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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2019-2020
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

KOLLAM
HYDERABAD REGION
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2019-2020
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation is a record of project titled

“RATE OF EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS”
carried out by Master/Kumari …………………… of class XII
(Science), Reg. No ………………. under guidance of partial
fulfillment of the requirement of appearing in the AISSC
Examination March 2020.
RAJESH KUMAR. G
(PGT Chemistry)
PRINCIPAL
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 OBJECTIVES
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to
Mr. Rajesh Kumar G (PGT Chemistry) for assigning me this
project and also for valuable guidance and encouragement
extend to me during the course of work.
I also extend sincere thanks from the core of my heart to
Mr. Ajith (Lab Attender) for providing me all the necessary
amenities to complete the project.
Further I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to
the Principal Mrs. Jitha K Nair, for her great support.
At last I deeply acknowledge the help given by my parents and
friends for their valuable tips and dedicated help during the
project.
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INTRODUCTION
When liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes
into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase if such
molecules happened to come near the surface. In a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There
is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that
the molecules which undergo evaporation have high kinetic
energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are
left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower
average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant
the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the
molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will keep
on escaping from liquid into gaseous phase. If the liquid is taken
in open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of liquid
evaporates.
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THEORY
Evaporation is the process whereby atom or molecule in a liquid
state (or solid state if the substance sublime) gain sufficient
energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a
molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of
the liquid in order for it to evaporate that is its kinetic energy
must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface.
Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher
temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since
only a small proportion of the molecules are located near the
surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any
given instant, rate of evaporation is limited. Also as the faster
moving molecules escape the remaining molecules have lower
average kinetic energy and the temperature of the liquid thus
decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the
escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid.
Many of the molecules return to liquids.
With returning molecules become more frequent as the density
and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape
and return reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said to be
“saturated” and no further change in either vapor pressure or
density of the liquid temperature will occur.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF

EVAPORATION
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in air
If the air already has a high concentration of substance will
evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substance in the air

If the air already saturated with other substances, it can have a
lower capacity for the substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air

This is the fact related to the concentration point above. If the
fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up
with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition
molecules have more energy than those at rest, and so stronger
flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air
molecules.
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5. Inter-molecular forces
The stronger the force; keeping the molecules together in the
liquid or solid state; the more energy that is needed in order to
evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature

Because molecules or atoms evaporate from a liquid surface, a
larger surface area allows more molecules or atom leaves the
liquid, and evaporation occur more quickly. For example, the
same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table
than if it is left in a cup. Higher temperature also increases the
rate of evaporation. At higher temperatures, molecules or atom
have a higher average speed, and more particles are able to
break free of the liquids surface. For example, a wet street will
dry fast in the hot sun than in the shade.
7. Inter-molecular forces
Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the level of the
mutual attraction among different molecules helps to explain
why some liquids evaporate faster than the others. Attraction
between molecules arises because molecules typically have
regions that carry a slight negative charge, and other regions
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carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric charge

are created because some atoms in the molecules are often more
electronegative (electron attracting) than others. The oxygen
atom in water molecule is more electronegative than the
hydrogen atoms, for example, enabling the oxygen atom to pull
electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a result, the
oxygen atom in the water molecules carries a partial negative
charge; while the hydrogen atom carries partial positive charge.
Water molecules share a mutual attraction between positively
charged hydrogen atom in one water molecule and negatively
charged oxygen atoms in nearby water molecule. Inter
molecular attraction affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid
because strong intermolecular attraction holds the molecules in a
liquid together more tightly. As a result, liquid with strong inter
molecular attraction evaporates more slowly than liquids with
weak intermolecular attraction. For example, water molecules
have stronger mutual attraction than gasoline molecules (the
electric charges are more evenly distributed in gasoline
molecules) gasoline evaporates more quickly than water.
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OBJECTIVE
In this project, we shall investigate various factors that have
already been discussed such a nature of liquid, surface area of
liquid and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation of
different liquids.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim
To compare the rate of evaporation of water, acetone and diethyl
ether.
Materials required
Petridish, pipette, beaker, weighing balance, measuring flask,
acetone, distilled water.
Procedure
1. Take three Petri dishes.
2. Pipette out 10ml of each samples.
3. Dish A- Acetone, Dish B- Water, Dish C- Diethyl ether.
4. Record the weights before beginning the experiment.
5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed for half an hour and
wait patiently.
6. Record the weights of the samples after the given time.
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7. Compare the prior and present observation.
Observation Table
Water Acetone Diethyl ether
Weight of
weighing
bottle
Weight of
(Weighing
bottle liquid)
before
evaporation
Weight of
(Weighing
bottle liquid)
after 30 min.
Weight of
liquid
evaporated
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Rate of
evaporation
W1-W2/ 1800s
Inference and conclusion

The rate of evaporation of the given three liquids is in the order:
Diethyl ether > Acetone > Water
Reason
Water has extensive bonding in between oxygen atom of one
molecule and hydrogen atom of another molecule. But this is
absent in the case of acetone.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim
To study the effects of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethyl ether.
Materials required
Three Petridish of diameter 10cm, 9cm, 7.5cm with covers,
10ml pipette and stop watch.
Procedure
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them A, B, C.
2. Pipette out 10ml of diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes
A, B and C. Cover them immediately.
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3. Uncover all three petridishes simultaneously and start the

stop watch.
4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates completely
from each Petridish.
Observation Table
Petridish mark Diameter of Time taken for
Petridish complete
evaporation
Result
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It is observed that maximum evaporation occur in Petridish with

large diameter followed by smaller and smaller Petridish. It is
therefore, concluded that the rate of evaporation increases in
surface area.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Materials required
Two Petridish of diameter 5cm each, 10ml pipette, stop watch ,
thermometer, thermostat.
Procedure
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them A and B.
2. Pipette out 10ml of acetone in each of the Petri dishes A
and B and cover them.
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3. Maintain the temperature of the thermostat at about

20celsius higher than room temperature.
4. Remove cover o Petridish a and allow the liquid in it to
evaporate at room temperature.
5. Now uncover Petridish B and immediately place it under
thermostat set at 20 Celsius higher than room temperature.
6. Start the stop watch and note the time taken for complete
evaporation of acetone in the two petridishes.
Observation Table
Time taken for

Temperature
Petridish Mark complete
(0C)
evaporation
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Conclusion
The observation clearly shows the evaporation of acetone
increases with increase in temperature.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation.
Materials required
Two Petridish and acetone
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Procedure
1. Pour 10ml of acetone in each of the two petridishes of same
size.
2. Keep one dish in a place where there is no fan and other
under a fan. Start the stop watch and note the time for the
complete evaporation of acetone in both dishes.
Observatiin table
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Conclusion
Time taken for

Petridish Mark Conditions complete
evaporation
With fan
A
Without fan
B
The observation clearly indicates that the liquid under the fan
evaporates faster. This shows that the rate of evaporation
increases with flow of air current on the surface of liquid.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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 WWW. SCRIBD. COM

 WIKIPEDIA
 CHEMICALLAND.COM
 NCERT text book
 Comprehensive practical chemistry
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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2019-2020

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

This is to certify that this dissertation is a record of project titled

FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF

2. Concentration of other substance in the air

3. Temperature of the substance

4. Flow rate of air

6. Surface area and temperature

carry a slight positive charge. These regions of electric charge

7. Compare the prior and present observation.

Water Acetone Diethyl ether

Inference and conclusion

Diethyl ether > Acetone > Water

3. Uncover all three petridishes simultaneously and start the

It is observed that maximum evaporation occur in Petridish with

3. Maintain the temperature of the thermostat at about

Time taken for

Time taken for

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