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ABSTRACT
Abstract should state introduction and background of the study, primary objectives, methodology
(research design, sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis), main outcomes and results, and the
conclusions. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and
abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The abstract consists of 150-175 words
written in a single paragraph. This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is
an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This
is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference
This is an example for your reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for your
reference This is an example for your reference This is an example for authors.
Keywords: Keywords consist of 3-5 words arranged in alphabetical order, separated by commas
METHOD
“Velocity (ms-1)”. Do not label axes with a ratio in Title of His Published Book, xth
of quantities and units. For example, write ed. City of Publisher, Country if not
[2] USA: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec.
“Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”
x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write Examples:
“Energy (kJ)” or “Energy (103 J).” Define [3] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of
abbreviations and acronyms the first time they industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed.,
are used in the text, even if they have been vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:
defined in the abstract. Number equations McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
[4] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and
consecutively with equation numbers in
Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993,
parentheses. Flush with the right margin, as in
pp. 123–135.
(1).
E mc 2 Basic format for periodicals:
(1) [5] J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev.
Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp.
Symbols of equation should be defined xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
Examples:
before the equation appears or immediately [6] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation—
follows. Use “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation Part I: An assessment
(1),” except at the beginning of a sentence, for of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron
example: Devices, vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 34–39, Jan.
“Equation (1) is …” 1959.
[7] E. P. Wigner, “Theory of traveling-wave
optical laser,” Phys. Rev.,
CONCLUSION
vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 1965.
[8] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,”
The conclusion is a summary of the IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be
results and discussion and should be written in published.
paragraphs instead on numbering. Moreover, it
can also be added the prospect of the Basic format for reports:
[9] J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev.
development of research results and application
Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State,
prospects of further studies into the next (based
Rep. xxx, year.
on results and discussion). Examples:
[10] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J.
REFERENCES Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s
atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los
All references should at least consist of Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-
15 most pertinent and up-to-date sources. 46)-3, Nov. 1988.
[11]J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration
60% (at elast 10) of the references must be
program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect.
from reputable international journals Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, Austin, Tech.
published in less than 5 years. Give all Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
authors’ names; use “et al.” if there are six
authors or more. Papers that have not been
published, even if they have been submitted for Basic format for handbooks:
[12] Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., [21] Author. (year, month). Title. Comp an
Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. y . C ity, State or Country. [Type of
State, year, pp. xxx-xxx. Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Examples: Example:
[13] Transmission Systems for [22] S . L . Ta l l e e n . ( 1 9 9 6 , A p r . ) .
Communications, 3rd ed., Western T h e I n t r a n e t A r c h i -te c tur e : M a
Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. nagi ng i n f o rm at i on i n t h e ne
44–60. w paradigm. Amdahl Corp., CA. [Online].
[14] Motorola Semiconductor Data Available:
Manual, Motorola Semiconductor http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/i
Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989. ntra/infra/html
Basic format for books (when available Basic format for computer programs and
online): electronic documents (when available online):
[15] Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) ISO recommends that capitalization follow
[Type of medium]. volume (issue). the accepted practice for the language or
Available: site/path/file script in which the information is given.
Example: Example:
[16] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks. (2nd [23] A. Harriman. (1993, June).
ed.) [Online]. Available: Compendium of genealogical software.
http://www.atm.com Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail:
HUMANIST@NYVM.ORG Message: get
Basic format for journals (when available GENEALOGY REPORT
online):
[17] Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type Basic format for patents (when
of medium]. volume (issue), pages. available online):
Available: site/path/file [24] Name of the invention, by inventor’s name.
Example: (year, month day). Patent Number
[18] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, Aug.). On the use [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
of atmospheric plasmas as Example:
electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. [25] Musical toothbrush with adjustable neck
Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp. 876–880. and mirror, by L.M.R. Brooks. (1992, May
Available: 19). Patent D 326 189
http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps [Online]. Available: NEXIS Library:
03-vidmar LEXPAT File: DESIGN
Basic format for papers presented at Basic format for conference proceedings
conferences (when available online): (published):
[19] Author. (year, month). Title. Presented at [26] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in
Conference title. [Type of Medium]. Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of
Available: site/path/file Conf., Abbrev. State (if given), year, pp.
Example: xxxxxx.
[20] PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Example:
Internet technologies deployed behind the [27] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-
firewall for corporate productivity. switched pas- sively coupled single-mode
Presented at optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC,
INET96 Annual Meeting. [Online]. 1985,
Available: pp. 585–590.
http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
Example for papers presented at conferences
Basic format for reports and handbooks (unpublished):
(when available online): [28] D. Ebehard and E. Voges, “Digital single
sideband detection for interferometric
sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf.
Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany,
Jan. 2-5, 1984.
Basic format for the most
common types of unpublished
Basic format for patents: references:
[29] J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent [35] J. K. Author, private communication,
x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year. Abbrev. Month, year.
Example: [36] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,”
[30] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating unpublished.
current fed power supply,” [37] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” to be
U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978. published.
Examples:
Basic format for theses (M.S.) and [38] A. Harrison, private communication,
dissertations (Ph.D.): May 1995.
[31] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. [39] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of
thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City linear forms,” unpublished.
of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. [40] A. Brahms, “Representation error for
[32] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” real numbers in binary computer
Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group
Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. Repository, Paper R-67-85.
Examples:
[33] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band Basic format for standards:
analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. [41] Title of Standard, Standard number,
Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, date.
1993. Examples:
[34] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of [42] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric
thermal and chemical nonequilibrium Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. [43] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI
Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993. Standard Y10.5-1968.