Elementary

Atom
particles
Electron
elementary, point-particle

Protons, neutrons
Composite particle
 quarks

Standard Model: elementary particles

Quarks:
up charm top

+anti-particles
Electrical charge
Strong charge (color) down strange bottom
EM force binds electrons
to nucleus in atom Leptons: electron Muon Tau
Strong force binds nucleons Electrical charge ne nm nt
in nucleus and quarks in nucleons
photon EM force
Force carriers: gluon strong force
W,Z-boson weak force
 Space Time Diagram of the Early Universe

molecule crystal
nuclei atom
proton Expansion:
quarks Temperature decrease
Density decreases
Volume expands
It takes time
More structure

Universe is
13*109
Years old

The Cosmic Timeline

The building blocks (what we know?)
 Motivations
• The Big bang Theory
• Neutron stars
• Discovery of strong force
 Quarks in a Neutron or Proton = Mass

Theory:
Quantum
Chromo
Dynamics

Quarks are the smallest building blocks of massive matter

 Analogies and differences between QED and QCD
to study structure of an atom…
electron
…separate constituents

nucleus
QED Quantum Electro Dynamics
neutral atom

Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force
- colored objects (quarks) have  energy in normal vacuum
quark-antiquark pair
quarks
created from vacuum
quark u,d, (s,c,t,b)

“white” proton (baryon)

Strong color field “white” 0 (meson)
“white”
Force proton
grows with separation(confined
!!! quarks)
(confined quarks)
QCD Quantum Chromo Dymanics
Create Quark Gluon Plasma
Quark Gluon
Hadrons
Plasma
q q q
q q q q
q
q
q
q q q q
q q q

Compress
and
Add heat T = 1012 K
 Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!

a quark–gluon plasma flows like a splat of liquid,

not "transparent" with respect to quarks, it can attenuate jets emitted

by collisions

a ball of quark–gluon plasma transfers heat internally by radiation

enough energy available such that they collide and produce quarks
How do we do heavy ion collisions in laboratory ?

• take an atom (Au)

• take away the electrons  ion

• accelerate the ion

• collide the ions and hopefully

create the predicted quark
gluon plasma in our ‘little bang’
(Au+Au)

12
 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)

1 mile
PHOBOS BRAHMS
PHENIX Au+Au @ sRHIC
NN=200 GeV
STAR

v = 0.99995c

AGS

TANDEMS
STAR Experiment at the RHIC Collider
 Particle Tracks in the Detector

Head-on Au+Au collision

~1500 charged hadrons (protons,…)

and leptons (electrons,..)
Resonance Reconstruction in STAR TPC

End view STAR TPC Energy loss in TPC dE/dx

Energy loss dE/dx

K- p p
K

(1520)
 e

momentum [GeV/c]
p
- • Identify decay candidates
(p, dedx, E)
• Calculate invariant mass
E1  E2 2  p1  p 2 
2
minv 
 Conclusion

 Data show evidence that we created a Quark

Gluon Plasma
 We have a phase transition proton -> quarks
 Quark-gluon plasma lasts less than
10-23 seconds
 It is very dense and very hot
 It behaves like a liquid not like a plasma
 New experiment at larger Collider LHC at
CERN to investigate properties of the ‘Quark
Soup’

18
 What is QCD?
• Quantum chromo-dynamics
• A theory of the strong (or nuclear, or color) force.
• Closely modeled on QED but with three conserved
color charges:
– Quarks: r, g, b
– Anti quarks: anti-red, anti-green, anti-blue.
• Quarks scatter by exchanging gluons, which carry color
and anticolor.
 More QCD
• Only colour singlet states can exist as free particles.
Hadrons are colour singlet.
– Mesons:
– Baryons:
• Confinement (r ~ 1fm)
• Chiral symmetry
– Having to do with quark masses
• Asymptotic freedom (r → 0)
– Strong interaction becomes weaker at high energy
– Relativistic hot gas
 The phase diagram of QCD
Early universe

quark-gluon plasma
critical point ?
Temperature

Tc

hadron gas

nucleon gas
nuclei

0 Neutron stars
vacuum
baryon density