Week 1

List Characteristics Of Poor Information

Inaccuracy:
If your information is inaccurate, then it is not reliable. Accuracy takes time, and if you don’t
take that time to check your data then the information is more than likely to be inaccurate. This
can create problem within a business as it can make all the data that you have collected
unreliable.
Incomplete:
Incomplete information isn’t very useful, especially within businesses. The information needs to
be completed in order to make decisions quick and easy within the businesses. Unfinished
information means that it takes longer to make decisions, as the information wouldn’t be useful
for the business.

Not Consistent:
If information is inconsistent then the information is not valid and not reliable which therefore
means that it is not useful for anyone to use. This wouldn’t be very helpful when business need
to make decisions, as more consistent information would have to be obtained In order to
complete tasks.

Bland, unoriginal, boring to look at:

If information is boring then nobody would want to look at it and use it, this is because nobody
be attracted to the information. The information would end up boring people with the
blandness, which would therefore mean that no-one would finish reading it, or read it all even if
it is valuable information.

Can it be used it again:

If information cannot be used again then it is unreliable, and it is not very useful, as you would
only be able to use it once. If it can’t be used again then it usually means that the information is
out of date and not accurate.

Out of Date:
Out of date information isn’t useful and is unreliable as this information could not be correct.
This could mean that if you use this information in the business to make decisions then those
decision could be completely wrong, as they are based on inaccurate information.

Untrustworthy
Untrustworthy information is not reliable and inaccurate. This is because it is from an unreliable
source. If a this information is used within a business, then it could cause a big problem as the
information may not be true.

Inaccessible
If information is inaccessible, then nobody would be able to use it. This could cause a big
problem for business as they would not be able to obtain the information that is needed to help
in the decision making process.

Resources: https://prezi.com/e34qmvhbpfny/characteristics-of-good-and-bad-
information/?cuserid=122617147&gid=127794
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List Characteristics Of Good Information

Relevant:
If information isn’t relevant to what you want to find out it doesn’t help you in decision making,
it doesn’t matter how interesting the information is. Good information is when you use relevant
data your advantage. Ways to ensure that the information you will obtain will be relevant is to
set objectives, and to focus on exceptions like the problem.

Reliable:
You should make sure that all information that you receive comes from reliable/authoritative
sources. If something has been estimates, guesses or assumptions have been within the
information, you should clearly state and explain why you have done it.

Worth the cost:

Good information should be worth the cost. All information cost money as to collect data can
become quite expensive. Information that is collected can take up a lot of time, which could also
cost the business money. Everyone should question whether collecting the information is worth
the cost.

Easy to use and understand:

In order for information to be easy to use and understand, it should be clearly presented by
using charts and summaries. It needs to be communicated well by using things like printed
reports. You could also present its well on a presentation. A good thing for business to do is to
develop templates that are used a lot throughout the company. This would help the employees
get used to seeing information in a similar style.
Meet the needs of the user:
This can be hard as users of information have different needs. For example the manager may
not have enough time to look through the who of thing like sales list so they would want brief
summary of all data. However the sales list supervisor would want a full detailed and accurate
report on how well sales on going.

Accurate:
The information needs to be a detailed as possible, in order to be accurate. Information should
be free from errors. The more accurate the information to be, the more times that needs to be
taken to ensure that this happens as it will keep having to be checked.

Up-to-date:
You need to make sure that the information is up-to-date otherwise the data will be inaccurate
and wont be reliable. If you are a manager of a large business you need to collect daily data to
ensure that you know how well the business is going and check up on other stores of the
branch, so that you can act on it immediately.
Resources: https://prezi.com/e34qmvhbpfny/characteristics-of-good-and-bad-
information/?cuserid=122617147&gid=127794
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Characteristics Information

 Availability/accessibility
 Accuracy
 Reliability or objectivity
 Relevance/appropriateness
 Completeness
 Level of detail/conciseness
 Presentation
 Timing
 Value of information
 Cost of information
 The difference between value and cost

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What Is Information Access

 Information access is the freedom or ability to identify, obtain and make use
of database or information effectively.
There are various research efforts in information access for which the objective is to
simplify and make it more effective for human users to access and further process large
and unwieldy amounts of data and information.

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What Is Information Society

An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and
manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. Its main
drivers are digital information and communication technologies which have resulted in an
information explosion and are profoundly changing all aspects of social organization, including
the economy, education, health, welfare, government and democracy.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society
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What Is Information Age

Information Age refer to the current period of human history. It is defined by the advent and
advancement of computers and the many impact this has had on economics, societies, and
cultures. A start date for information age is the first public launch of the first electronic general
purpose computer know as ENIAC.
Resources: https://simplicable.com/new/information-age

What Is Knowledge

According to Webster's Dictionary, knowledge is "the fact or condition of knowing something

with familiarity gained through experience or association". In practice, though, there are many
possible, equally plausible definitions of knowledge. A frequently used definition of knowledge
is "the ideas or understandings which an entity possesses that are used to take effective action
to achieve the entity's goal(s). This knowledge is specific to the entity which created it."

Resources: https://www.google.com/searchq=define+what+is+knowledgw&oq=define+what+is
+knowledgw&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.11475j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
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What Is Data

Data is any set of character that is gathered and translated for some purpose, usually analysis. It
can be any character, including text and numbers, pictures, sound, or video. If data is not put
into context, it doesn't do anything to a human or computer.

Resources: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/data.htm
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What Is Information

Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver. When information is
entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data. After processing (such
as formatting and printing), output data can again be perceived as information. When
information is packaged or used for understanding or doing something, it is known as
knowledge.

Resources: https://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/information
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Weeks 2

Format Of Information Sources

Information is available and accessible in two main formats namely, print and non-print and these
include published and unpublished sources.

Print Materials (Published sources)

Information could be in print format and these include: all printed books, periodicals, maps,
bibliographies, indexes and abstracts, photographs, government documents, technical reports,
etc.
Books are the most common type of printed materials. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary defines a book as ‘a set of printed pages that are fastened inside a cover so that you
can turn them and read them [13]. A book is described by some people as a written work or
composition that has been published, printed on pages bound together while others say it's just
the content, separate from its container [14]. Books are categorized into two, namely: fiction and
non-fiction. Fiction contains information that are not true and all the scenes and characters are
made up by the author. Non-fiction books deals with information that is true, about real things,
people, events and places.

Non-Print Materials

In addition to printed materials, information is also produced in other formats (non-print)

including audio, audiovisual, multimedia, microform and electronic books, journals, images,
texts/records from the Internet.

Audio-Visual and Multimedia

In the past decades, much of the information created by members of a given society is produced
in audio, audio-visual and multimedia formats. Example of audio information is music recorded
on CDs and books on audio or video tapes. Video information includes VCR tapes of TV shows,
movies and documentaries [1]. Other examples are information on CD-ROMs, DVDs, Flash drives
and Web documents etc.

Microform

The American Heritage Dictionary defines microform as an arrangement of images reduced in

size, as on microfilm or microfiche. Microforms are any form, either films or paper, containing
micro reproductions [15] of documents for transmission, storage, reading, and
printing. Microform images are commonly reduced about 25 times from the original document
size, (miniaturized or compressed images) which cannot be read without special display devices
(the reader). Archival materials are frequently placed in microform format because this medium
is very stable and economical for storage of information for extended periods of time. There are
two major types, namely: Microfilm and Microfiche.

Microfilm

Microfilm is a roll of transparent film (approximately 100 to 200 feet in length) used to store
microscopic images of documents [1]. A microfilm reader is required to read the images in the
microfilm. Documents are recorded in microfilm because of the risk of damage to a fragile original
or to save storage space. Microfilm when properly processed and stored within special envelopes
and placed in a climate-controlled room, has a life expectancy of approximately 500 years [16,
17]. Most libraries have a collection of microfilm stored in their archives.
Microfiche

Is a small sheet of transparent photographic film usually 4 inches by 6 inches containing printed
information in a size too small to be seen by the naked eye and needs a special device to read the
images [18]. The major advantages of microfiche include storage in a small space, stability of the
format, and not needing knowledge to read it. As long as a microfiche machine is available to
magnify the print to a readable size, anyone who can read the language can read the information
on microfiche. When kept in a temperature-controlled environment, it can last for approximately
500 years; it is a good medium for saving and preserving cultural documents [18].

Unpublished sources- Indigenous Knowledge (IK)

In local communities in Africa, there is a rich body of information or knowledge which has been
handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. This is known as indigenous
knowledge. It is neither written nor published but provides people in the community with
strategies for survival. Indigenous knowledge is the sum total of knowledge and skills which
people in a particular geographical area possess that enables them to get the most out of their
natural environment [19]. This information/knowledge is not systematically documented. It is
oral in nature, usually transmitted through personal communication; it is culture-specific and
often generated within communities [20] for local level decision-making in agriculture,
healthcare, food preparation, education, natural resources management and other activities
[21]. Examples of areas where indigenous knowledge has been very useful include, among others,
African traditional medicine, conflict resolution and culture - dance steps and traditional attire
[20].

Resources: http://karibouconnections.net/medlibafrica/training_module/17.html
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Categories of Information

Primary: Primary sources are firsthand documents that provide direct evidence on your topic.
Example: Diaries, Speeches, Correspondence, Interviews, Manuscripts, Government
Documents, Archival Materials, Autobiographies
Secondary: Secondary Sources are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight.
They are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not
evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence.
Example : Magazine and newspaper articles, Biographical works, Commentaries,
criticisms, Conference proceedings, Essays or reviews, Histories, Literary criticism such as journal
articles, Monographs, other than fiction and autobiographies, Reprints of art works

Tertiary: A tertiary source presents summaries or condensed versions of materials, usually with
references back to the primary and/or secondary sources.
Example: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Handbooks,

Definition of a Primary Source:

Primary sources are firsthand documents that provide direct evidence on your topic.

The Library of Congress refers to them as the "raw materials of history — original documents
and objects which were created at the time under study. They are different from secondary
sources, accounts or interpretations of events created by someone without firsthand
experience."

A primary source is most often created during the time the events you are studying occurred,
such as newspaper articles from the period, correspondence, diplomatic records, original
research reports and notes, diaries etc. They may also include items created after the events
occurred, but that recount them such as autobiographies and oral histories.

Types of Primary Sources

Relics and
Original Documents Creative Works Artifacts

Diaries Art works Pottery

Speeches Novels Decorative arts

 Types of Primary Sources

Relics and
Original Documents Creative Works Artifacts

Correspondence Poetry Clothing

Interviews Music Buildings

Manuscripts Architectural Textiles

drawings/plans

Government Documents Photographs Needlework

News film footage Film

Archival Materials

Autobiographies

Definition of a Secondary Source:

Secondary Sources are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. They are
interpretations and evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not evidence, but
rather commentary on and discussion of evidence.¹
Types of Secondary Sources

Secondary Sources

Bibliographies

Biographical works

Commentaries, criticisms

Conference proceedings

Essays or reviews

Histories

Literary criticism such as journal articles

Magazine and newspaper articles

Monographs, other than fiction and autobiographies

Reprints of art works

Textbooks (could also be considered tertiary)

Websites (could also be considered primary)

Definition of a Tertiary Source
A tertiary source presents summaries or condensed versions of materials, usually with
references back to the primary and/or secondary sources.

Types of Tertiary Sources

Tertiary Sources

Almanacs

Abstracts

Dictionaries

Encyclopedias

Handbooks

Resources: https://sia.libguides.com/c.php?g=521408
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Types of Information

1. Book
Books, such as textbooks, are good for providing an overview of a topic. They undergo an
editorial process and are usually written by experts in the subject or professional authors. They
contain reference lists or bibliographies so that you can broaden your research by following up
leads to related publications.
Many books at the University are available in digital format as e-books.
Books take time to produce, so may not always contain the most up to date information. In
some subject areas, such as Law and Medicine, it is important to check you are using the most
up to date edition of a book.
2. Journal
Journals can provide you with up to date discussion of research topics as they are published
more quickly and regularly than books e.g. weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually, depending
on the publication.
Journal articles are written by researchers and experts in their field. Scholarly or academic
journals go through a "peer review" process, where a panel of experts assesses the article
before it is approved for publication, giving you reassurance that the information is reliable. Like
books, the more scholarly articles also contain reference lists or bibliographies so that you can
broaden your research by following up leads to related publications.
The majority of the journals available via the library are in digital format. This means they are
available to you any time, any place and ensures you can access the latest journal issues as soon
as they are published.

3. Legal sources
A wide range of legal information resources are available to you at the University including:

 legal textbooks
 journals
 law reports
 statutes
 treaties

The majority of the information is available in online format which is ideal for researching the
law when you need to ensure you are looking at the latest information and want to explore
connections between legal cases, statutes and commentary.

4. Map

A wealth of mapping data is available to you at the University. Use the Maps section of the A-Z
Database List to access the various databases.
The Maps LibGuide provides guidance on finding and using online mapping services.
A key provider of maps and geospatial dat for UK academia is the DigiMap service and it
has extensive online support and training materials available to help you make the most of the
services.

5. News
News sources can be invaluable research resources. There are various types of news sources
you can choose from, including:

 newspapers
 newsreels
 newswires
 news magazines
 News monitoring services etc.

6. Official Publication

Official publications can be broadly defined as the documents and materials produced by the
government and governmental departments during the course of government business.
Content ranges from statements of law and policy to government reports and statistics. These
publications can be a valuable primary research source and are especially useful to those
researching in law, politics and history. However, they are of relevance across all subjects as
they address all aspects of governmental work such as science, education, law, agriculture,
transport, health etc.

7. Patent
A patent is a legal contract and intellectual property (IP) right which protects a new invention,
by giving the owner the right for a limited period of time to prevent others from exploiting the
invention without permission. It means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used,
distributed or sold without the patent owner's consent.
It gives a detailed and technical description of the invention, and as such contains much
information that may never be published in any other format. A patent is generally applied for
at the earliest possible stage of an invention; it thus often provides the newest information
available in a field, before journal articles are published or new products reach the market.

8. References Material
Reference resources such as almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias and thesauri enable you to:

 examine facts and statistics about the world

  decipher abbreviations and definitions
 gain an overview of a topic

They can be really useful resources as you begin your background research into a topic, before
you move on to more in depth research via your Subject databases.
In many cases, these resources are now available in digital format, allowing you to easily and
quickly access the information you need

9. Social media
Social Media blogs, twitter feeds etc. can be useful research resources. For example, they can
highlight key topics and debates that are live at particular points in time. Also many experts and
organizations use these communication methods to highlight larger research projects and work.
As is the case with website information, it is vital that you evaluate these resources as the
quality and reliability of information will be highly variable.
Furthermore, the information may be available fleetingly as blogs and twitter feeds come and
go, so make sure you capture any material you want to use in your research in case it is deleted
during the course of your research activities.

10. Standard
A standard is a published specification that establishes a common language and an agreed,
repeatable way of doing something. It contains a technical specification or other precise criteria
and is designed to be used consistently, as a rule, a guideline, or a definition.
Standards are applied to many materials, products, methods and services. They are designed for
voluntary use and do not impose any regulations. However, laws and regulations may refer to
certain standards, making compliance with them compulsory.

11. Statistics
Statistics is the science of collecting, analysing and presenting numerical data and can be a vital
source of information for your studies.
Statistical data can be found on a huge variety of subjects including:

 the economy
 employment
 the environment
 government
 health
 international trade
  manufacturing
 population

A wide range of data and statistical sources are available to you via the Data section of the A-Z
Database List. Many organizations and governments also make statistical data freely available.

12. Theses
A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for a higher degree
or professional qualification, presenting the author’s research and findings. These are extremely
valuable sources of information, as they consist of substantial primary research in specialized
topics and provide very detailed data and analysis.
They will also have extensive bibliographies, detailing the published literature on the
given research topic.
13. Websites
Search engines such as Google have made it very easy to search and find information via the
internet and it is highly likely that you will use the web to find information for your research.
However, the sheer volume of material available means that sometime it can be difficult to find
the information you want. Most search engines offer advanced search options that allow you to
refine your search i.e. Google Advanced Search. If you want to find academic materials, search
using Google Scholar.

14. Conference Proceedings

The papers that researchers deliver at conference and symposia around the world are often
published after the event, in print and/or digital format. They may be published as a book, in a
special issue of a journal or on an organizations’ website. Some may not be published at all.
Published conference papers are often the first time that research findings are publicly
presented and debated so they can be sources of cutting edge research.
Many are subject to peer review, just like scholarly journals, which acts as a quality assurance
check.
Subject databases may index major conference proceedings as an aid to their discovery. The
following tools will also enable you to find conference papers and proceedings in your area.

Sources: https://libguides.exeter.ac.uk/searchtechniques/sources
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Sources of Information

Being able to research and use materials which back up your study or offer different
interpretations of your study area is an essential aspect of studying and learning.
Primarily you need to be aware of where to look for information, how to access it and how to
use it. You must also be able to scrutinise your sources to check that they are relevant and of a
suitable nature to be included within your work.

Sources: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/sources-info.html
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Information Explosion

Information explosion is a term used to describe the rapidly increasing amount of published
information and the effects of this abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows,
managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to information overload.
Resources: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/information_explosion
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Information Overload

Information overload refers to the state of having too much information to make a decision or
remain informed about a topic. It is often referred to in conjunction with various forms of
computer-mediated communication such as e-mail and the web.
Resources: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/information_explosion
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Importance of Information

 Information is an aid in decision making, policy making needed for the policy makers, decision
makers, managers etc.
 Information will have a reinforcing/ trans forming effect on human beings on receiving it. A
great deal for change can be perceived in the human minds/ attitudes on obtaining the
information, as it increases the ability of personal knowledge for the recipient.
 Information generates new information. This is the existing knowledge/ information helps in
generating new information; new knowledge; new theories, etc.

In fact, scientists and scholars avail or use information to produce another document, like
research reports, thesis/ dissertations, books, journal articles, seminar paper etc.

1. The users of various professions and vocations like doctors, engineers, scientists, scholars etc.
acquire and apply information in order to do their job more effectively and efficiently. i.e.
application of information for practical purposes.
2. Information supports research in order to obtain effective and fruitful results.
3. Information helps in better management of manpower, materials, production, finance,
marketing etc.
4. State-of-art kind of information of a subject helps in identifying the gaps/ shortcomings in in
the subject field and to identify the research problems to be explored or undertaken.
5. Information helps in avoiding the duplication of research.
6. Information stimulates the thought process of the users, particularly the scholars.
7. Information helps the scientists, engineers, scholars, etc. to get well informed with the current
advancements in their subjects, and to keep them up-to-date.

Resources: http://www.lisbdnet.com/the-needs-and-importance-of-information/
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What is the Information Cycle?

The term "Information Cycle" refers to the way that information is produced and distributed,
and how it changes over time. Usually, it's used to describe the progression of media coverage
relating to a particular newsworthy event or topic.
Understanding how the information cycle works will help you to know what kinds of
information may be available on your topic as you locate and evaluate research sources.

Resources: https://libguides.tru.ca/infocycle
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Services That Offered by Libraries Under the reference service

Research Assistance
Information specialists are available 86 hours a week in the Reference Department to provide
research assistance to students, faculty and staff. This highly trained faculty regularly answers a
wide variety of questions from the most basic to the more advanced. Students often seek help
in choosing and using the proper database or finding the right book. But the large percentage of
queries are more advanced and require extensive knowledge of all the Library’s databases and
collections. These questions can involve limiting searches to scholarly research or peer-reviewed
publications or locating that most esoteric bibliographic reference from the 1700’s. Faculty are
frequent users of the valuable assistance provided them in their research efforts.

Telephone Assistance
Is available and is particularly effective with remote access navigation. Please feel free to
contact us at (516) 299-2305 or (516) 299-2306.

Electronic Reference Service

You can chat online with a librarian. For the more intricate questions, try our email reference
service. A librarian checks the department email daily and tries to responds in a timely fashion.
Long Island University patrons are given priority.
Book a Librarian
In addition to online reference assistance, email assistance, telephone assistance, and, of
course, visiting the library in person, students and faculty can also Book a Librarian to get
intensive one-on-one research assistance and undivided attention. The library has many online
and hardcopy resources that most people are unaware of, and the databases have advanced
features for pulling up the desired results. People often think that they've tried all the
possibilities and become convinced that the information that they need does not exist when
there are still many more options. Please feel free to make an appointment using this form or by
calling 516-299-4138 for a private consultation with a librarian.

Database Instruction for Faculty

For faculty members who want to find out more about the library's databases but can't come to
us: we'll come to you! The library is offering a new program for faculty in which you can make
an appointment for a librarian to come to your office at your convenience to demonstrate the
latest databases. If you prefer, you can make an appointment for instruction in the library. Just
email or call Jean Uhl, chair of the Library Liaison Committee (juhl@liu.edu, x2837), or Larry
Kirschenbaum (ljkirsch@liu.edu, x2704) to make the appointment or for further details.

Library Instruction
The Reference Department has a wide variety of instructional programs for classes and
individuals covering the use of databases and other resources. Specialized instruction is also
available from other library departments.

Interlibrary Loan
Interlibrary loan serves to expand the range of publications available to the C.W. Post
community. Faculty and students may request that publications not owned by C.W. Post be
borrowed from other libraries on a local and national level.

Library Liaison Program

All the Reference librarians participate in the Library Liaison program. This is another
collaborative effort on the part of the Library to reach out to the faculty and partner with them
to improve the collections and services of the Library. Each department is assigned a library
liaison who filters information about new Library databases, services, programs, etc. through
each academic department’s liaison. In turn, the department liaison alerts us to new courses,
programs, etc. so that we can better meet and adapt to changing departmental and curricular
needs and anticipate future needs.
Collection Development
The librarians try to anticipate future curricular needs and trends by ordering relevant items for
the collection in print and electronic form. Your suggestions are welcomed. Please visit
the Acquisitions Department website to make a recommendation.
Resources: http://liu.cwp.libguides.com/c.php?g=45855&p=1012482
Services That Offered in The Library

- Book delivery service

- Circulation service
- Chat with Librarian
- Information Literacy skill
- Inter Library Loan (ILL)

Resources: https://library.uitm.edu.my/v4/index.php/en/services/283-library-services
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5 Types of Libraries

Academic libraries serve colleges and universities.

Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
School libraries serve students from Kindergarten to grade 12.
Special libraries are in specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the
military, private business, and the government.
National Library A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a
country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country
Resources:
https://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=30898&p=198569
http://www.lisbdnet.com/types-libraries-academic-public-national-special-library/
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What is Library

The Librarian’s Book of Lists (Chicago: ALA, 2010), George Eberhart offers this definition:
"A library is a collection of resources in a variety of formats that is organized by information
professionals or other experts who provide convenient physical, digital, bibliographic, or
intellectual access and offer targeted services and programs with the mission of educating,
informing, or entertaining a variety of audiences and the goal of stimulating individual learning
and advancing society as a whole."

Resources: https://libguides.ala.org/library-definition
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Form of Catalog

 Card Catalogue or card form: A catalogue, the entries of which are made on cards of uniform
size and quality, and stored in any desired order on their edges in drawers or other form of
container, each card being restricted to a single entry and with details of class number or call
number to enable the item to be found.

 Book catalogue or book form: A catalogue produced in book form, also used as a synonym for
Printed catalogue. Sometimes used synonymously for Page catalogue and ‘Book form
catalogue’.

 Guard Book catalogue or guard book form: One in which only a few entries are made on a
page at first, with spaces left for the insertion of subsequent entries in correct order.

 Shelf catalogue or shelf form: It is an variation of Guard Book catalogue.

Resources: http://www.lisbdnet.com/physical-form-of-library-catalogue-and/
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Union Catalog
Union Catalog

Union catalogs have been created in a range of media, including book format, microform,
cards and more recently, networked electronic databases. Print union catalogs are typically
arranged by title, author or subject (often employing a controlled vocabulary); electronic
versions typically support keyword and Boolean queries.
Resources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_catalog
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What is Access Point

Access Point refers to a name, term, code, heading, word, phrase, etc., a unit of information
representing a specific entity that can serve as a search key in information retrieval, under which
a library catalog or bibliographic database may be searched and library materials may be
identified and retrieved.

Access points are the indexed elements of an authority or bibliographic records that helps make
the record searchable and identifiable. In a catalog, index, or other organized systems some
examples of access points are, author, title, name (person, family, corporate body, etc.), subjects
(topical, geographical, etc.), classification or call number, and codes such as ISBN, etc. which are
chosen by the cataloger or indexer, when creating a bibliographic, authority, or metadata record
(a surrogate), to enable the retrieval of the record.

In modern cataloging using advanced Integrated Library Systems (ILS), the machine-readable
cataloging, almost any portion of the catalog record can serve as an access point. The advanced
search of the Online Public Access Catalogs provides many options as access points.

Resources: https://www.librarianshipstudies.com/2016/06/access-point.html
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LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Library of Congress System
The Library of Congress system has 21
broad categories, each represented
by one letter of the alphabet.
For example, books on philosophy,
psychology and religion all are have
codes starting with the letter B. Books
on education start with the letter L.
History of the Americas gets two
letters: E and F.
would use to organize an essay.
Subtopics are dealt with by indentation places.
Dewey Decimal System
The Dewey Decimal System first
classifies books into nine broad
categories, each identified by a
number in the hundreds.
For example, books on religion
start are in the 200s; books on
social sciences are in the
300s. Categories is done by adding
decimal numbers.
system is a hierarchy: Subtopics are
dealt with by using hundreds, then
tens, then units and then decimal

some of the biggest libraries – such as

Universities used by more libraries – Public
Library

Resources : https://penandthepad.com/types-library-classification-schemes-8561742.html

What is OPAC

- A library’s online public access catalog that provides access to the services and
collections of a library.

- An online public access catalog (often abbreviated as OPAC or simply library

catalog) is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries.
Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and other material
available at a library

- OPAC is the Online Public Access Catalogue or, in other words, the library
catalogue. It is an online database of all of the resources held in the library. You
can search OPAC to locate books in the library. It lists the number of the items,
whether they are in the library or out on loan, and their call number.
 - OPAC stands for Online Public Access Catalogue is an online database of
materials held by a library or group of libraries through which users search a
library catalog principally to locate books and other material available at a library

- (On-line public access catalogue): OPAC is an online database of materials held by

a library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate
books and other material available at a library.
Resources : https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/social-software-use-public
libraries/21147?cuserid=122617147&gid=127794
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TYPES OF CATALOG

Author catalog: a formal catalog, sorted alphabetically according to the authors' or editors'
names of the entries.
Title catalog: a formal catalog, sorted alphabetically according to the title of the entries.
Dictionary catalog: a catalog in which all entries (author, title, subject, series) are interfiled in a
single alphabetical order. This was the primary form of card catalog in the Anglo-American
world just prior to the introduction of the computer-based catalog.
Keyword catalog: a subject catalog, sorted alphabetically according to some system of
keywords.
Mixed alphabetic catalog forms: sometimes, one finds a mixed author/title, or an
author/title/keyword catalog.
Systematic catalog: a subject catalog, sorted according to some systematic subdivision of
subjects. Also called a Classifiedcatalog.
Shelf list catalog: a formal catalog with entries sorted in the same order as bibliographic items
are shelved. This catalog may also serve as the primary inventory for the library.
Resources : https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Library_catalog
ACCESS POINT WHEN SEARCHING THE INFORMATION

-author
-title
-name (person, family, corporate body, etc.)
-subjects (topical, geographical, etc.)
-classification or call number
-codes such as ISBN, etc.

Resources : https://www.librarianshipstudies.com/2016/06/access-point.html

DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Disadvantages of Classification Systems

-Rigid or false ontology: The limitations of enumerated classification numbers had given birth to
more flexible analytico-synthetic classification schemes.
¸-Delay in updating and adding new subject areas. ¸
-Further no classification scheme is able to fully represent the Universe of Knowledge
Resources
: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.828.7381&rep=rep1&type=pdf

DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Advantages of Classification system

-They can cover all subject areas.
-They are widely supported. ¸
-Continuous updating.
-User familiarity.
-Multilingual access to a collection.
-Availability in machine-readable form. (since most of them are available in machine readable
forms).
Resources
: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.828.7381&rep=rep1&type=pdf

SEARCH STRATEGY

Search Strategy
A search strategy is an organised structure of key terms used to search a database. The search
strategy combines the key concepts of your search question in order to retrieve accurate
results.
search strategy will account for all:
-possible search terms
-keywords and phrases
-truncated and wildcard variations of search terms
-subject headings (where applicable)
Each database works differently so need to adapt search strategy for each database.
Citation : Library. (2017, April 19). Literature searching explained. Retrieved October 26, 2019,
from
https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/1404/literature_searching/14/literature_searching_explained/4.

What is Library Catalogue

A library catalogue lists the materials held by the library. It also indicates where each item is
located in the collection. Depending on the library, the description of items may be brief or very
detailed. A library may or may not include every item in its catalogue. The library may produce a
separate list or bibliographies of pamphlets, clippings or other special materials.

Functions of a library catalogue

All library catalogues, regardless of format, inform the library user:

Whether the library owns a particular copy of a particular item.

1. Which works by a specific author are in the collection.

2. Which editions of a particular work the library owns.
3. What materials are available on a particular subject.
 4. About the following details for each item:
a. Author
b. Title
c. Imprint
d. Collation (number of pages, whether the item has illustrations, etc.)
e. Subject headings
f. Location in the collection

IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION LITERCAY SKILLS

 to empower students to learn for themselves.
 to enable informed decision-making.
 to equip students for success in their careers.
 to meet needs of employers for information literate employees.
 to promote the creation of self-sufficient researchers.
 to encourage the careful evaluation of information sources for bias and inaccuracy
 to help students deal with information overload.
 to offer strategies for using Google with discernment and for evaluating online
information.
 to meet NEASC standards.
 to support the College mission.
 to meet College strategic plan objectives
Citation : Research Guides: Information Literacy: Why do Information Literacy? (n.d.). Retrieved
October 26, 2019, from https://library.mcla.edu/info_lit.
INFORMATION LITERCAY SKILLS

Information literacy skills continue to be increasingly important in the constantly evolving

information and technology landscape. Information is more abundant and diverse than ever,
and in this complex environment individuals encounter a nearly endless supply of information
options in their academic studies, workplaces, and personal lives. An increasing amount of
information comes through unfiltered formats, and raises questions about its authenticity,
validity, and reliability. Information comes in many packages ranging from graphical, aural, and
textual. Each of these pose challenges for individuals to evaluate and understand.
Citation :
Research Guides: Information Literacy: Goals & Objectives. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2019,
from https://libguides.willamette.edu/information-literacy.
WHAT IS INFORMATION LITERCAY SKILLS

To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and
have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.
Citation :LibGuides: Information Literacy: What is Information Literacy? (n.d.). Retrieved
October 26, 2019, from https://otterbein.libguides.com/infolit/whatinfolit.

STEP FOR EFFECTIVE SEARCH STRATEGY

Step 1: Develop a research question or choose a topic

Step 2: Identify the first step in research processI
Step 3: Develop search strategy using PICO
Step 4: Brainstorm search term or identify terminology that must be include in search
Step 5: Perform a premilinary search to determine if their is any literature on topic(Schedule an
appointment with a librarian to assist you with performing your preliminary search.)
Citation :
Nursing Anesthesia: How to Construct an Effective Search Strategy. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26,
2019, from https://rushu.libguides.com/c.php?g=834766.

WILDCARD SEARCH

Alternatively referred to as a wild character or wildcard character, a wildcard is a symbol used

to replace or represent one or more characters. The most common wildcards are the
asterisk (*), which represents one or more characters and question mark(?) that represents a
single character. In the examples below of how a wildcard may be used, realize that wildcards
are relatively universal.
Citation :What is a Wildcard? (2018, November 13). Retrieved October 26, 2019, from
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/w/wildcard.htm.
TRUNCATION SEARCH

Truncation is also known as wildcard searching. It lets you search for a term and variant
spellings of that term.
To truncate a search term, do a keyword search in a database, but remove the ending of the
word and add an asterisk (*) to the end of the word. The database will retrieve results that
include every word that begins with the letters you entered.
For example, if you type in the keyword, interact* the database will search for interact,
interacting, interaction, and interactivty.
Citation :
Library Research Guides: Search Tips: Truncation and Boolean Searching: Home. (n.d.).
Retrieved October 26, 2019, from https://libguides.wellesley.edu/truncation.

BOOLEAN SEARCH

A Boolean search is the most elementary form of search technique employed to search for
information on internet search engines or databases. A Boolean search provides the basic and
the most effective principles of searching on the web. Boolean searches include the operators:
AND, OR, NOT and NEAR, which are used in sentences with keywords when searching for
information.
A Boolean search is also known as a Boolean query.
Citation :
What is a Boolean Search? - Definition from Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2019,
from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10358/boolean-search.

REFERENCE BOOKS

Any written or printed composition of some length is called a book. It covers all kinds of reading
materials in any form, which serves the purpose of readers whether for general or recreational
reading or for study and research or for more consultation as source of information. On the
other hand a reference book is usually consulted briefly to determine specific information
Citation : Www.facebook.com/ashiklis. (2014, October 30). Reference Book :: its characteristics
and types. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from http://www.lisbdnet.com/reference-book-its-
characteristics-and/.
DIFFERENCE TYPES OF BOOKS

Fiction
Fiction books contain a made-up story – a story that did not actually happen in real life. These
stories are derived from the imagination and creativity of the authors and are not based on
facts.
The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, 1984 by George Orwell, Harry Potter Series by J. K. Rowling are
some of the examples of fiction books.

Nonfiction
Non-fiction or nonfiction books are factual books. Unlike fiction books, they are based on facts
and information that can be verified to be true
Some examples of non-fiction books are The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin
Franklin, How to Win Friends And Influence People by Dale Carnegie, an encyclopedia, etc.
citation : Sharma, S. (2019, November 7). Different Types or Genres of Books With Examples.
Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://gladreaders.com/types-or-genres-of-books/.

STEP IN SEARCHING INFORMATION FROM BOOK

- scan the table of contents and index

- look up aspects of your topic in the index to see if they are covered
- skim the preface, introduction, and conclusion
- read over the bibliography: what resources is this book citing
- determine which chapters
Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 6: Finding Books [Powerpoint slide 7].

DISADVANTAGE OF USING BOOKS AS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Disadvantages of using books as sources of information

- information physically scattered
- untimely information – outdated, difficult in maintaining currentness
- Time consuming
- Limitation in search strategies
Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 6: Finding Books [Powerpoint slide 9].
ADVANTAGE OF USING BOOKS AS SOURCE OF INFORMATION

advantages of using books as source of information

- provide less formal and easy approach of accessing information or straightforward to use – not
involving machine
- allows practical way of browsing through as method of accessing information
- predictable in cost – not involving any access cost
- filteration of relevant information is more convenient
- able to get human assistance to solve complex queries
- useable by more than one person simultaneously
Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 6: Finding Books [Powerpoint slide 8].

3 TYPES OF ABSTRACTS

There are 3 types of abstracts

1. INDICATIVE
- show the type of article and approach of the writer
- can help readers to decide whether they should refer to the article or not
2. INFORMATIVE
- summarization of the data and findings
- enough information by reading the abstract
3. CRITICAL
- comments about the article
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 7: Finding Periodical Article [Powerpoint slide 11].

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERIODICALS

different types of periodicals

- Popular/ General Interest Magazines
The term magazine is usually applied to popular or consumer type publications that are
generally for sale on newsstands.

 audience: presentation style is aimed at general public

  authorship: usually written by journalists or staff writers; the author's name may or may
not be noted
 documentation: there is usually no documentation of sources such as notes, footnotes,
or bibliographies
 review process: articles printed in magazines are reviewed only by the editorial staff of
the publication itself and not by any outside body
 appearance: magazines are usually printed on slick, glossy paper and contain both black
& white and color pictures and photographs
 advertisements:numerous advertisements are included
 publishers: commercial publishers
 frequency: usually weekly, monthly, or bi-monthly
 examples: Time, Newsweek, Sports Illustrated, National Geographic

- Scholarly/Peer Reviewed/Professional Journals

Scholarly journals publish original research in the sciences and social sciences, and essays,
criticism, and reviews in the humanities. They are subject specific in focus, are written for the
use of scholars, and are seldom sold by the issue on newsstands.

 audience: scholars, researchers, students, professors and instructors

 authorship: authors are experts or researchers in the specific field addressed; author
names are noted, often with an indication as to their credentials
 documentation: articles contain extensive documentation including notes and
bibliographies
 review process: articles are refereed or peer reviewed by an outside body of experts in
the specific field covered
 appearance: scholarly journals are seldom printed on slick or glossy paper and are plain
and conservative in appearance; they contain few, if any, pictures or photographs,
though graphs and diagrams are used often
 advertisements: there is little or no advertising
 publishers: usually, though not always, published by professional organizations or
academic institutions
 frequency: usually quarterly, semi-annually, or even annually
 examples: Journal of Applied Psychology, Political Science Quarterly, Modern
Fiction Studies

- Industry/Trade Journal
Industry or trade journals contain articles concerning a specific industry. These publications are
usually sold only by subscription, though some can be found for sale on the newsstand.

 audience: intended to inform those involved in a specific industry or trade

  authorship: written by journalists, staff writers, or others in the field being addressed;
the author's name may or may not be noted
 documentation: generally no documentation of sources such as notes, footnotes, or
bibliographies
 review process: articles are usually only reviewed in-house and not by any outside body
 appearance: trade magazines are usually printed on slick, glossy paper and contain both
black & white and color pictures and photographs
 advertisements: numerous advertisements are included
 publishers: most are published by associations, though some are published by
commercial publishers
 frequency: usually weekly, monthly, or bi-monthly
 examples: Advertising Age, Publishers' Weekly, American Teacher, American Libraries

Citation : Periodical Types. (2019, September 5). Retrieved November 18, 2019,
from http://lib.calhoun.edu/lib/periodical_types.html.

INDEX

what is Index and give one (1) example of Index.

Alphabetically arranged list of items (such as names or terms) given at the end of a printed text
with page numbers on which the item can be found.
Example: Newspaper
Citation :
index. BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019, from BusinessDictionary.com
website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/index.html

ABSTRACTS

what is Abstracts and give one (1) example of abstract.

An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work.
Components vary according to discipline. An abstract of a social science or scientific work may
contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work
may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a
review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the
larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
Example of abstract is Science Abstract
Abstract. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-
tools/abstracts/.
WHAT IS PERIODICALS AND ONE EXAMPLES

what is Periodicals and give one (1) example of periodical.

A periodical is anything that comes out with regular issues. A daily newspaper, a weekly news
magazine, a monthly journal, and an annual book series are all examples of periodicals.
Some periodicals are published in ways that make them more valuable to scholars. Periodicals
that are "scholarly", "refereed", or "peer-reviewed" all have articles that are reviewed by
experts in the subject. For other types of periodicals, the articles may be reviewed by a
professional editor who is not an expert in the subject.
Citation : Library Tutorial: What's A Periodical? (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2019, from
https://libguides.southernct.edu/c.php?g=7089&p=34269.

WHATS IS POPULAR JOURNAL/MAGAZINES AND GIVE ONE EXAMPLES

what is Popular Journal/Magazines and give the examples.

Usually written by staff writers. Carry a combination of new stories that attempt to be objective
and essays that reflect the opinions of editors or guest contributors
eg: National Geographic, Discover, The New York Times
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Periodical Articles [Powerpoint slide 6].

WHATS IS SCHOLARY JOURNAL/MAGAZINES AND GIVE THE EXAMPLES

define what is Scholarly Journal/Magazines and give the examples

contain reports of original research written by experts for an academic audience
eg: The Journal of Business Communcation, The Journal of Developmental Psychology
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Periodical Articles [Powerpoint slide 5].

CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULAR JOURNAL/MAGAZINES

-Do not include footnotes or a bibliography of sources.

-Usually include glossy pages, many pictures and advertisement.
-are written by journalists.
-do not have abstract
-Published by ordinary publisher
-Issued frequently
-Eg. Wanita, Jelita, Nona
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Periodical Articles [Powerpoint slide 4].
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOLARY JOURNAL/MAGAZINES

characteristics of scholarly journal/magazines.

-cite sources in footnotes or bibliography.
-have few glossy pictures and usually no advertisements.
-are written by scholars in discipline.
-Have an abstract at the beginning that summarizes the content of article
-are often published by a professional organization
-Issued less frequently
-Eg. Science, JAMA, BMJ, Library Trends, etc

Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Periodical Articles [Powerpoint slide 4].

STEP THAT ARE INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING SEARCH FOR PERIODICALS LITERATURE

steps that are involved in conducting search for periodicals literature

-Identify keywords that clearly represent the topic
-Determine the databases you want to search
-Perform your search, using logical operators
-Refine your search strategy if the first search returns too many or too few citations or (worse)
irrelevant ones
-Download and print the relevant articles

Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Periodical Articles [Powerpoint slide 20].
DEFINE WHAT IS INTERNET

Define what is Internet.

Internet is a high speed, multilane superhighway for information where it consist of networks
that link more than billions of computer sites around the world for communication and
searching of information
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Online [Powerpoint slide 2].

DISADVANTAGES OF SEARCHING INFORMATION USING ONLINE SOURCE

-access cost
-Need for equipments
-Need special training to search system effectively
-Need basic IT skills
-System or network breakdown / shutdown
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Online Sources. [Powerpoint slide 4].
ADVANTAGES OF SEARCHING INFORMATION USING ONLINE SOURCE
advantages of searching information using online sources.
-Support flexibility & complexity in searching
-May contain large amount of information, lots of hits
-Current – updated frequently
-Single access point
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Online Sources [Powerpoint slide 4].

DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET

disadvantages of information from the Internet
- proliferation of ‘ junk ’ ( few quality control )
-limited free information
-unstable information
-duplication of information
-verification of information
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 8: Finding Online Sources [Powerpoint slide 4].
CITERIA USE FOR EVALUATION OF INFORMATION

CRITERIA USE FOR EVALUATION OF INFORMATION

A chart listing key questions for each of the six criteria to evaluate information

- Is it clear who is responsible for the contents of the page?

Authority
- Is there any indication of the author's qualifications for writing on a particular topic?

Accuracy - Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so they can be verified in another
source?

- Is there a link to a page describing the goals or purpose of the sponsoring organization or
company?
Objectivity
- If there is any advertising on the page, is it clearly differentiated from the informational
content?

- Are there dates on the page to indicate when the page was written, when the page was first
Currency
placed on the Web, or when the page was last revised?

- Are these topics successfully addressed, with clearly presented arguments and adequate
Coverage
support to substantiate them?
CITATION: EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://lib.nmu.edu/help/resource-guides/subject-guide/evaluating-internet-sources#tab-337-1

REFERENCE SOURCES

Reference Sources.
Reference sources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, atlases, etc. are research tools
that can help you with your paper or project. Reference sources provide answers to specific
questions, such as brief facts, statistics, and technical instructions; provide background
information; or direct you to additional information sources. Reference sources are not
scholarly (peer-reviewed). In most libraries, reference sources do not circulate and are located
in a separate reference collection. This practice makes reference sources readily available and
easily accessible.
Citation : Elmer E. Rasmuson Library. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2019, from
https://library.uaf.edu/ls101-reference-services.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REFERENCE SOURCES

 They are intended primarily for occasional consultation.

 They are consulted for definite items of information.
 The information included in them is collected from a vast number of sources.
 It is a miscellany of information and facts.
 The arrangement of information is such that it can be conveniently and quickly recalled.
 It follows some methods of arrangement e.g. Alphabetical, Chronological or other
methods.
 They include only the bird-eye-view of the topics and rarely deal them in depth.
 They usually concentrate on facts.
 They are normally not issued on loan and kept for use in the library only.
 Information in a reference book is so organized that anyone can easily get their desired
information

Citation : Www.facebook.com/ashiklis. (2014, October 30). Reference Book :: its characteristics

and types. Retrieved November 26, 2019, from http://www.lisbdnet.com/reference-book-its-
characteristics-and/.

STYLES OF CITATIONS

2 commonly used of style of citations

-Modern Language Association (MLA)
-American Psychological Association (APA)
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 11: Citation [Powerpoint slide 8].

LIST THE USED OF DICTIONATIES

list the used of dictionaries.

-To define words
-To verify spelling, syllabication or pronunciation
-To check on usage
-To determine the etymological history of a word
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Sources [Powerpoint slide 9].
TYPES OF DICTIONATIES

list with example three types of dictionaries.

General Dictionaries
-General word dictionaries, which provide overall information such as pronunciation, derivation,
syllabication, and meaning, about the words of a language
Example: English-Russian, Russian-English
Special Dictionaries
-Dictionaries that have to do with certain aspects of language, such as etymology, synonyms and
antonyms, slang, colloquialisms, dialect, and usage; and
Example : Dictionaries of abbreviations, proverbs, synonyms.
Subject Dictionaries
-Dictionaries concerned with a specific subject area.

Citation :
Types of Dictionaries. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2019,
from https://studfile.net/preview/3846076/page:72/.
Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Sources [Powerpoint slide 9].

LIST THE CATEGORIES OF REFERENCE SOURCES

list the categories of reference sources.

1. Abstracts
2. Almanac
3. Atlas
4. Bibliographic references
5. Biography
6. Brochure
7. CD-ROM
8. Directories
9. Dictionary
10. Encyclopedia
11. Government documents
12. Gazetteers
13. Handbook
 14. Index
15. Map
16. Newspaper
17. Online Database
18. Pamphlet
19. Periodical
20. Seminar
21. Thesis and Dissertation
22. Topography
23. Thesaurus
24. Website
25. Yearbook

Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Reference Sources [Work Page 1].

USED OF DICTIONARIES

used of dictionaries.
-To define words
-To verify spelling, syllabication or pronunciation
-To check on usage
-To determine the etymological history of a word
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Sources [Powerpoint slide 9].

WHAT IS APA CITATION

A citation is a quotation or an explicit reference to a source of information. When writing a

paper of any kind, it is vital that you cite your sources accurately.
Citation : APA Citation: Definition and Examples. (2018, November 2). Retrieved December 6,
2019, from https://literaryterms.net/apa-citation/.
WHAT IS MLACITATION

define what is MLA citation

MLA is widely used and accepted in most academic settings and primarily used in the
humanities, particularly in the disciplines of liberal arts, such as language and literature.
Academic institutions that primarily educate in the fields of education, English literature, arts,
social sciences, business and humanities deem that MLA is the most appropriate writing style
for those fields.
Citation : Literature.nfoxx, Q. (2019, February 5). Definition of an MLA Citation. Retrieved
December 6, 2019, from https://penandthepad.com/facts-4964746-definition-mla-
citation.html.
LIST THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

list the bibliographic software.

-Refworks
-EndNote
-ProCite
-Reference Manager
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 11: Citation [Powerpoint slide 46].

TYPES OF DIRECTORIES

list the types of Directories.

-Biographical Directories
-Institutional or Company Directories
-Product Directories
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 18].

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES AND GIVE ONE EXAMPLE

define what is Geographical Sources and give one example.
Specific sources which are specifically prepared to provide geographical information or used to
answer locational questions.
Example : The Times Atlas of World History
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 19].
THREE TYPES OF MAPS
list three types of MAPS.
Physical: traces the various features of the land, from the rivers and valleys to the mountains
and hills.
Route : shows roads, railroads, bridges, and the like
Political: limits itself to boundaries (e.g., towns, cities, counties, states) but may include
topographical and route features.
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 20].

WHATS IS GAZETEER AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is Gazetteer and give one example.

Geographical dictionaries, usually of place names.Detailed gazetteers will give additional
information on population and possibly leading economic characteristics of the area.
Example :Chamber’s World Gazetteer
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 21].
WHATS IS GUIDEBOOK AND GIVE ONE EXAMPLES

what is Guidebooks and give one example.

Furnish information on everything from the price of a motel room in Paris for example to the
primary sights of interest in New York.
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 21].

WHATS IS GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT AND ONE EXAMPLES

what is Government Document and give one example.
A treatise on almost any subject printed at government expense or published by authority of a
governmental body.
Example : Bantuan Khas Kewangan Tahun 2019
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 22].
WHATS IS ENCYCLOPEDIA AND ONE EXAMPLE
what is Encyclopedia and give one example.
-is concerned with subjects. It gives an overview of a topic, including definition, description,
background, and bibliographical references.
Example : The World Book Encyclopedia
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 10].

2 TYPES OF ENCYCLOPEDIA

2 types of encyclopedia.
-General
Example : The Encyclopedia Americana
- Subject
Example : Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 10].

WHATS IS YEARBOOK AND ONE EXAMPLES

define what is Yearbook and give one example.

An annual compendium of the data and statistics. The purpose is to record the year’s activities
by country, subject, or specialized area or organization.
Example : Europa World Yearbook
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 12].

WHATS IS HANDBOOK AND ONE EXAMPLES

what is Handbook and give one example.

literally a small book which can be held conveniently in the hand, provides miscellaneous items
of information. May also be called a miscellany, a manual, or a companion. Compilation of
miscellaneous information in a compact and handy form.
Example : The Chicago Manual of Style
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 13].
WHATS IS ALMANAC AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is Almanac and give one example.

a collection of miscellaneous facts and statistical information, retrospective as well as current
one covering local, state, national and international affairs
Example :World Almanac and Book of Facts
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 14].

WHATS IS BIOGRAPHY AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is Biography and give one example.

a collection of sketches of varying lengths about lives of individuals, arranged alphabetically
by surname.
Example : Webster’s Biographical Dictionary
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 15].

WHATS IS DIRECTORY AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is Directory and give one example.

lists the names and addresses of persons, organizations, or institutions and product or services.
May provide other pertinent information such as the purposes, and the officers of the
organization.
Example : Encyclopedias of Associations
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 17].

WHATS IS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is Bibliography and give one example.

- a list of books and other materials which have some relationship to each other. The materials
listed are described as to author, title, publisher, price, and number of pages. In some the
materials are evaluated.
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 22].
TYPES OF BIBLIGRAPHY

list five (5) types of Bibligraphy.

-Universal Bibliography
- National Bibliography
- Subject Bibliography
- Trade Bibliography
- Special Bibliography
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 23].
WHAT IS INDEX AND ONE EXAMPLE
INDEX and give one example.
points out where information can be found
example : Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 26].
WHAT ABSTRACTS AND ONE EXAMPLE

what is ABSTRACTS and give one example

-give digests or summaries of periodical articles and other literature
Example : Psychological Abstracts
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 10: Reference Source. [Powerpoint slide 27].

STEP THAT ARE INVOLVED WHEN WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

list the steps that are involved when writing a research paper.
-Organizing of information
-Writing
-Documenting
-Presenting the research
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 12: Writing a Term/Research Paper. [Powerpoint slide
2].
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PAPER

what is research paper.

A research paper is a paper that you write in which you cite information from a variety of
sources. Research papers always include a bibliography of sources used or consulted
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 12: Writing a Term/Research Paper. [Powerpoint slide
2].

PURPOSES OF REFERENCING

List the purposes of referencing.

 To Avoid Plagiarism
 To Add Strength And Credibility As Evidence To Support Position
 To Indicate Scope And Depth Of Research
 To Allow Others To Follow Up Content Presented Independetly

Plagiarism and Referencing. (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2019,

from https://player.slideplayer.com/15/4677734/#.

 To show that you have explored and understood the relevant literature, and have put
them in your own words.
 To show that your arguments and discussions have gone through a process of
‘internalising’ the relevant literature.
 To help readers identify where you found the material so they can find it should they
wish to do so in order to:

•continue pursuing the arguments you have presented.

•critique your work and expand the knowledge
Loke, J. (2015, April 25). J loke.referencing and plagiarism. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from
https://www.slideshare.net/DrJenniferLoke/j-lokereferencing-and-plagiarism

WHAT IS CITATION
what is Citation
Information about a publication (book, journal article, video, etc.) that allows someone to
identify and locate that publication. Citations for books usually contain the author's name, the
book's title, place of publication and date of publication. Citations for journal articles usually
include the author and title of the article, the title of the journal, the volume number, page
numbers and date of publication.
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 11: Citation. [Powerpoint slide 2].

WHAT IS COPYRIGHT

what is Copyright.
A legal protection that provides the creator of a work with the sole right to publish, reproduce,
and sell that work
Citation : Mohd Zaihan. (2019). Lecture 11: Citation. [Powerpoint slide 3].

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM

what is plagiarism.
Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
Citation : Plagiarism. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from
https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1.