NAME : NURFADIA

REG NUM : 20400118029

CLASS : PBI 1.2

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

1. What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence ?

Answer :

“ when he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag full of books .”

1) When, because when as Conjunction 5) An, because an as Article

2) He, because he as Pronoun 6) And, because and as

3) In, because in as Preposition 7) A, because a as Article

4) The, because the as Article 8) Of, because of as Preposition

2. (a) list the bound morphemes in these words : fearlessly, misleads, previewer, shortened, unhappier

Answer :

Fearlessly Previewer

Fear: Free morpheme Pre: Bound morpheme (prefix)

Less: Bound morpheme (suffix) View: Free morpheme

Ly: Bound morpheme (suffix) Er: Bound morpheme (suffix)

Misleads Shortened

Mis: Bound morpheme (prefix) Short: Free morpheme

Lead: Free morpheme En: Bound morpheme (suffix)

S: Bound morpheme (suffix) Ed: Bound morpheme (suffix)

 Unhappier

Un: Bound morpheme (prefix)

Happy: Free morpheme

Er: Bound morpheme (suffix)

(b) which of these words has a bound stem : construct, deceive, introduce, repeat?

Construct: Is not word that has a bound stem

Deceive: De- Ceive (Bound stem)

Introduce: Intro-Duce (Bound stem)

Repeat: Re-Peat (Bound stem)

( c ) which of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme “past tense” : are, have, must,
sitting, waits?

Are + past tense : produces past form “were“ as irregular verb

Have + past tense: produces past form “had” as irregular verb

Must: does not contain an allomorph of the morpheme “past tense” because it does not
have past tense

Sitting + past tense: produces past form “sat“ as irregular verb.

Waits + past tense: produces past form “waited“ as regular verb.

3. what are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions ?

Answer : (a ) have you eaten yet ?

“en”, as past participle

(b ) do you know how long I’ve been waiting ?

“ing”, as present participle

(c ) she’s younger than me and always dresses in the latest style.

 “ (‘s)”, as abbreviation

“er”, as comparative

“es”, as simple present tense

“est”, as superlative

(d ) we looked through my grandmother’s old photo albums.

“ed”, as past tense

“(‘s)” , as possessive adjective

“s”, as plural

4. What are the Allomorphs of the morpheme “ plural “ in this set of English words : criteria, dogs, oxen,
deer, judges, stimuli?

Answer : All of them are the allomorphs of the morpheme “plural” because :

Criteria : criterion + plural produces the irregular plural form “criteria” that ends in “A”

Dogs : dog + plural produces the regular form “dogs” that adds “-s”

Oxen : ox + plural produces the irregular form “oxen” that adds “-en”

Deer : deer + to be zero-morph and produces the irregular form “deer”

Judges : judge + plural produces the regular form “judges” that adds “-s”

Stimuli : stimulus + plural produces the irregular form “stimuli” that changes from
stimulus becomes stimuli.

5. What is reduplication ?

Answer : Reduplication is the process repetition of word that has a same root word, sometimes change
the first or last letter from the word.

Ex: -Chit-Chat

6. Provide equivalent forms, in the language listed, for the English translations shown on the right below
.
Answer : Ganda omulongo (“twin”) - (“twins”) > Abalongjo

Ilocano tawtawa (“windows”) - (“ window”) > Táwa

Kanuri nemkeji (“sweetness” ) - ( “ sweet “) > Kəĵi

Tagalog bili (“buy”) - (“will buy”) > Bibili

Tagalog kain (“ eat “) - (“Eat!”) > Kumain

7. What is “suppletion”? was there an example of an English suppletive form described in this chapter ?

Answer : Suppletion is complement. But suppletion also can be defined as a word that has same meaning
but different form.

8. The selection of appropriate allomorphs is based on three different effects :

lexical conditioning, morphological conditioning or phonological conditioning. What type of

conditioning do you think is involved in the relationship between the words in each of the following
pairs ?

Answer : Stitch - stitches > phonological conditioning ( s/es that plural form )

Exclaim – exclamation > morphological conditioning ( -ion is as suffix that sound change)

Child – children > exical conditioning (-en is as plural form )

Conclude – conclusion > morphological conditioning (-ion is as suffix that sound change)

Cliff – cliffs > phonological conditioning ( s/es that plural form )

Tooth – teeth > lexical conditioning ( vowel change and as plural form )

9. What are enclitics and proclitics ? does English have both ? what are some typical English examples?
Why aren’t they just called affixes?

Answer :

Enclitics is include as abbreviation word and yes, it’s common we use in English.

Proclitics is include as abbreviation word but it’s uncommon we use in English.

Enclitics and Proclitics aren’t called as affixes because they are abbreviation word and using the
abbreviation word as connector of words.