUCH -I WISH HE WOULD’T SMOKE SO MUCH (or If

only)

(pensamos en futuro:(Ojalá dejara de fumar)
y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)
TOM WON’T HELP ME -I WISH PETER WOULD HELP ME (or If only)

IM DIDN’T LEARN GERMAN -I WISH I HAD LEARNED GERMAN (or If only)
MODAL VERBS OF ABILITY

(IN THE PAST)
USO DEL COULD ó WAS /WERE ABLE TO
COULD:
USAMOS COULD PARA HABLAR DE UNA HABILIDAD O UNA SITUACION

GENERAL
My grandfather could play the piano
I could swim when I was four
SE USA PARA REFERIRSE A HABILIDADES Y/O SITUACIONES EN EL

PASADO QUE REQUIRIERON UN LARGO LAPSUS DE TIEMPO
When I was child, I could play the piano
(DURANTE MUCHO TIEMPO ESTUVE ESTUDIANDO PIANO)
286
USAMOS COULD

PENSAMIENTO (REMEMBER,UNDERSTAND)
USAMOS COULDN’T
I couldn’t find my wallet anywhere
WAS ABLE TO :
SI NOS REFERIMOS A UNA SITUACION EN UN MOMENTO

CONCRETO,O EN UNA SITUACION PARTICULAR EN EL PASADO,
DEBEMOS USAR WAS ABLE TO
When I was young,I was able to climb to the everest
USAMOS WAS / WERE BE ABLE TOPARA DECIR QUE ALGUIEN HIZO

ALGO EN UNA OCASIÓN ESPECIAL O TENIA UNA DIFICULTAD MUY
GRANDE PARA HACERLO
Although the restaurant was very full, we were able to get a table
I was be able to pass my driving test after six times
The man was drowning,but she managed to swim to him and save him
The prisoners were be able to escape
287
CAN BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE

PRESENT SIMPLE CAN AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO
FUTURE (WILL) - WILL BE ABLE TO

PAST SIMPLE COULD
WAS/WERE ABLE TO
PRESENT PERFECT -
HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
INFINITIVE -
GERUND - (TO) BE ABLE TO
BEING ABLE TO
INVERSION ( CONDICIONALES)
PRIMER CONDICIONAL
(NECESITAMOS EL AUXILIAR SHOULD PARA INVERTIR EL

CONDICIONAL)
A) If you see him , beat him up (Imposible Inversion)
B) If you should see him, beat him up (Posible Inversion para enfatizar)
C) If should you see him , beat him up (inversion realizada)
SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL
(NECESITAMOS WERE PARA INVERTIR EL CONDICIONAL)
288
A) If he became famous, he wouldn’t even greet you

B) If he were to became famous, he wouldn’t even greet you
C) If were he to became famous, he wouldn’t even greeet you.
TERCER CONDICIONAL
(NO NECESITAMOS AUXILIAR PUES YA LO TENEMOS EN LA PROPIA

FRASE)
A) If he had been here, he would have seen it.
B) (No necesito el paso B para construir la inversion)
C) If had he been here, he would have seen it
NOTAR QUE LA SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA ORACION EN NINGUNO

DE LOS TRES CASO SUFRE NINGUN CAMBIO
EN LAS AFIRMACIONES ES USUAL QUE EL SUJETO VAYA SEGUIDO

DEL VERBO.
SIN EMBARGO A VECES ESTE ORDEN DE PALABRAS ES CAMBIADO.

ESTO ES LO QUE LLAMAMOS INVERSION.
INVERSION EN EXPRESIONES ADVERBIALES DE DIRECCION Y LUGAR

(usada particularmente en estilo formal o literario o para enfatizar)
CUANDO PONEMOS UNA EXPRESION ADVERBIAL (ESPECIALMENTE DE

DIRECCION O LUGAR) AL PRINCIPIO DE LA FRASE,
PONEMOS EL VERBO DELANTE DEL SUJETO
I have never eaten such a good paella
Never have I eaten such a good paella
You will nowhere come across a more hospitable people

Nowhere will you come across a more hospitable people
289
INVERSION EN EXPRESIONES ADVERBIALES NEGATIVAS
NEVER (BEFORE) NUNCA ANTES

RARELY CASI NUNCA
SELDOM RARAS VECES
HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY.. APENAS..CUANDO/ANTES
WHEN/BEFORE
NO SOONER...THAN TAN PRONTO....CUANDO
SEGUIMOS PONIENDO EN LA FRASE INVERTIDA EL VERBO DELANTE

DEL SUJETO,PERO DELANTE DEL ADVERBIO
DEBEMOS DE PONER: NOT
I didn't allow myself a rest until I arrived home

Not until I arrived home did I allow miself a rest
As soon as she saw him,she shot at him

No sooner had she seen him than she shot at him
290

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ESCUELA OFICIAL DE IDIOMAS DE MALAGA

ÁLVARO SOUVIRÓN CURSO 1997/1998

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA

FORMA AFIRMATIVA CONTRAIDA FORMA NEGATIVA CONTRAIDA

I’ M yo soy I’M NOT yo no soy

NOMBRES PROPIOS QUE TERMINAN EN S

A LAS PROFESIONES SE LES PONE A /AN DEPENDIENDO

PLURALES DE LOS NOMBRES

SI LOS NOMBRES TERMINAN EN S SH CH ,

SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN CONSONANTE + Y SE

SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN VOCAL + Y NO CAMBIA

ALGUNOS NOMBRES SON IRREGULARES:

TAMBIEN HAY ALGUNOS NOMBRES QUE AUNQUE SE

R + VOCAL = /R/................ CHILDREN

TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR

ESTE AUXILIAR SOLO SE USA EN PREGUNTAS,NEGACIONES O RESPUESTAS CORTAS

* HE ? YES SHE DOES = SI

AUXILIAR + SUJETO +INFINITIVO VERBO PPAL.

SIN EMBARGO LA RESPUESTA SERA NORMAL ,PUES SERA AFIRMATIVA(SIEMPRE QUE

MARK LIVES IN BROADWAY.

QUE HACE EL EN SU TIEMPO LIBRE ? = WHAT DOES HE DO IN HIS FREE TIME ?

JUEGA AL TENIS =MARK PLAYS TENNIS

LE GUSTA A ELLA TRABAJAR ? = DOES SHE LIKE WORKING ?

SIEMPRE: AUX + SUJETO + VERBO PPAL.

Questions with questions words answers

WHERE IS SHE FROM? PORTUGAL

WHO IS JENNIFER? SHE’S JOHN’S DAUGHTER

Yes /No questions Short Answers

Present simple he,she,it

SHE HAS A DOG NOT SHE HAVES

Yes /no questions Shorts answers

DOES HE LIVE IN FRANCE ? YES. HE DOES

HE DOESN’T START AT 6.30

Questions ATENCION: EL VERBO AUXILIAR EN PREGUNTAS

WHEN DOES HE START ?

Yes /no questions Short answers

SE USA PARA MENCIONAR UNA COSA POR PRIMERA VEZ

SHE HAS A FLAT IN LONDON

SE USA CUANDO NOS REFERIMOS A UNA COSA YA MENCIONADA

THE FLAT (=HER FLAT) IS VERY NICE

I HAVE... TEA AND TOAST FOR BREAKFAST

COMIDAS , SITIOS , TRANSPORTES

I HAVE... BREAKFAST /LUNCH/DINNER

SE PUEDEN COLOCAR EN CUALQUIER SITIO DE LA FRASE ,AL PRINCIPIO,AL FINAL , O COMO

OFTEN,NEVER & ALWAYS

SIEMPRE SE COLOCAN DELANTE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL ( NO DEL AUXILIAR)

THEY DON’T (OFTEN/ALWAYS) EAT IN RESTAURANT’S

CON NEVER,NUNCA SE PONE DON’T,PUESTO QUE NO SE PUEDEN PONER DOS NEGACIONES

THEY NEVER EAT IN RESTAURANT’S

EVERY MORNING/EVENING.................. TODOS LOS DIAS /TODAS LAS NOCHES

IN, ON, AT, TO, BY, NEAR, WITH

THE = SEGUIDO DE PALABRA QUE COMIENZA CON VOCAL SE PRONUNCIA DI

PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES ADJECTIVES

PETER DRIVES A CAR

EL SUJETO VA DELANTE DEL VERBO EL VERBO EL OBJETO DE DETRÁS DEL VERBO

PRONOMBRES SUJETO PRONOMBRES OBJETOS ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

AFIRMATIVO CONTRAIDO INTERROGATIVO

I AM NOT I’M NOT

AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO PRINCIPAL

WHERE DOES MARK LIVE? MARK LIVES IN BROADWAY

PREGUNTAS NEGACIONES RESPUESTAS CORTAS

DOES HE? NO HE DOESN’T YES HE DO

MY MIO THIS ESTE WHAT? QUE?