Good Governace

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Question: Define Good Governance. Write down the elements of good

governance. How to ensure it? How good governance can be
established in a developing country like Bangladesh?
Answer: Good governance means an excellent governing process by

means of which any nation’s top to bottom development is possible. It is a
great idea for ensuring a better living people as well as country.
Definition:
According to Kim and Marc- “Good governance is the term that
expresses the paradigm shift of the role of the government.”
According to Kofi Annan, the former UN Secretary General- “Good

governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating
poverty and promoting development.”
According to WB- “Good governance is the manner in which

power is exercised in the management of country’s economic and
social resources of development.”
Elements/Characteristics of Good Governance:

The elements of Good Governance are given below:
(i) The democracy: Transparency in the election process,

parliamentary conduct, decentralization of authority all are the
element of democracy as well as good governance.
(ii) Accountability: Political, financial and human right preserving
accountability are the elements of good governance.
(iii) Civil society: non-governmental organizations, the media and
investigative journalism, academic communities are also the
elements of good governance.
(iv) Reshape of public administration: Adequate remuneration
as a disincentive to corruption, ethical of conduct, training and
education are also elements of good governance.
(v) Enforcement of law: Enforcement of law, improved access to
seek justice is also the element of good governance.
(vi) Judicial system: independence of the judiciary, removal of
judges for cause, adequate remuneration; promotion of judges,
Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

Government and Public Administration(SS-303)
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independent prosecutors all are the elements of good

governance.
(vii) Participation: participation of citizens in decision making and
implementation is also the element of good governance.
(viii) Privatization: monopolies as a vehicle for corrupt practices;
privatization procedures; transparency in government
procurement are also the elements of good governance.
(ix) Enforcement mechanisms: Independent anti-corruption
agencies; prosecutorial power; civil and criminal penalties all are
the elements of good governance.
How to ensure good governance:

By following the steps below good governance can be assured-
(a) Ensuring law and order system to protect life and security of the
people.
(b) By making a transparent and responsible government.
(c) Designing the diagram of a government which is development
friendly and this kind of development should be for those people
who are poor.
(d) By increasing the management system in public sector.
(e) By improving public sector financial accountability.
(f) Sustainable development in livelihood earning also ensure the
good governance.
(g) By enhancing business field by inspiring the foreign business
companies and people.
(h) By working for the promotion and protection of civil and human
rights good governance can be ensured.
(i) By helping the country to put international human rights
agreements into practice.
(j) Improved realization of human rights and improvement in the
positions of women and disadvantages in the society.
(k) Promoting fairness and justice within the organization of civil
society.
From above discussion it’s clear that good governance is a very good
governing system in ensuring a happy and peaceful country. If the

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challenges in the path of acquiring it can be blocked then it will be fruitful

concept for everyone.
Establishing good governance in a developing country like

Bangladesh:
The instrumental nature of governance implies that the governance ‘pillars’
(accountability, transparency, predictability and participation) are
universally applicable regardless of economic condition, strategic priorities
or policy choices of the government. So, the implementation of the
mentioned ingredients will enhance the process of good governance in any
developing country. We can consider the following paradigm in this aspect.
PARTICIPATION
DECENTRALIZATION
SOCIAL ACCOUTABILITY TRANSPARENCY
At present, good governance in Bangladesh is far from the actual

consonance of the term. There are several factors and issues that are
constraining the very process of good governance. The impediments are-
1. Corruption: Corruption is a big obstacle in the way of good

governance in Bangladesh. Rampant corruption in public and private
sectors slow down the investment and growth. It promotes interests
of a few and creates maldistribution of national wealth.
2. Inefficiency of Bureaucracy: The capacity of policy implementation
of our bureaucracy is very poor. Bureaucrats are not accountable and
transparent to the people.
3. Political interference in administration: In our country,
administration always has to work under the influence of party in
power. Sometimes, political influence breeds factionalism in the
administration which in turn results into demoralization, utter
negligence of work and often serious tension among the bureaucrats.

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4. Nepotism: The rules of administration in our country persue

nepotism. They give privilege and undue advantage to their family
members, kiths and kins on public resources. Thus the mass people
remain deprived and marginalized.
5. Improper and non-observance of the rule of law: The mass people
in Bangladesh believe that rule of law is just not in existence in the
country. It is said that laws are there but these are applied only in
favour of privileged class. As a result, justice duffers and is denied to
the common people.
6. Improper use of resources: The fund flow in Bangladesh is not
smooth to the local government, especially the Union Parishad.
Besides, this is not utilized properly. So, the ordinary people cannot
get the benefits and this obviously affects the efforts, if any of
ensuring good governance.
Question: Define Constitution. Write down the types of constitution.

Discuss the methods of establishing Constitution. Describe the
characteristics of suitable constitution for any country. Describe the
characteristics of Bangladeshi constitution.
Answer: A constitution is a set of fundamental principles according

to which a state or other organization is governed. These fundamental
principles are the “Code of contract” for every people of any nation. In fact a
constitution is the mirror of any country.
Definition:
According to Lord Bryce, “Constitution is the aggregate of laws
and customs under which the life of the state goes on.”
According to Aristotle, “Constitution is the way of life the state

has chosen for itself.”
According to A.F. Strong, “Constitution is the collection of

fundamental rules by which the power of the government; rights of
the governed and the relation between the two are adjusted.”

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According to Leacock, “Constitution is nothing but the form of

government.”
According to H. Finer, “The system of fundamental political

institutions is the constitution.”
From above definitions it is clear that, every state needs some of order,
some system by which a reasonably orderly process of government may
emerge. Without such an order there is anarchy. This order or system, in
technical term called constitution.
Classification of Constitution:
While possessing a common characteristic in content, constitutions differ
greatly in type. The types of constitution are mentioned here with
minimum explanation-
According to brevity and definiteness, constitution is divided into

two parts. They are-
1. Unwritten constitution
2. Written constitution
Unwritten constitution:
An unwritten constitution is one which reflects the evolutionary

conception which predicated the complex nature of institutions, their
gradual development and unpredictable change. An unwritten constitution
is that constitution which grows instead of being made. It is the result of a
process in which many elements, like statutes, judicial decisions,
precedents, usages and traditions have entered, piling themselves one upon
the other form age to age and shaping the political institutions of the
country according to the wants of the people and needs of carious times.
The best and the only example of unwritten constitution, is that of Britain
constitution.
Written constitution:
A written constitution is a consciously planned system, a

constitution formulated and adopted by a deliberate creation, a constituent

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Assembly or a convention. The constitution of India was formulated and

adopted by the constituents Assembly of India.
A written constitution is distinct in character and is held in special sanctity.

It is the supremacy of the constitution. It means nothing may be done or
enacted or altered according to the procedure prescribed by the
constitution.
A written constitution is, thus a deliberate design of the institutions that it

creates whereby government is conducted and all this is contained in a
document generally bearing one single date.
Bryce suggests a new scheme of classification of constitution. Under this

scheme constitutions are of two types-
1. Flexible
2. Rigid
Flexible constitution: The flexible constitution places constitutional law

and ordinary law on the same level in the sense that both are enacted in the
same way and both proceed from the same source. Of the constitutional
law can be amended, replaced or altered by the same procedure as the
ordinary law, the constitution is flexible. Flexible constitutions were almost
the only kind known to the ancient world. The position is now reversed.
The only surviving example of a flexible constitution and unwritten, too is
Britain.
Rigid constitution: The rigid constitution possess a special and higher

status, standing above the ordinary law and alterable by a procedure
different from the one used in the case of ordinary law, thus, making it
difficult to change. The object is to emphasis that the constitutional law
embodies will of the sovereign and it should not be alterable by the
ordinary, legislative process. The constitution of Japan, Switzerland,
Germany are the example of rigid constitution.
Methods of establishing Constitution:

History tells us that a constitution may be acquired by grant, by deliberate
creation, by revolution and by gradual evolution. The methods of acquiring
a constitution are briefly outlined below:

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1. By Grant: Most of the modern states that we see today were ruled by
autocratic government once upon a time. In course of time the rulers
realized the need of granting a formal constitution for the state to be
governed democratically and did accordingly. Constitution of Japan, Louis
XVII in France is an example.
2. By Deliberate Creation: After the birth of a new nation, a
constitution assembly may be formed with the elected representatives of
the citizens to make constitution. Through debate and discussion, the
assembly makes a new constitution. The US Constitution. Indian
Constitution, Bangladesh Constitution is the example of this kind of
constitution. Constitutions may be established by ordinary legislative
assembly as well. Constitution of Canada is an example.
3. By Revolution: When people are unable to change the government
in a legal way, then they overthrow the government through revolution and
establish a revolutionary government and such a government makes a new
constitution. Revolution is unconstitutional but it becomes constitutional
when it is successful and has new constitution. The French Constitution is
an example.
4. By Gradual Evolution: A constitution may also be created through
gradual evolutionary changes. An autocratic government may at times
agree to pass its authority to persons representing people, not supported
by any formal legal expression. Over a period of time political practices
may be developed and the authority of those people may receive legal
recognition. A constitution created in this way is largely unwritten. The
Constitution of Britain is the best and, better to say, the only example of
this type.
Characteristics of Suitable constitution:

A good constitution must possess certain characteristics. They are-
1. Constitution should be flexible as it can be corrected as demand of

time.
2. Briefness is a must key point for a constitution to be a suitable one.
According to K.C. Wheare, “One essential characteristic of the
ideally best form of constitution is that it should be short as
possible.”

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3. A suitable constitution must also be comprehensive. It should cover

the whole field of government organization and clearly enunciate the
principles for the exercise of all political power. According to
Professor Getel, “A constitution should be comprehensive, that is
it should cover the whole field of government.”
4. A good constitution should leave no gaps. It should not also go into
rather needless detail at some points and at other omit fundamentals.
5. A good constitution should be suitable for all the people as well as
will preserve every one’s right.
6. A good constitution should be elastic.
7. Constitution will be durable to be a suitable constitution.
8. Stability is one of the prime requisites of a suitable as well as good
constitution.
9. A suitable as well as good constitution will preserve its documents.
10. Constitution should be acceptable to all to be a suitable one.
11. It must clearly define what it contains. It should be easily understood
by people. Written and carefully worded constitutions are considered
to be more satisfactory than unwritten ones.
Characteristics of Bangladeshi Constitution:

The constitution of Bangladesh was written and finally accepted on the 4 th
November, 1972 for conducting the state. It took effect from the 16 th
December, 1972.
1. The constitution is a written document.

2. “Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim” is written in its preamble.
3. Some fundamental principles have been included for conducting the
state.
4. There is a long list of Fundamental Rights in the constitution. These
rights are indispensable for the development of personality and
personal freedom. For the protection of these rights there is also
guarantee in the constitution.
5. Universal Adult Franchise has been introduced.
6. Bangladesh has been declared a Republic.
7. Parliamentary democratic system has been introduced.
8. There will be Unitary Form of Government in the state.

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9. The legislature will be unicameral. The name of legislature is

National Assembly.
10. The constitution is rigid (which cannot be changed easily).
11. The constitution is the Supreme Law of the country.
How Bangladeshi Constitution should be:

The type of constitution of Bangladesh should be ‘written and flexible’.
Because when the constitution of Bangladesh will flexible and written then
we will get the facilities which are given below-
1. The constitution will be durable: If the constitution is written then

it will be durable. It the constitution is durable that time it does not
get the frequent change for this reason we get the stable law and
regulation for the political and governing system.
2. The constitution can be changed when necessary: If for
preserving citizen’s rights sometimes the specific body needs to
change the constitution. So if the constitution is flexible that time it
can be changed when it is imperative and sometimes in crucial
condition country needs to change the constitution. So it is very
important in our country because we have many political problems
and many other problems.
3. The constitution will preserve its documents: We know the
written constitution is rigid for its documents. So we get the safety
about the documents of the constitution which help us to preserve
our law of the country and we can also preserve our regulation for
livelihood.
4. Constitution will be acceptable: the documents of the constitution
should be acceptable by all of the people of our country. It the
constitution will easy to understand it will be acceptable by all. So the
specific body should make the constitution easy to understand and
easy to except.
Bangladesh needs a political system and a stable constitution which have

the giving quality for developing. If we want to make our country
prosperous and want to get the position like USA, Germany, UN etc we must
need a good constitution. So ours government and we should concern to
develop our constitution. We see that our country get political violence to

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change our constitution but it must be stopped as early as possible.

Otherwise our country’s constitution will lose its value and we will get a
chaos country.
Question: What is meant by fundamental rights? Discuss the

fundamental rights in the constitution of Bangladesh.
Answer: The term fundamental right is a technical one, for when certain
human rights are written down in a constitution and protected by
constitutional guarantees they are called fundamental rights. They are
called fundamental rights in that sense that they are placed in the supreme
or fundamental law of the land which has a supreme authority over all
other laws of the land. Article 26 to 47 of the constitution of Bangladesh
confers a number of substantive fundamental rights on every citizen of
Bangladesh e.g. the right to freedom of expression, assembly, association,
movement and profession etc.
Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of Bangladesh
18 fundamental rights have been enumerated in the constitution
commencing from Article 27 to 44. All of these rights are civil and political
rights. These 18 fundamental rights may be firstly divided into two groups:
1. Rights granted to all persons-citizen and non-citizen alike. These are
six rights enumerated in Articles 32, 33, 34, 35, 41 and 44 of the
constitution.
2. Rights granted to citizens of Bangladesh only, these are 12 rights
enumerated in Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 and
43.
Article 27: Equality before law

All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law.
Article 28: Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc

1. The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of
religion, race caste, sex or place of birth.
2. Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and of
public life.
3. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with

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regard to access to any place of public entertainment or resort, or

admission to any educational institution.
4. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making special
provision in favour of women or children or for the advancement of any
backward section of citizens.
Article 29. Equality of opportunity in public employment

1. There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in respect of
employment or office in the service of the Republic.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any
employment or office in the service of the Republic.
3. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from -
i. making special provision in favour of any backward section of

citizens for the purpose of securing their adequate representation in
the service of the Republic;
ii. giving effect to any law which makes provision for reserving
appointments relating to any religious or denominational institution
to persons of that religion or denomination;
iii. reserving for members of one sex any class of employment or office
on the ground that it is considered by its nature to be unsuited to
members of the opposite sex.
Article 30: Prohibition of foreign titles, etc

No citizen shall, without the prior approval of the President, accept any
title, honour, award or decoration from any foreign state.
Article 31: Right to protection of law

To enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with
law, and only in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every
citizen, wherever he may be, and of every other person for the time being
within Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life,
liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in
accordance with law.
Article 32: Protection of right to life and personal liberty

No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty save in accordance
with law.
Article 33: Safeguards as to arrest and detention:

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1. No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being

informed, as soon as may be of the grounds for such arrest, nor shall he be
denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his
choice.
2. Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced
before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty four hours of such
arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest
to the court of the magistrate, and no such person shall be detained in
custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
3. Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply to any person-
i. who for the time being is an enemy alien; or

ii. who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive
detention.
4. No law providing for preventive detention shall authorize the detention

of a person for a period exceeding six months unless an Advisory Board
consisting of three persons, of whom two shall be persons who are, or have
been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of the Supreme Court and
the other shall be a person who is a senior officer in the service of the
Republic, has, after affording him an opportunity of being heard in person,
reported before the expiration of the said period of six months that there is,
in its opinion, sufficient cause for such detention.
5. When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any

law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order
shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which
the order has been made, and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of
making a representation against the order.
6. Parliament may be law prescribe the procedure to be followed by an

Advisory Board in an inquiry under clause (4)
Article 34: Prohibition of forced labour
1. All forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this
provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
2. Nothing in this article shall apply to compulsory labour.
i. by persons undergoing lawful punishment for a criminal offence; or

ii. required by any law for public purpose.
Article 35: Protection in respect of trial and punishment

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1. No person shall be convicted to any offence except for violation of al law

in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor
be subjected to a penalty greater than, or different from that which might
have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of
the offence.
2. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more
than once.
3. Every person accused of a criminal offence shall have the right to a
speedy and public trial by an independent and impartial court or tribunal
established by law.
4. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.
5. No person shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or
degrading punishment or treatment.
6. Nothing in clause (3) or clause (5) shall affect the operation of any
existing law which prescribes any punishment or procedure for trial.
Article 36: Freedom of movement

Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public
interest, every citizen shall have the right to move freely throughout
Bangladesh, to reside and settle in any place therein and to leave and re-
enter Bangladesh.
Article 37: Freedom of assembly

Every citizen shall have the right to assemble and to participate in public
meetings and processions peacefully and without arms, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of public order
health.
Article 38: Freedom of association

Every citizen shall have the right to form associations or unions, subject to
any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of morality or
public order;
Article 39: Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech

1. Freedom of thought and conscience is guaranteed. Freedom of thought
and
conscience, and of speech.
2. Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of
the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states, public order,
decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or
incitement to an offense-

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i. the right of every citizen of freedom of speech and expression; and

ii. freedom of the press, are guaranteed.
Article 40: Freedom of profession or occupation

Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizen possessing such
qualifications, if any, as may be prescribed by law in relation to his
profession, occupation, trade or business shall have the right to enter upon
any lawful profession or occupation, and to conduct any lawful trade or
business.
Article 41: Freedom of religion

1. Subject to law, public order and morality-
i. every citizen has the right to profess, practice or propagate any

religion;
ii. every religious community or denomination has the right to
establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions.
2. No person attending any educational institution shall be required to

receive religious instruction, or to take part in or to attend any religious
ceremony or worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a
religion other than his own.
Article 42: Rights to property

1. Subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizen shall have the
right to acquire, hold, transfer or otherwise dispose of property, and no
property shall be compulsorily acquired, nationalized or requisitioned save
by authority of law.
2. A law made under clause (1) shall provide for the acquisition,
nationalization or requisition with compensation and shall either fix the
amount of compensation or specify the principles on which, and the
manner in which, the compensation is to be assessed and paid; but no such
law shall be called in question in any court on the ground that any
provision in respect of such compensation is not adequate.
3. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law made before
the commencement of the Proclamations (Amendment) Order, 1977
(Proclamations Order No. I of 1977), in so far as it relates to the acquisition,
nationalization or acquisition of any property without compensation.]
Article 43: Protection of home and correspondence

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Every citizen shall have the right, subject to any reasonable restrictions
imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, public order,
public morality or public health-
1. to be secured in his home against entry, search and seizure; and

2. to the privacy of his correspondence and other means of
communication.
Article 44: Enforcement of fundamental rights

1. The right to move the 22[High Court Division] in accordance with
23[clause (I)] of article 102 for the enforcement of the rights conferred by
this Part of guaranteed.
2. Without prejudice to the powers of the 22[High Court Division] under
article 102, Parliament may be law empower any other court, within the
local limits of its jurisdiction, to exercise all or any of those powers.]
Question: Define Public Administration. What are the similarities and

differences between public and private administration? Discuss about
the POSDCORB/ Discuss the function of public administration.
Answer: Public administration has been recognized as a field of

systematic study in the later part of 19th century. In the year 1887, in the
writing “The study of administration” Woodrow Wilson-father of public
administration disclose the importance of the study of public
administration and generally it may be considered as the starting point of
public administration.
Definition:
Public administrators are public servants working in public departments
and agencies, at all levels of government. Bureaucrats and civil servants
both groups are known as public administration. In other side
administration comes from the Latin word AD and Ministrare. This means
in general all types of public affair and co-ordination are related in public
administration. Public administration means government in action.

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According to Woodrow Wilson, “Public administration details

systematic execution of law, every particular application of law is an
act of public administration.”
According to Felix A Nigro, “Public administration is the use of

organization and use of man and materials to accomplish a purpose.”
According to John F Fiffner, “Public administration is the co-ordination

of collective efforts to implement public policy.”
E N Gladder says, “Public administration is concern with the

administration of government.”
According to Piknath and Pramnath, “The co-ordination of individual

and group efforts to carry out public policy is called public
administration.”
Public administration is a system of government. It means co-operative

efforts of a group of people inversely of common objectives. It is a process
of policy formulation and implementation.
Similarities between Public and Private Administration:

All works of government is known as public administration. Some people
say that both administrations are same and similar. Those who said like
this are Urwick, Henry Foyol, Merry Parker Fallet.
Firstly, the administrative works of public and private sector are almost
similar.
Secondly, to run the both administration smoothly it is important to form

planning organization, policy formulation and control is must.
Thirdly, to gain the aim both administrations follow the same formulation
and procedure.
Fourthly, the administrative work of both the administration is done in the

same process.
Fifthly, administrative formation of both the administration is same.
Since, the subject matter and environment of both the administration is

identical, both of them tried there level best to do welfare of the people.
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Difference between the public and private administration:

Public administration and private administration have similarities it has
also some differences. Those who are interested to find out the
dissimilarities between them Paul Appletry, Professor Herbert A Simon are
noteworthy. According to Simon, “Public administration is confined in
political bureaucrats and redtapism.” But in opposite side private
administration is free from this redtapism, politics etc.
1. Circumference of the work: The field of public administration work

is very large but in private sector it is not so large. As the function of
state is increasing day by day, so working field also increases. Now a
day’s state is not work like police rather it is welfare for the people.
So we can say that working field of public administration is very
large.
2. Importance work: The function of public administration is very
important. Such as supply of gas, water, electricity is very important.
But in opposite the function of private administration is not so
important. It has alternative option too.
3. Aim and purpose: The aim of public administration is to public
welfare but in other side the aim of private administration is
business.
4. Direct accountability: Public administrative people or civil servant
is directly accountable to the general people but private
administrative people are not.
5. Formulating the working procedure: To make a working
procedure there is cabinet. In this cabinet minister, prime minister,
political leader are present. They formulate the work procedure. All
the administration is run by that procedure. They will amend or
change their rule in that cabinet.
6. Ruling the administration: Public administration uses the strict
rules and regulation to run the organization but private
administration does not use strict rules and regulations. Private
sector is run by the authority’s own will.
7. Difference between income and expenditure: For the betterment
of the people public administration spent a lot of money rather their

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income. In private administration, they always try to increase their

benefit.
8. To know the people about their work: Public administration
people always give an idea to the general people about their work.
Because they try to make the people satisfied. In this case private
administration works a lot to know the people about their existence.
9. Profit and loss: Public administration works for the people benefit.
So for the welfare of the people in some case they are not benefited.
But in private sector they will close the project if it will not be a
profitable one.
10. Political direction: Public administration is always directed by the
political order. All the work done here is under the supervision of
political order. But in private sector all the work is done under the
command of the authority.
11. Financial expanse: Public administration is an executive branch of
the government. Administrative expenditure of all the public
administration is paid by the legislature. But administrative
expenditure of all the private administration is paid by them. So, all
the member of the administration is responsible for this.
12. To solve the national problem: Public administration is very much
attentive to the emergency and important condition of the country
and work a lot to solve the problem. On the other hand, private
administration gives more effort to the men then the national.
13. Controlling the administration: Public administration is always
follows the rules and regulation of the country. If any hesitation is
there then they will reject that. But in private administration the
rules which are not fully cleared is also work with this.
14. Use the rank: No one can get the benefit in public administration by
showing his rank and position but in private sector any person can be
benefited in money and prestige by showing his position and rank.
15. Efficiency: Redtepism is very much present in public administration.
People of this administration do not want to do work. But in the
private sector the form a different pay scale and sometimes gives
bonus for the better production. So, they give the better output.
16. To get the ownership: Public administration gets ownership to run
the big company or institution i.e. railway, telegraph, water,

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telephone, electricity etc. But in private sector different organization

is present to produce and distribute the same goods.
17. To get the faithfulness of people: People did not get the proper
facilities from the public administration because of the long term
process and not will to do work. But in public sector accountability
and one stop service is present. So public sector is too much faithful
to the people.
18. Bureaucracy: It is quite different from bureaucracy then the private
bureaucracy. In public administration Neutralize government
bureaucracy system and no party procedure is present. On the other
hand these are not seen in private sector.
19. Job security: Job security is very much present in public sector than
the private sector. All the things happened here is a rule. But in
private sector there is no job security. Any one’s jobs here is depends
on their high officials.
20. Moral character: People of the country want a good behavior from
the public administration. So, they conduct a good behavior to the
people. But in this sector private administrative people are more
cordial than the private administrative people.
21. Pay scale: Pay scale of government administrative people is fixed
and they get it accordingly in every interval. Their facilities and
bonus is also fixed. But in private administrative people get their high
official’s wishes.
22. Social status: Social statuses of any public administrative people are
more than the private administrative people.
At last we can say that, as they have similarities they have dissimilarities
too. Moreover we see that now a day’s private administration is more
advanced than the public administration. So, people fulfill their needs from
the private administration. Now a days as the function of the country for
the welfare of the people increases the distance that means difference
between the two administration decreases. Though we have seen the
difference in working place, it is not in reality.
Function of Public Administration:

20
POSDCORB:
P – Planning
O – Organizing
S – Stuffing
D – Directing
CO – Co-ordination
R – Reporting
B – Budgeting
‘P’ stands for planning. Planning is the first step of Public Administration.
i.e. working out the broad outline of the things that need to be done.
‘O’ stands for organization. It means establishment of the formal

structure of authority through which the work is sub-divided, arranged and
co-ordinated for the defined objective.
‘S’ stands for stuffing. It means the recruitment and training of the staff
and maintenance of favourable conditions of work for the staff.
‘D’ stands for directing. It means the continuous task of making decisions
and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and
thus guiding the enterprise.
‘CO’ stands for co-ordination. It means interrelating the various parts of

organization such as branches, divisions, sections of the work and
elimination of overlapping.
‘R’ stands for reporting. It means informing the authority to whom the
executive is responsible as to what is going on.
‘B’ stands for budgeting. It means accounting, fiscal planning and control.

21
Question: What is Bureaucracy? Who are bureaucrats? Discuss the

characteristics of bureaucracy. Discuss the role of bureaucracy in
policy formulation in Bangladesh. Describe the role of bureaucracy.
Answer: In modern state bureaucracy is playing a significant role in

them of running a government’s duty and responsibility. The duty of
bureaucracy as well as bureaucrats is increasing day to day in life
developing in the country like Bangladesh.
Bureaucracy:
Literally bureaucracy means desk of government. But it’s practical
definition is so broad. The bureaucracy is a system of administration
characterized by expertness, impartiality and absence of humanity. The
father of bureaucracy Max Weber pointed out, “Bureaucracy is the clear
cut division of individual activities with regarded as duties interest in
the office.”
In the words of Jackson, "a bureaucracy is a particular form of

organisation composed of a set of bureaux or agencies, such that the
overall bureaucracy is a system of consciously coordinated activities
which has been explicitly created to achieve specific ends."
According to Peter M. Blau, "Bureaucracy is a form of social orga-

nisation consisting of institutionalized methods for the achievement
of administrative objectives by the concerted efforts of many
officials."
Bureaucrats:
A bureaucrat is a member of bureaucracy. Although the term is usually
affiliated with being a member of the government, it can also refer to a
member of a large company who conducts things according to the exact
rules of policies of that company. In a government, a bureaucrat is a public
servant structurally devoted to carrying out administrative policy.
Bureaucrats have been described as ‘mechanic’ because they do things
according to a routine and don’t let their ‘intellectual judgment’ to
interfere.

22
Characteristics of Bureaucracy:
Bureaucracies have four key characteristics that make their resemblance to
beehives all the more apparent.
1. A clear hierarchy - Bureaucracies have a firm chain of command.

Every worker has his or her own place in the chain, and everyone's
work is overseen by someone on the next level up. Power flows
down from the top of the hierarchy and diminishes as it approaches
the bottom. Just think of the beehive. The queen bee stands at the
top, and each worker bee or drone has its own place in the hive's
chain of command.
2. Specialization - Everyone in a bureaucracy has a specific job to do
and often becomes an expert at it. Bees have specific jobs, too,
collecting pollen, making honey, or populating the hive.
3. A division of labor - In a bureaucracy, nearly every task is broken
down into its component parts, and different people work on
different parts of the task. Together they get the job done, just like
bees in a hive who divide their labor for maximum efficiency.
4. A set of formal rules - These so-called standard operating
procedures are the clear, written instructions for each specialized
job at every level of the hierarchy. Workers who follow them can be
sure that they are on the same page as their colleagues and are
doing their jobs properly. According to beekeepers, bees, too, have a
sophisticated system of communication that keeps their hives
running smoothly.
Role of Bureaucracy in Policy Formulation & Policy

Impementation
The main objective of bureaucracy is the policy formulation and policy
implementation. Bureaucracy provides a driving force to the police after its
successful implementation. This implementation is done under full control.
It can say that, bureaucracy takes the responsibility for successful policy
implementation.
1. Formulation of Projects and Programs: Policy is the combination of

projects and a project is the combination of programs, and a program is
the set of instructions and these instructions are the collected
information. These all are connected. Hence to implement a policy, it is
divided into projects. These projects have different-different programs.
These projects could be setup according to the requirement as at same

23
time and at same location or at different locations, according to the

nature of policy.
2. Project Planning: Project planning is very important. Project planning
should be according to the economic condition, weather condition, land
conditions and available resources etc. For example to make a hospital
we require all information about the location, transport facilities, type of
hospital, economic investment etc. So the basic thing for project
planning is the collection of information about it.
3. Preparation of Plan and Budget: In this session money received is
divided into the sections like industry, hospitals, agriculture and
schools. Some plans take a very long time to build like a flyover or dam
etc. so for such kind of projects a five year budget is prepared. Actually
government provides limited money, so there is a need to plan a budget
within the economic range.
4. Execution of The Program: Execution refers to the implementation of
the project or came into effort. This is a step by step procedure. First of
all raw material is purchased for the production and then manufacturing
is done and then assembling after that rest of the extra work. So this is a
similar process.
5. Review of Project and Programs: Review is the investigation of the
project. It is necessary to ensure the fulfillment of objectives and to
reduce the wastage of money and other capitals. There are so many
levels of review. For example if an order passed by the government for a
hospital then it will be review by the prime minister and the finance
minister and by other higher authorities involving in this project.
Role of Bureaucracy:
1. Determining policy: In our country and in other countries the
bureaucracy particularize the policy of government by didn’t of their
bureaucrats. Government politics are complex. So, this work needed
the artistic skills to be done and these are properly done by
bureaucracy.
2. Framing legislation: In Bangladesh to enact any law, bureaucracy
plays a very important role. Important bills are presented in the
parliament which is prepared by the bureaucrats of bureaucracy.
3. Impact on the legislature: Bureaucracy supply necessary
information regarding different government departments and
organizations. Sometimes bureaucracy influences the conference
committee according to their interest.

24
4. Advisor of political rulers: The political leaders are elected by the

people. They do not have the vast knowledge about the complex
affairs of the state. But it is a matter of sorrow that the duties for
making policy are vested upon bureaucracy. Hence the bureaucracy
system works as the advisor of political rulers.
5. Meditation among different groups: Bureaucrats are the elements
of bureaucracy. The bureaucrats work as the mediator and solve the
problem through proper negotiations and help to maintain
sustainable situation in the state, in such a way bureaucracy works.
6. Implementing legislation and policies: Bureaucracy not only draw
up laws and principles but also sustainable them. Indeed the
bureaucracy is more influential in this regard. Bureaucracy can
repeal and enact any law according to their necessity.
7. Keeping contract between public and government: In Bangladesh
bureaucracy plays the role of liaison between the government and
public. Bureaucracy informs the people about the government
activities and people inform them about their problems and want
solutions. They send important information from one department to
another to sustain a close relationship.
8. Development works: Success of various developing activities
largely depends upon the bureaucracy. Bureaucracy devotes the
nation building works and plans and materializes them timely.
9. In terms of the betterment of the state and the administration:
The excellence of the administration of any country depends on
bureaucracy. In this affair, the US philosopher John Dewey said, “A
final important function of bureaucracies is that of their own
internal management.”
10. Implementation of social change: Bureaucrats as the element of
bureaucracy play role in social change. Bureaucracy helps
government to understand the changing social demands and finds
out the way to fulfill them.
11. Non-political role: bureaucracy plays non-political role in the non-
political areas also.
In fine we can say that, the role of bureaucracy cannot be ignored in

Bangladesh-a developing country. So, whole bureaucracy system must be
honest, responsible, controlled and corruption free.

25
Question: Write a short note on the Max Weber theory of bureaucracy.
Answer: Max Weber is a remarkable German sociologist. He

embellished bureaucratic theory with scientific management theory. Weber
focused on organizations into hierarchies, established strong lines of
authority and control.
Max Weber theory of bureaucracy:

“An organization based efficiency, hierarchy, written rules of conduct,
promotion based on achievement and a specialized division of labour.”
Max Weber called an ideal type organization is what an organization tries

to be summary of Weber’s model:
(a) Hierarchy
(b) Promotion based on professional merit and skill
(c) The development of career services in the bureaucracy.
(d) Reliance on and use of rules and organization.
(e) Impersonality of relationship among career professionals in the
bureaucracy and with their clientele.
Viewing the growth of large scale organization of all types during the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Weber developed a set of
principles for an ‘ideal’ bureaucracy.
Success:
While Weber was fundamentally an observer rather than a designer, it is
clear that his predictions have come true. His principles of an ideal
bureaucracy still ring true today and many of the evils of today’s
bureaucracies come from their deviating from those ideas principles.
Unfortunately, Weber was also successful in predicting that bureaucracies
would have extreme difficulties dealing with individual cases.
It should have been fascinating to see how Weber would have integrated
Mayo’s results into his theories. It is probable that he would have seen the
‘group dynamics’ as ‘noise’ in the system, limiting the bureaucracy’s
potential for both efficiency and inhumanity.
Criticism of Weber Ian Bureaucratic theory:

26
One critique was Weber’s claim that bureaucratic organizations were based
on rational legal authority. Persons (1947) and Gouldner (1954) note that
Weber said authority rests both in the ‘legal incumbency of office’ and on
‘technical competence’. This works if superiors have more knowledge and
skill but often this is not the case.
Thompson notes that in modern organizations authority is centralized but

ability is decentralized (Thompson 1961). In fact staff-line distinctions
seem to be a structural resolution of this authority-ability quandary that
Weber overlooked.
Weber also doesn’t distinguish between definitions and propositions in his

model. His lists of distinguishing characteristics are linked between each
other.
Types of legitimate authority:

There are three types of legitimate authority:
(a) Rational
(b) Traditional
(c) Charismatic
Description of these types is given below:
(a) Charismatic authority is regarded as legitimate and works because

followers are personally devoted to the ‘gifted’ leader.
(b) Traditional authority is regarded as legitimate because everyone
has always obeyed whoever was in the leader’s position and no one
thinks of disputing his authority.
(c) Rational authority is the rule of law. It exists in a community in
which there is a moral attitude of respect for the law as such, or
because the law has been arrived at in a way that is regarded as
legitimate.

27
Question: Define Democracy. Describe merits and demerits of

democracy. Find out different forms of democracy. Discuss pre-
conditions of democracy.
Answer: Different political science writers have worked in

classifying the different forms of government and have become quite
successful by giving conceptions about various governments. Of them
democracy possesses a great amount of potentiality of achieving highest
efficiency in running a government as well as a country.
Definition:
The term democracy is derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ and
‘Kratos’. ‘Demos’ means people/public and ‘Kratia’ means power or
governance or authority. Thus democracy as a form of government in
which the people rule themselves either directly or indirectly through their
representatives. To be precise, democracy is its purest or most best form
would be a society in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the
decision that affect their lives.
Definitions from different renowned personalities of political science about

Democracy are:
According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the

people, by the people and for the people.”
According to Professor Seeley, “Democracy is a government in which

everyone has a share.”
Lindsay said, “Democracy is a theory of society as well as a theory of

government and from that point of view its main there is liberty and
equality.”
According to C. F. Strong, “Democracy implies that government which

will rest on the active consent of the governed.”
According to MacIver, “Democracy is not a way of governing; whether

by majority or otherwise but primarily a way of determining who will
govern and broadly, to what ends.”

28
So it is understood that, democracy is not a mere form of government. In

fact democracy is a mode of spirit, an attitude of mind of those who profess
it and only those who can practice it.
Different forms of Democracy:

As a form of government, there are two types of democracy. They are
shown below:
DEMOCRACY
Direct Indirect
Direct Democracy:
When the people themselves directly express their will in public affairs, the
type of government is called pure or direct democracy. The people
formulated and express their will in a mass meeting and they assemble for
this purpose as often as required. Pure or direct democracy can exist and
function only in small states with a limited, homogeneous population
where people can conveniently meet and deliberate together. In ancient
periods this direct democracy system did exist in the small city-states of
Greece and Rome. Direct democracy now assumes the form of the
referendum and the popular initiative and they have long been familiar in
Switzerland and the United States. After the First World War they made an
appearance in Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Ireland and even in Soviet Russia.
Indirect Democracy:
John Stuart Mill said, “It is a form of government where the whole
people or some numerous portions of them exercise the governing
power through deputies, periodically elected by themselves.”
The prevailing system of democracy is indirect or representative. The will

of the state is formulated and expressed not directly by the people
themselves but by their representatives to whom they delegate the power
29
of discussion and decision making. They are referred to as representative

democracy. The representatives are periodically elected by the people. In a
representative democracy the ultimate source of authority remains with
the people. But it draws a distinction between the possession of authority
which resides in the electorate and its exercise. Indirect democracy exists
in Bangladesh, India, USA etc.
The precondition of success democracy:

Now-a-days democracy is the most popular form of government all over
the world. But it is also a critical formation of government. In fact a
successful and genuine democracy is a combination of active, growing,
progressive force responsive to the will of the people and animated by the
ideals of mutual service and public welfare. To make democracy successful
there are some preconditions. They are:
1. Democratic people: The first condition of the success of democracy

is democratic people. If the people of country are democratic then
democracy will be forwarded to success. About this Lord Bryce said,
“No government demands so much from citizen as democracy
and none gives so much back.”
2. Democratic atmosphere: Democratic atmosphere is an important
condition to make democracy successful. It is based on the endurance
and conservation of the social, political and financial rights of the
people.
3. Brotherhood: To make democracy successful the creation of
brotherhood is very much essential. Without brotherhood it is
impossible to form a successful democracy.
4. Expansion of education: Education is a special side of democratic
government. The educated people are the conscious part of society.
The perfect education among the people crates the democratic
atmosphere.
5. Financial independence: Financial independence is another
condition of the success of democracy. The political independence is
valueless if there is no financial independence. The political right,
independence, democratic value is meaningless to the poor people.
6. Decentralization of power: The decentralization of power is an
important element of success of democracy. It establishes the
30
atmosphere of democracy. By this power the judicial, executive,

health and other services can be made helpful for people. Besides this
the local government can be made strong.
7. Persistency: To make democracy successful tolerance is essential. It
there exist persistency among the people then the political collision
will be reduced. The political parties will work together by
compromising. Then the success of the democracy will be possible.
8. Participation of people: In the formation of government named
democracy the participation of people is must. Without their
participation democracy can’t be successful. Without the
participation the democracy is nothing but a ‘Aladdin’s magic wand’
which only works in fairy tales.
9. Accountability: If accountability can be ensured in every level of the
execution then democracy will be successful. The political part of
execution must be accountable to the cabinet and bureaucrats to
their own department head.
10. Judicial independence: The judicial independence is an important
precondition of democratic success. If the judiciary of a country is not
independent then the judiciary will be used politically by the political
process of execution. Professor Lusky said, “The independence of
the judiciary is essential for freedom and democracy.”
In fine it can be said that, synchronization of thoughts and actions is the

essence of democracy. Democracy is truly an examined and ideal form of
government. The success of democracy is not possible by any single class
system or element. Democratic government should lead the country for the
welfare of the people.

31
Question: Write down the importance and disadvantages of

democracy. Distinguish between democracy and dictatorship.
Answer:
Advantages of Democracy:
Democracy is considered to be the best form of government these days.

Most of the countries in the world have adopted it. The following
arguments have been given in favour of Democracy:
(i) Safeguards the interests of the people:
Chief merit of democracy lies in that it safeguards the interests of the

people. Real power lies in the hands of the people who exercise it by the
representatives elected by them and who are responsible to them. It is said
that social, economic and political interests of the individuals are served
better under this system.
(ii) Based on the principle of equality:
Democracy is based on the principle of equality. All members of the State

are equal in the eyes of law. All enjoy equal social, political and economic
rights and state cannot discriminate among citizens on the basis of caste,
religion, sex, or property. All have equal right to choose their government.
(iii) Stability and responsibility in administration:
Democracy is known for its stability, firmness and efficiency. These days
tenure of the elected representatives is fixed. They form a stable
government because it is based on public support. The administration is
conducted with a sense of responsibility. In representative democracy,
people's representatives discuss matters more thoroughly and take
reasonable decision.
Under monarchy the Monarch takes decisions as he pleases. Under

dictatorship, the dictators do not involve people at all in decision making,
people have no right to criticise the decisions of the dictator even when
they are bad and against people's welfare.
(iv) Political education to the people:

32
Another argument given in favour of democracy is that it serves as a

training school for citizens. People get impetus to take part in the affairs of
the state. At the time of elections political parties propose their policy and
programme in support of their candidates. All means of propaganda-public
meetings, posters, radio, television and speeches by important leaders of
the parties- are used to win public favour. It creates political consciousness
among the people.
(v) Little chance of revolution:
Since democracy is based on public will, there is no chance of public revolt.

Representatives elected by the people conduct the affairs of the state with
public support. If they don't work efficiently or don't come up to the
expectations of their masters i.e., the public, they are thrown in the dustbin
of history when elections are held again. Gilchrist opines that democracy or
popular governments always function with consensus and therefore
question of revolt or revolution does not arise.
(vi) Stable government:
Democracy is based on public will. It conducts state business with public

support. It is, therefore, more stable than other forms of Government.
(vii) Helps in making people good citizens:
Success of democracy lies on its good citizens. Democracy creates proper

environment for the development of personality and cultivating good
habits. D. Tacquville is of opinion that "Democracy is the first school of
good citizenship. Citizens learn their rights and duties from birth till death
in it."
(viii) Based on public opinion:
Democratic administration is based on public will, public opinion lends it

strength. It is not based on fear of authority. Gettel is of opinion that
democracy stands on consensus, not on power; it admits the existence of
state for individual, not individual for the state. It lends development and
progress to individual and arouses his interest in social activities.
Individuals readily take active part in such a government. And this is
because of the eminence, devotion and conviction in man found in the
nature of democracy itself.
Demerits of Democracy
33
Following arguments have been given against Democracy:
(i) More emphasis on quantity than on quality:
It is not based upon the quality but on quantity. Majority party holds the
reigns of government. Inefficient and corrupt persons get themselves
elected. They have neither intelligence, nor vision, nor strength of character
to steer through the ship of the state to its destinations.
(ii) Rule of the incompetent:
Democracies are run by incompetent persons. It is government by

amateurs. In it, every citizen is allowed to take part, whereas everybody is
not fit for it. Locke calls it the act of running administration by the ignorant.
He says that history records the fact that a few are intelligent. Universal
adult franchise grants right to vote to everybody.
Thus, "a few manipulators who can collect votes with the greatest success
get democratic power." The result is that democracy run by the ignorant
and incompetent becomes totally unfit for intellectual progress and search
for scientific truths.
(iii) Based on unnatural equality:
The concept of equality is enshrined in democracy. It is against the law of

nature. Nature has not endowed every individual with intelligence and
wisdom. Men's talents differ. Some are courageous, other are cowards.
Some healthy, others not so healthy. Some are intelligent, others are not.
Critics are of opinion that "it is against the law of nature to grant equal
status to everybody."
(iv) Voters do not take interest in election:
Voters do not cast their vote in a spirit of duty as democracy requires them
to do. Contestants of election persuade them. Even then, it is generally
found that turn out comes to 50 to 60 percent only. This forefeits the very
tall claim of holding elections.
(v) Lowers the moral standard:
The only aim of the candidates becomes to win election. They often employ
under-hand practices, foul means to get elected. Character assassination is
openly practised, unethical ways are generally adopted. Muscle power and
money power work hand-in-hand to ensure success to him. Thus, morality
34
is the first casualty in election. It is a big loss for 'when character is lost,
everything is lost' becomes explicit in due course.
(vi) Democracy is a government of the rich:
Modern democracy is, in fact, capitalistic. It is rule of the capitalists.

Electioneering is carried out with money. The rich candidates purchase
votes. Might of economic power rules over the whole process. The net
result is that we get plutocracy under the garb of democracy-democracy in
name and form, plutocracy in reality.
It cares a fig for the common man. The rich hold the media and use it for
their own benefit. Big business houses influence dailies and use these
dailies for creating public opinion to their favour. Influence of moneyed
people over politics is probably clear in England, America and India.
(vii) Misuse of public funds and time:
Democracy is a huge waste of time and resources. It takes much time in the
formulation of laws. A lot of money is spent during the elections. Ministers
are proving white elephants. They are a heavy burden on public exchequer
as they waste public money on their tours and recreations.
(viii) No stable government:
When no party gets absolute majority, coalition governments are formed.

The coalition of political parties with a view of sharing power is only a
marriage of convenience.
Whenever there occurs clash of interests, the coalition is lost and

governments crumble down. Thus, stable governments under democracy
generally don't exist. France lost the World War II because there was no
stable government in the country at that time. We, in India, have been
experiencing the same thing for the present.
The distinction between Democracy and Dictatorship:

Democracy and dictatorship stand in sharp contrast to each other. The
following points clearly show the difference between democracy and
dictatorship.
Democracy Dictatorship
1. Democracy emphasizes rights. 1. Dictatorship emphasizes duties.

35
2. Democracy believes in equality. 2. Dictatorship believes in

hierarchy.
3. Democracy glorifies the man. 3. Dictatorship glorifies the state.
4. Democracy encourages free 4. Dictatorship suppresses free
thought thought and action.
5. Democracy believes in pacifism. 5. Dictatorship believes in
application of force.
6. In democracy, a country is 6. In dictatorship, a government as
governed by its people. well as country is controlled by one
person.
7. In democracy, the leaders are 7. In dictatorship, the dictator is
elected by the people. either elected in a democracy.
Question: What is meant by accountability and transparency? Discuss

the problems to achieve accountability and transparency in
administration. Discuss the measurements to ensure accountability
and transparency in administration.
Answer:
Accountability: Accountability is not an abstract concept. The notion

of accountability is an amorphous concept which is difficult to define in
precise term. It means saying what you mean, meaning what you say and
doing what you are going to do. It refers the responsibility of a person
about particular activity based upon him. That means the state of being
accountable is called accountability. The concept of accountability involves
two distinct stages. They are:
1. Answerability
2. Enforcement
Transparency: Transparency is a conspicuous (very noticeable) fact of a

particular event. Normally transparency means providing rules and
regulation and information about an issue, event, project, policy, program
etc. of government to people to find and view that information.
Transparency is accessibility of the citizen to information and
administrative processes within the government. Quick availability of and

36
access to information or data is, therefore, a basic ingredient of a

transparent bureaucracy.
In a word transparency is not an end in itself but a powerful tool to

improve accountability. In short, transparency is a particular fact which
compels the government to be accountable.
Problems to ensure accountability and transparency in

administration:
Due to the following reasons, the accountability and transparency are not
ensuring in our country:
1. Bureaucratic resistance: There remains a bureaucratic power in

every governmental work. So bureaucrats always try to find out their
benefit. So, accountability and transparency in our country is not
ensuring.
2. Bureaucrats always try to keep away from general people:
Bureaucrats always keep themselves from general people. They
move outside with a very prestige and a very high security. Even
general people cannot meet with them now and then.
3. Political environment: Political environment of our country is not
good. Political leader of our country practice a bad politics. They do
politics without letting people know about their activities.
4. Rules of business: Businessman does not follow the rules and
regulation of the business in the country. They run the business
according to their own will. Because in our country most of the
businessmen are bureaucrats.
5. Weak parliamentary committee: In our country parliamentary
committee is too weak to run the bureaucratic people in a good way.
Parliamentary committee has no power over the bureaucrats.
6. OISD: OIDS system in our country is not good. Here bureaucrats have
the post but no power. So, government spent a lot of money for these
useless bureaucrats.
7. Pool service: Bureaucrats of our country live in a separate place.
They think that they run the country and they are the head of the
country. They have a close relation with the other bureaucrats.

37
8. Ombudsman: Though till today we cannot establish ombudsman in

the office so, we cannot create an accountable administration.
9. Civil society: Civil societies have a power to dominate the other
people at the same time they are not so accountable to anyone.
The measurement to ensure accountability and

transparency:
To ensure permanent accountability and transparency in administrative
system, the following measures should be taken:
1. Separation of Judiciary: To ensure accountability and transparency

in administration, the separation of judiciary from executive sector is
imperative.
2. Reducing dispute between the politician and bureaucrats:
Administration and politics are supplementary to each other. The
dispute between politics and bureaucracy must be removed. They are
not competent. They are the associates to each other.
3. Reforming traditional laws: The traditional laws are needed to
control the activities of the bureaucrats to be reformed to make it
effective.
4. Establishment of Ombudsman: In the article 77 of our constitution,
there is a law for the establishment of ombudsman. But till today,
there is not taken any steps. So, it becomes essential to establish the
office of ombudsman to create an accountable administration.
5. Decentralization of Administration: Decentralization is the main
key for the development of administration. So we have to
decentralize our administration which will ensure the accountability
of the administration.
6. Administrative development: The present administrative system
which is running on should minimize, we need a lot of meritorious,
honest, transparent, skilled, responsible officers in the country. For
this purpose unskilled, irresponsible and corrupted officers must be
eliminated.
7. Effective standing committee: Standing committee plays a vital role
to ensure accountability and transparency. For the accountability of
any ministry, the responsibility should be given to different minister.

38
The dependency of the member of the standing committee to the civil

servants for technical skill should be reduced.
8. Role of opposition party: To ensure accountability and
transparency in different division of government, the opposition
party has the responsibilities to perform active role. They can focus
the negative side of the government administration through
constructive criticism and it will be helpful for making a transparent
and accountable administration.
9. Decrease the dependency on foreign aid: Today in our country one
of the main reason for decreasing accountability is more dependency
on foreign aid. So we have to decrease our dependency on the aid of
World Bank, ADB and IMF etc. organization to create an accountable
and transparent administration.
10. Reconstruction of promotion system: For the establishment of
accountability and transparency of the administration, the promotion
system should be followed according to age of his occupation and age
as well as merit and skill.
11. Increasing skill: Accountability can be ensured by increasing skill.
For the reason, by changing the traditional training course and
training system we can introduce developed training system. So that
the accountability will come through related officers by his increased
skill.
12. Establishment of Democracy: Establishment of democracy can play
a vital role for an accountable administration. Proper/pure
democratic government always wants to make its administration
reliable to the people. For this purpose they try to make an
accountability transparent administration.
13. Neutralization of Anti-corruption Bureau: Bureau of anti-
corruption should be free political and executive influence to make it
as a neutral institution.

39
Question: Define Local Government. Discuss the characteristics of

local government. Evaluate the “Upazilla system” as a unit of local
government. What are the advantages of local government?
Answer: Local government refers collectively to administration

authorities over areas that are smaller than a state. Local government is
service provider of education, environment, health, housing, social care and
many more.
Definition:
Local government is an administration body for a small geographic area;
such as a city, town, country or state. A local government will typically only
have control over their specific geographical region and cannot pass or
enforce laws that will affect a wide area. Local governments can elect
officials, enact taxes and do many other works that a national government
would do but just on a smaller scale. An example of local government is
town council.
According to Professor R.M. Jackson, “Local government is essentially a

method of getting various run for the benefit of the community. It is
practical business and if we think of it in the way, we are more likely
to see its real nature than if we think in terms of training for
citizenship.”
According to the United Nation, “The term local government refers to a

political subdivision of nation or state which is constituted by law and
has substantial control of local affairs including the power to impose
taxes or appoint labour for prescribed purposes. The governing body
of such on entity is elected or otherwise locally selected.”
According to Encyclopedia of Britannica, “Local government has the

authority to determines and executes measures within a restricted
area inside and it is smaller than the whole estate.”
Characteristics of Local Government:

1. Specific jurisdiction: Each local government has its own
jurisdiction, its own boundaries, area of territory and on the basis of
which it provides its services and facilities.

40
2. Specific population: Local government has its own specific

population and this population factor is very essential as it shows the
status of local government that is whom it provides services.
3. Legal status: Creation of local government can be by the provincial
or National government. Each local government has its own legal
entity. It means that it can sue or can be used against or by an
ordinary citizen, provincial and central government.
4. Permanent institution: Local government has its own permanent in
the form of the chairman, it has its own council, staff and through the
combine efforts of these institutions local problems are managed. So
it can be rightly said that local government is a permanent
institution.
5. Nature: The nature of local government varies from country, for
instance police is managed by the provincial government in
Bangladesh but directions are given by the central government. But
in some developed countries police is managed by the local
government. This clearly defines that nature is one of the important
aspect in the distinguish characteristics of local government.
Upazilla Parishad as a unit of Local government:

To evaluate the upazilla parishad as a unit of local government we should
determine which factors are functioning in this system.
1. Composition of Upazilla Parishad: The composition of Upazilla is-

(a) A chairman
(b) Representative members
(c) Three women members
(d) Official members
(e) Chairman of Upazilla Central Co-operative Association within
the Upazilla, and
(f) One nominated member
2. Administrative transfer of power to the local unit: Under the
Upazilla system the politically elected chairman enjoyed enormous
power to direct their particular unit. The functions according to local
government ordinance 1982 at this level were divided into two
retained function and transferred function. Responsibility for
regulatory function and major development activities of national
41
regional coverage by the central government. Responsibility for all

other activities was transferred to act as chairman.
3. Finance of Upazilla Parishad: The money constituting parishad can
be categorized into-
(a) Government grants
(b) Own income
4. Function of Upazilla system:
(a) All activities at the Upazilla level, formulation of Upazilla level,
formulation of Upazilla level development plans and program
and implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
(b) Preparation of Upazilla Development plans on the basis of
Union Development plans.
(c) Giving assistance and encouragement to Union Parishad in
their activities.
(d) Promotion of health, family planning and family welfare.
(e) Provision for management of environment.
(f) Training of chairman, members and secretaries of Union
Parishads.
(g) Implementation of local agenda by the directions.
(h) Government policies and programmes within the Upazilla.
(i) Promotion of social-cultural activities.
(j) Promotion of livestock fisheries.
Advantages of Local Government:

The system of local government is very necessary and important.
1. Modern states are large in size and population. But by local

government this huge state and population is divided into small part.
2. It is impossible for any state government alone to solve all the
problems of a state. But local government solves the problems
partially.
3. Local improvement and development are not possible by state
government but it can be done by local government very easily.
4. People can get information easily from local government.
5. Local people of Union Parishad are developed by Union Parishad.
6. Educational program, especially primary education’s development
steps are taken by Union Parishad.
42
7. Provision for management of environment.

8. Training of chairman members and secretaries of Union Parishad.
9. Implementation of local agenda by the direction of local government.
10. Promotion of socio cultural activities.
11. Supervision of education system, establishment of libraries,
settlement of local disputes etc.
12. Local government collects revenue for development activities.
Question: Distinguish between Local Government and Local Self

Government.
Answer: The difference between Local Government and Local Self

Government is given below-
Local Government Local Self Government

1. Local governing system is 1. Local self-government is directed
directed directly by the government by the person elected by general
personnel from centre. people.
2. As the local governing system is 2. The members of local self-
directed by government personnel, government are the representatives
the participation of people is very of people. They are elected by the
little there. vote of the people.
3. Local government is directed by 3. Local self-government has the
the rules and regulation enacted by authority to enact sub-law to govern
the central government. They don’t the governing system properly.
have the authority to enact any sub-
law.
4. In local government system, all 4. Local self-government has the
types of policy is made by the independence of policy making.
central government.
5. Local government officers cannot 5. Local self-government personnel
participate in the national politics. and representatives can participate
As a government service holder, in any kind of political activities
they cannot involve themselves in according to their will.
any kind of political activities.
6. Local government does not have 6. In local self-government, people
any power of recruiting people. This are recruited by local organization
power only lies in the hand of completely.
central government.

43
7. Local government is accountable 7. Local self-government is

to the central government for their accountable to the general people
activities. They do not have any for their activities. Because this
responsibility to the general people. government is established by the
representatives elected by the
general people.
8. Local government is just a unit of 8. Local self-government is not only
administration. an administrative but also a political
unit.
9. Local government only does those 9. Local self-government has the
duties and responsibilities which are authority of making plans and
given by the central government. decisions and to take necessary step
to execute them.
10. Local government is created by 10. Local self-government is created
the division of power. by the decentralization of power.
11. The objective of local 11. Local self-government generally
government is to establish a governed by making policy
disciplined governing system. according to the local problems.
Because local government runs their
activities according to the policy of
central government.
12. Local government is a 12. Local self-government is
permanent institution. For this type established for a specific period of
of government there is no time limit.time.
13. Central government cannot 13. As the members of the local self-
remove the members of local government are the representatives
government as their wish. of people, so general people can
remove them whenever they want.
14. Local government cannot make 14. Local self-government can make
their own budget. Budget is given to their own budget and can pass them
them by the central government. too.

44
Question: What is Administrative Decentralization? Write down the

classification, advantages and disadvantages of decentralization.
The functions of modern states are multilateral. To execute these

multilateral functions and because of globalization, administrative
organizations gain the extensiveness and diffusion. Generally, the
redistribution of authority, responsibility and financial resources among
the different levels of government for providing public services is known as
administrative decentralization.
Definition:
The policy of decentralization is considered to be established there where
the functions and duties of administrative organizations have been
transferred from central government to subordinate levels of government
or province or local authority. Thus in the system of decentralization some
special powers and authorities of decision making have been kept by the
central government and the remaining powers have been distributed
among the local organizations.
According to L.D. White, “The process of decentralization denotes the

transfer of authority legislature, judiciary or administrative from a
higher level of government to a lower.”
According to Mawhood, “Decentralization as structure of government

where bodies are created at the local level separated by law from the
national centre in which local representative are given formal power
to decode on a range of public matter.”
Dweight Waldo said that “Decentralization denotes a tendency where

administration and responsibility are delegated from the central
authority to regional and local unites to suit the particular local
conditions.”
Professor Mahbubur Rahman said, “Decentralization refers to the

transfer of power and authority to the locally elected bodies where
policies are made and carried out at the local level.”
Another important definition of decentralization is given by Rondinelli elt.

According to him, “Decentralization is defined quire broadly to mean

45
the transfer of planning decision making or administrative authority

form the central government to its field organizations local
administrative unit, semi-autonomous and postal organization, local
government or nongovernmental organization.”
Objectives of Decentralization:
There are some objectives of decentralization. They are given below-
1. To establish a good relationship between the bureaucrats and public

representatives.
2. To ensure the administrative efficiency and transparency.
3. To ensure the participation of general people in administrative
activities.
4. To ensure the proper utilization of local wealth.
5. To manifest political leadership in local stages.
6. To ensure a balanced development both in centre and local stage.
7. To politicize the local government system
8. Adding the rule to ensure the maximum participation of people in
development activities.
Classification of Administrative Decentralization:

Generally, there are four types of decentralization. They are-
1. Deconcentration
2. Devolution
3. Delegation
4. Privatization
1. Deconcentration: Deconcentration means shifting decision-making

power to central government officials located outside the capital. The
field offices are accountable for their decisions to the central ministry.
The main objectives of deconcentration are to improve administrative
efficiency, enhance service delivery and ensure adequate representation
of the central government as well as supervision at the sub-national
level. Deconcentration is considered to be the weakest form of
decentralization, although the opportunities for local input vary and
sometimes strong field administrations can be found.

46
2. Devolution: Devolution means shifting fiscal powers and decision-

making responsibilities to subnational governments where sub-national
governments are granted substantive decision-making authority. In a
devolved system, local authorities have clear and legally recognized
geographical boundaries over which they exercise authority and within
which they perform public functions. They are accountable to their local
constituency for their decisions. This form underlies most political
decentralization. In francophone countries, there is no special term for
this form of political decentralization.
3. Delegation: Delegation means shifting responsibilities to semi-

autonomous government bodies or NGOs, which will ultimately be fully
accountable to the centre. This is a more extensive form of
decentralization. Responsibility for decision-making and administration
of public functions is not wholly controlled by central government but is
ultimately accountable to it (examples include public enterprises,
housing authorities, autonomous school districts and regional
development corporations). In the francophone context, delegation is
generally seen as an instrument of deconcentration whereby the
minister delegates tasks, responsibilities and resources to regional
directors, who can then delegate to provincial directors or lower levels
falling within the authority of the ministry.
4. Privatization: The fourth form of decentralization is divestment, or

privatization, in which public functions are transferred from
government to voluntary, private or non-governmental institutions.
Divestment occurs when governments contract out certain public
services or administrative functions or when public services, like public
transport or energy, are fully privatized to private companies.
Privatization is often accompanied by deregulation, which reduces legal
constraints in service provision and allows competition among private
suppliers for services previously provided by the government or
regulated monopolies.
The role of decentralization in the development process of

rural areas/Advantages of Decentralization:
Administrative decentralization is the prerequisite of development.

Different opinions have been given about the role of decentralization on the
aspect of development process and public participation.

47
Dr. Asaduzzaman, the honorable teacher of the department of Public

Administration of Dhaka University, said that “Decentralization is the
panacea of removing social evils, of the process of guide to people.”
The advantages of decentralization are discussed below-
1. Decrease of central government’s responsibility: In

decentralization process, the authority and responsibility of central
government has been transferred to the local government. Central
government only gives some instructions and directions to execute
the given task properly. Thus central government does not have to
worry much about the different issues of local level.
2. Increase of local government’s efficiency: Because of

administrative decentralization, local governments can do their work
more independently and fulfill their responsibility. As a result, they
always try to increase the speed of administrative activity. This
increases their efficiency to a great extent.
3. The participation of people in development: As the power and

authority of administrative system is confined among some
particular people, general people cannot participate in decision
making and the execution of those decisions. But in the process of
decentralization, people can directly and more actively participate in
the development activities.
4. Practice of democracy: In the process of decentralization, the

participation of people of all stages of the society is ensured and
everyone can express their opinion freely. This makes the way of
democracy smooth and helps to lead a country toward the stable and
progressive development.
5. Planning in local level: Due to administrative decentralization, local

administration takes decision and makes plan to give the proper
solution to the various problems of local sectors and general people
participate spontaneously to solve their own problems.
6. Ensuring accountability and transparency: The accountability and

transparency of bureaucratic system of local level can be ensured
through administrative decentralization. In this process the
bureaucrats must be accountable to the representative of the people.

48
7. Utilization of local wealth: It is possible to ensure the proper

utilization of local wealth if administration is decentralized in local
level. As a result, the proper utilization of country’s natural resources
is also being ensured.
8. Manifestation of leadership in local level: One of the advantages of

the process of decentralization is that it plays an important role in
manifestation of leadership in local level.
9. Decrease of bureaucratic complexity: The bureaucratic

complexities can be reduced to a great extent by administrative
decentralization. Because bureaucrats have to work under the public
representatives here. As a result, they cannot do whatever they want.
10. Ensuring sustainable development: Through the decentralization

of power, a sustainable development of local level can be ensured.
11. Co-ordination: Decentralization plays a vital role to co-ordinate the

responsibility of the workers of central and local level. This
accelerates the process of development.
12. Creating employment opportunity: Decentralization creates a huge

amount of employment opportunities to execute development
activities of local level and perform administrative works. It
contributes to increase the GDP of the country.
13. Reduction of distance between public and administration: In

decentralized administrative system, it becomes easier to the people
to express their problems to the administration. As a result, the
understanding between people and administration increases and the
distance between them decreases.
14. Rapid decision making: There is no necessity of taking permission

and observation of central government in local development process.
As a result decision can be taken rapidly and thus bureaucratic
complexities and red tape can be avoided to a great level.
15. Infrastructural development: Through the process of

decentralization, various physical infrastructure of local level such as
schools, colleges, markets, roads, offices etc. are constructed with the
necessity of time.

49
16. Service: Different types of services have been provided to the local
people by the local government through the process of
decentralization.
17. Sense of Belongingness: In decentralized administrative

management, the sense of belongingness is increased among the
common people. It causes rapid development in the field level.
18. Judicial system: Because of administrative decentralization, the

judiciary power remains to the hand of people. As a result, people do
not have to knock the door of central administration to get the
proper and quick justice now and then.
19. Flexible and creative administrative system: Decentralized

administrative system has been made flexible and creative. As a
result, people participate here spontaneously.
Negative aspects of Decentralization:
Good and evil stays side by side. Because of darkness, we can feel the
existence of light. Thus there are some negative aspects of decentralization
with its positive aspects. The negative aspects of decentralization are
discussed below:
1. Excessive democratic: Because of administrative decentralization,

local governments become excessive democratic which is a great
obstacle for establishing a proper administrative system.
2. Lack of co-ordination and unity: If administrative authority is

decentralized, there will be a lacking of co-ordination and unity in
administration. As a result, there will be anarchy and disorder in the
administration.
3. Lack of skilled leadership: There is a great necessity of skilled

leadership in the local administrations due to decentralization. If this
necessity is not fulfilled properly, the decentralization system can be
ineffective.
4. Increase of expenditure: Due to decentralization, more local offices

have been set up. Lots of people work in those offices. Government
has to pay the salary of these people. This causes the increase of
revenue expenses more than the expenses allotted for development.
50
5. Excessive pressure on national income: In developing country like

ours where there is a lacking of sufficient capital for rapid
industrialization, taking steps of decentralization is nothing but a
laughing stock there. This will result in not only the increase in
administrative expenses but also increase pressure on national
income.
6. Variety of rules, regulation and process: In decentralization

system, the decision taking authority is distributed among different
people. As a result, there is variety of rules, regulation and process
which is not expected in good governance.
7. Misuse of power: In this process, local representatives can misuse

their administrative authority and power of making decision and
taking action on those decisions.
8. Hindrance to immediate decision making: To face an emergent

situation, local government cannot make decision as quick as central
administration due to many limitations.
9. Corruption and nepotism: There is less opportunity of nepotism of

the development work is directed and supervised by central
government. But in decentralized system the tendency of nepotism
and corruption is very common.
Decentralization as a concept is useful as it deals with critical issues of

power and authority. Key to the understanding of a particular form of
decentralization is the distribution of power among different levels. In the
process exercise of decision making authority becomes crucial.


Good Governace

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Good Governace

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1

Question: Define Good Governance. Write down the elements of good

Answer: Good governance means an excellent governing process by

According to Kofi Annan, the former UN Secretary General- “Good

According to WB- “Good governance is the manner in which

Elements/Characteristics of Good Governance:

(i) The democracy: Transparency in the election process,

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

independent prosecutors all are the elements of good

How to ensure good governance:

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

challenges in the path of acquiring it can be blocked then it will be fruitful

Establishing good governance in a developing country like

SOCIAL ACCOUTABILITY TRANSPARENCY

At present, good governance in Bangladesh is far from the actual

1. Corruption: Corruption is a big obstacle in the way of good

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

4. Nepotism: The rules of administration in our country persue

Question: Define Constitution. Write down the types of constitution.

Answer: A constitution is a set of fundamental principles according

According to Aristotle, “Constitution is the way of life the state

According to A.F. Strong, “Constitution is the collection of

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

According to Leacock, “Constitution is nothing but the form of

According to H. Finer, “The system of fundamental political

According to brevity and definiteness, constitution is divided into

An unwritten constitution is one which reflects the evolutionary

A written constitution is a consciously planned system, a

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

Assembly or a convention. The constitution of India was formulated and

A written constitution is distinct in character and is held in special sanctity.

A written constitution is, thus a deliberate design of the institutions that it

Bryce suggests a new scheme of classification of constitution. Under this

Flexible constitution: The flexible constitution places constitutional law

Rigid constitution: The rigid constitution possess a special and higher

Methods of establishing Constitution:

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

Characteristics of Suitable constitution:

1. Constitution should be flexible as it can be corrected as demand of

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

3. A suitable constitution must also be comprehensive. It should cover

Characteristics of Bangladeshi Constitution:

1. The constitution is a written document.

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

9. The legislature will be unicameral. The name of legislature is

How Bangladeshi Constitution should be:

1. The constitution will be durable: If the constitution is written then

Bangladesh needs a political system and a stable constitution which have

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

change our constitution but it must be stopped as early as possible.

Question: What is meant by fundamental rights? Discuss the

Article 27: Equality before law

Article 28: Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

regard to access to any place of public entertainment or resort, or

Article 29. Equality of opportunity in public employment

i. making special provision in favour of any backward section of

Article 30: Prohibition of foreign titles, etc

Article 31: Right to protection of law

Article 32: Protection of right to life and personal liberty

Article 33: Safeguards as to arrest and detention:

Prepared By: Hasan Bin Firoz(533)

1. No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being