-(from group 1-4)the valency/oxidation increases because the number of outer shell

electrons increases
-(from group 5-8)the valency is negative because they gain electrons and it
decreases because less number of electrons need to be gained across period
-for drawing alloys:
1- Different sized particles
2- Sea of electrons
3- Regular array
- read the question smh
- non-metals are poor conductors, brittle, macromolecules are hard with high
melting point
- silicon (IV) oxide
- know how to draw structure
- make sure of formula before drawing
- structural formula means e.g. Cl--Cl
- alloys have atoms of different SIZES not shapes
- malleable because layers can slip/slide over each other
- they form four covalent bonds because have 4 valence e- and need four more to be
stable
- metalloids are semi conductors, brittle, hard, and have high melting points
- ionic compounds are soluble in water, hard, conduct electricity when molten or
aqueous, and have high melting points
- ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water because the
ions are free to move whereas in solid they are fixed in lattice
- ions are attracted due to strong electrostatic attraction force between opposite
charges
- graphite is soft because its layers are held together by weak intermolecular
forces that can move/slide easily
- graphite conducts electricity because it has free/delocalised electron between
layers to carry a charge
- silicon (IV) oxide has giant covalent structure (macromolecule)
- silicon is arranged tetrahedrally with each silicon bonded covalently to 2
oxygen;each oxygen bonded to 2 silicon
- in non metals the electrons are localised (cannot move in piece of non-metal) so
cant conduct electricity
- metals conduct electricity because electron are free to move
- metals are malleable and bendable because layers/lattice of positive ions can
slip or move past each other
- non-metals have no layers so therefore cannot slide and arent malleable
- to explain ratio mention either:
1- charges must be balanced
2- electrons to be lost and gained per atom
3- valencies of atoms
4- group number of each element
- copper is in wiring because its a good conductor and is malleable or ductile
- copper is in utensils because its a good conductor of heat, has a high melting
point, and resists corrosion
- metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction force between positive metal
ions arranged in lattice and the free electrons surrounding the ions
- diamond is hard because it has a giant covalent structure with all strong
covalent bonds and no weak forces and it bonds to four other carbons and is
arranged trahedrally
- graphite is soft because its made up of layers that are held together by weak
intermolecular forces and can therefore slide over each other easily
- brass has copper and zinc