Simon Fürst, General Manager Software Development and Software Infrastructure.

AN OEM’S POINT OF VIEW ON MULTI-CORE.

EMBEDDED MULTI-CORE CONFERENCE, 16.-18. JUNE 2015, MUNICH, GERMANY
AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 2

AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 3

GLOBAL TRENDS DRIVING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY.

Environment Urbanisation Politics

Global Trends

Economy Culture Customer Expectations

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 4

 MINI E AND BMW ACTIVE E FIELD RESEARCH AND CUSTOMER STUDIES
SERVED AS BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BMW i3.

MINI E (2009-2012) BMW ActiveE (2011-2014) BMW i3 (seit 2013)

Average distance a day [km]

100

80
MINI E France
MINI E UK
60
MINI E Germany
MINI E China
40
MINI Cooper
BMW 116i
20
BMW 530d

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Ø-daily driving distance < 50km Improved space provided in the vehicle A holistic offer of mobility and the
Total coverage 140-160 km is and comfort. development of a fast charging
sufficient.
EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015  90% demands of mobility are covered. infrastructure, close the gap. Seite 5
 CUSTOMER JOURNEY – A FULLY COMPREHENSIVE PRODUCT EXPERIENCE
FOR THE BMW i3.

PREPARING THE DRIVE DRIVING EXPERIENCE AFTER THE DRIVE

 ConnectedDrive Portal  One-pedal-feeling  BMW i Wallbox pro

 BMW i Remote App  Charging Infrastructure ChargeNow  Efficiencytainment
 Planning the route  Dynamic Navi-Information  BMW Green Energy

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 6

 BMW i8 UND BMW i3.
FIGURES AND FACTS.

BMW i8 BMW i3

BMW i8 BMW i3
Diagnosable ECUs 41 36
Non diagnosable ECUs 64
Computing power ca. 3600 MIPS 3200 MIPS
Bus Systems 7

Potential capacity (Mbit/s) 13

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 7

AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 8

MOORE’S LAW WITHIN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY - MEMORY.

Size
(log!)

1GB P4
L6!

100MB Gordon Moore ~7 years

Intel CEO PII E60

10MB E65

80486

1MB All 4 years multiplied by 10

E38
68000
100kB
PC RAM
10kB 6502 E32 Memory within BMW‘s cars
t

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 9
MOORE’S LAW WITHIN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY – CPU FREQUENCY.

Multicore
(Tera-
scale)
Quadcore
Dualcore

PC
Hyper-
threading
10 GHz

1 GHz
>7 Jahre
Single-
core

100 MHz

(EA/EF/EI)
Dualcore
10 MHz

Co-CPU
Main-/
Dualcore
(Lockstep)
1 MHz

Automotive
• Integrated Aftersales
Single-

• Personal Radio
core

• ACC Stopp & Go

• OTA SW-Updates
• ALC & Navigation
• Lifetime Func. Upgrades
• Navigation System • Night Vision
• Augmented Reality
• CD Changer • AFS I+II
• Pay-Per-Use Systeme
• Bus Systems •Telematics
• Electronic Gear Box Control • Mobile Vernetzung
• Active Cruise Control • Bluetooth
• Anti Slip Control • Vernetztes Fahrzeug
• Airbag • Brake-by-Wire
• Anti Blocking System • Ad-hoc Netzwerke
• Dynamic Stability Control • Steer-by-Wire
• Telephone • Brake-by-Wire
• Adaptive Gear Box Control • Lane Change Assist
• Seat Heating Control System • Steer-by-Wire
• Dynamic Drive (ARS) • Personalization
• Automatic Mirror Dimming Elektromotor
•RDS/TMC • Software-Update •
…. Präventiv-Diagnose
• Emergency Call • Force Feedback Pedal •
…. …. • ...

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 11
POWER CONSUMPTION WITHIN BMW CARS.

60
Power
ELV

40
…

30
CAS
AHM

50W
RDC
RK
HSR
ICM
SZL
HSR
NIVI
DME
LVM
ZFM
HC2
CIC
FZD
…
FKA
PDC Rising electrical power consumption
…
is not acceptable within future cars.

8Bit 16Bit 32Bit

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 13
AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 14

MULTI-CORE SYSTEMS WITHIN BMW CARS.

Note:
8 Only ECUs in concurrent
operating mode using a
7 real multicore OS.
6
5
Estimated MC ECUs
4 Amount of MC ECUs
3
2
1
0
35up SOP2017 SOP2020
EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 15
 IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCONTROLLER.

Infineon TriCore AURIX TC29x Freescale Matterhorn MPC5777M

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 17

IMPACT ON SOFTWARE SYSTEMS.

• Callgraph of a
Engine Control Unit
• Data exchange is mostly
handled via global
variables

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 19

IMPACT ON SOFTWARE SYSTEMS.

 Directed call-graph of an integration platform

 150 software components
 14 of them are safety-relevant according to ASIL B
 Over 1000 assembly connectors
 Multiple n:m edges between SWCs
 How to realize safety principle: „As less dependencies to other
components as possible to avoid ASIL inheritance“?

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 20

IMPACT ON SOFTWARE SYSTEMS.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 21

IMPACT ON SOFTWARE SYSTEMS.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 22

AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 23

PARTIAL SYMMETRIC APPROACH.
MULTI-CORE OPERATION IN AUTOSAR CLASSIC.

ECU
core 0: core 1:
partition 0: partition 1: partition 2: partition 3: partition 4:
Application Layer

RTE

BswM BswM BswM BswM BswM

EcuM EcuM
OS OS

Other BSW Other BSW Other BSW Other BSW Other BSW
modules modules modules modules modules

Microcontroller (μC)

 Classic approach: AUTOSAR SWCs are merged on a common Basic Software.

 Potential: Already standardized in AUTOSAR. Isolation on SWC level possible.
EMCC 2015, BMW Group, Problems:
17th June 2015 No strict software isolation is possible (due to common BSW). Solution needs an optimized SWC to core mapping. Seite 24
ASYMMETRIC APPROACH.
INDEPENDENT AUTOSAR STACKS.

ECU
core 0: core 1:
ASIL B(D) ASIL B(D) ASIL A QM QM QM
Sensor Application Actuator Sensor Application Actuator
Application Software
Component
Software
Component
Software
Component
Application Software
Component
Software
Component
Software
Component
Layer AUTOSAR AUTOSAR AUTOSAR Layer AUTOSAR AUTOSAR AUTOSAR
Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface

RTE RTE

Services Layer Services Layer

Complex

Complex
Drivers

Drivers
ECU Abstraction
ECU Abstraction Layer Layer ECU Abstraction
ECU Abstraction Layer Layer

Microcontroller Abstraction Layer Microcontroller Abstraction Layer

Microcontroller (μC)

 AUTOSAR Stacks are independently integrated and assigned to different cores. Operation similar to two independent ECUs.
 Potential: Different operating systems are possible. Isolated development scenario for OEM and Tier1 partition.
 Problems: Hardware must be fully separated. Not standardized within AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 25

VIRTUALIZATION.
INTEGRATION OF VIRTUAL AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS.

ECU
core 0: core 1:
Virtual Machine 1 Virtual Machine 2 Virtual Machine 3
ASIL B(D) ASIL B(D) ASIL A ASIL B(C) ASIL A(C) QM QM QM
Sensor Application Sensor Application Sensor Application Actuator
Actuator
Application Software Software Software Application Software
Component
Software
Component
Application Software
Component
Software
Component
Software
Component
Component Component Component
Layer AUTOSAR AUTOSAR AUTOSAR
Layer AUTOSAR AUTOSAR
Layer AUTOSAR AUTOSAR AUTOSAR
Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface Interface

RTE RTE RTE

Services Layer Services Layer ComplexDriver

Services Layer

Complex
Complex
Complex

Drivers
Drivers
Drivers

ECU Abstraction
ECU Abstraction Layer Layer ECU Abstraction Layer ECU Abstraction
ECU Abstraction Layer Layer

Microcontroller
Microcontroller Abstraction Layer Microcontroller Abstraction Layer
Abstraction Layer

Embedded Hypervisor
Microcontroller (μC)

 AUTOSAR Stacks isolated within virtual machines by usage of an embedded hypervisor and integrated on a common ECU.
 Potential: System isolation offers full separation between virtual machines to achieve freedom from interference.
 Problems:
EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 State of the art hardware has less virtualization supporting features. Approach is not standardized in AUTOSAR. Seite 26
AGENDA.

1. Increasing Functionality for Future Automotive E/E Systems.

2. The Need of Multi-Core Systems.

3. Impact on Hardware and Software.

4. Opportunities for E/E Architectures.

5. Outlook on Adaptive AUTOSAR.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 27

INTEGRATION OF SOFTWARE PLATFORMS BASED ON STANDARDS.

HMI to selected the demo App

Adaptive Classic Adaptive Adaptive FSA PoC Web Browser PoC Audio Manager PoC
Non-AUTOSAR
Application Application Application Application Qt5
Application

Adaptive AUTOSAR API

AUTOSAR Adaptive Services Software Platform
SW Platform

Operating system
AUTOSAR Runtime Enviroment (RTE) AUTOSAR Runtime Enviroment (RTE) Middleware
configuration resources
DLT NSM NSC Persistency
Complex Drivers

Complex Drivers
Services Layer Services Layer Platform modes …
Audio Audio Automotive
Manager Manager Webkit Message
ECU Abstraction Layer ECU Abstraction Layer Deamon Plugins Broker
Communication HW acceleration …
Microcontroller Abstraction Layer Microcontroller Abstraction Layer AUTOSAR Adaptive Foundation Kernel

Microcontroller Microcontroller (Virtual) Machine / HW (Virtual) Machine / HW Non-AUTOSAR

Offboard
Non-AUTOSAR Basic System
AUTOSAR Classic Platform AUTOSAR Classic Platform AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform Software (Genivi)

SOME/IP

System Description Common Bus Interface Specification

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite
Page 28
AUTOSAR ADAPTIVE PLATFORM - ARCHITECTURE DRAFT.

Application Application Application

Software Backend Software Software
Proxy Application Level
Component Component Component

Standardized AUTOSAR Adaptive API

AUTOSAR Adaptive Services
SW Platform
Operating system

configuration resources Standardized

AUTOSAR
Adaptive Lib
Platform modes …
AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform Standardized
AUTOSAR
Adaptive Service
Communication HW acceleration …
Platform
AUTOSAR Adaptive Foundation Functionality

(Virtual) Machine / HW Service Oriented

Communication

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite

Page 29
SUMMARY

 There is no doubt that multi-core systems will become common in the automotive domain.
 Multi-core systems will massively increase the internal complexity of ECUs and therefore require
more enhanced and stringent development methods and tools.
 Multi-core systems will shift the major integration task from bus-level to software-integration
 Migration of legacy software to multi-core systems as a very challenging task. But this can be taken
as unique opportunity for new and clean software architectures and implementations.
 Current Automotive Operation Systems have not been designed to support multi-core

 After 25 years of automotive e/e development and architectures we have reached a

disruptive point.
EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 30
TOPICS FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION AT THIS EVENT

 Will state of the art multi-core systems scale up in the future?

 Can multi-core systems be qualified according to ISO26262?

 Can we achieve the required level of dependability (availability) for highly automated driving?
 How can we deal with failures within large scale integrated systems (exceptions, resets, etc.)?

 Will virtualization become common in automotive ECUs?

 Will operating systems and symmetric multiprocessing be preferred over static operating systems
and asymmetric multiprocessing?

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 Seite 31

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

EMCC 2015, BMW Group, 17th June 2015 32