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Vibration Isolators
Submitted by
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
i
Contents
Abstract i
Table Of Contents ii
1 Literature review 1
1.1 Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of Dual-chamber Pneumatic
Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment and structures A re-
view,IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 78 (2015) . . . . . 1
1.3 Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Machine Tools, Interna-
tional Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015) 2
1.4 Application of Vibration Isolators with a Low Stiffness for the Strongly Vi-
brating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 6
2.1 Vibration isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Types of Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Source path receiver model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Possible Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 11
3.1 Numerical 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Numerical 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Numerical 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ii
4 13
4.1 MATLAB PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References 17
iii
Chapter 1
Literature review
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
the research work under two categories, namely monotonic and cyclic loading behaviors of
WRI. The review also discusses the different terminologies associated with vibration isolation
system and highlights the comparison between various isolation systems. Wire Rope Isolators
(WRI), a type of passive isolator which exhibits non-linear behavior in both elastic stiffness
and damping, has become the subject of intensive studies. The advantages of WRI include
wide temperature range operations between -100oC to +250oC and less susceptible to the
detrimental effects of environmental conditions like extreme temperature, salt, fog, grease,
radiation, dust and low manufacturing cost . The polycal type of WRI is primarily used for
micro mechanical and electronic applications . For heavy machinery applications the helical
WRI is used.that WRI provides a 10 pecent for large deformation and about 20pecent to 30pe-
cent for small deformation.
Conclusion: The conventional passive isolators exhibits linear behavior and it needs an im-
provement to enhance the safety of the isolated system. WRI is a non-linear passive isolator
and can provide a better isolation than the conventional passive isolators. The major advantage
of WRI is that, it can provide isolation in all three planes and in all orientations. The behav-
ior of WRI can be studied under monotonic and cyclic loading to understand its stiffness and
damping behavior. WRI is a newly developed isolation system relatively
ground vibration, then expanding and contracting piezoelectric actuators to filter out floor
motion. PID controller in the paper continuously calculates an error value as the difference
between a measured vibration variableand a desired set point. The controller attempts to
minimize the vibration on the machine by adjustment of a control variable, to a new value
determined by a weighted sum.In the machine tool system, the accelerometers monitor the
vibration and the piezoelectric ceramics actuator cancels vibration in real time; in the vibra-
tion excitation system, the exciter general the vibration to simulate the Z-direction disturbance
vibration from the foundation; and in the control system, the NI data acquisition 6341 acquire
the vibration signal by accelerometer and output control signal to diving power device using
the PC program.
Conclusion:The graph shows a comparison of control system performance: the vibration am-
plitude of system is isolated when the control system is on, the reduction of relative vibration
along the Z-direction is about 40percent in the case of control on. Therefore, the active vi-
bration isolation system has good isolation performance against the disturbance acting on the
system within the frequency range.
have been calculated. Since the vibration isolators is consists of only one element (or two el-
ements in a case of application reinforcing ring) it design provides considerably high level of
reliability.Likewise, vibration isolator has an easy manufacturing technology and large-scale
production can be established with relatively insignificant capital expenditures.
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Chapter 2 Viberation Isolation
inflation pressure.
2.3 Working
For analysis it is customary to idealize structures, objects and isolation systems as simple
mass-spring-damper systems as shown in Figure 1. The massmis infinitely rigid. The spring
is weightless and its stiffness isKlbs/in. The damper, or dashpot, is weightless and its damping
coefficient is c lbs/in./sec.
Natural Frequency: All objects vibrate when subjected to impact, noise or vibration. When
the stimulation is removed, the object will experience periodic sinusoidal oscillations or free
vibration at a frequency which is called itsNaturalFrequency fnin (Hz cycles/sec). With little
or no damping, the Natural Frequency of a simple system such as Figure 1 is defined as
follows:
q
k
fn = 3.13 w
...................(1)
Where,
w
mass m = g
and
g = acceleration of gravity = 386 in/sec2
2.6 Derivation
If we consider only the vertical motion, the case shown in Figure 2b can be described
mathematically by a single degree of freedom, lumped element system.
ma+ cv+ kx = F (t). (i)
where:
m = mass of system
k = stiffness
c = viscous damping
a = acceleration
v = velocity
x = displacement
x(t) = vertical displacement
F(t) = excitation force
If we neglect damping, the vertical motion of the system, x(t) can be shown to be:
Fo sinwt
x(t)= k
* 1−r2
where,
q
w k
r= wn
and wn = m
(ii)
The system has a natural, or resonant frequency, at which it will exhibit a large amplitude
of motion, for a small input force. In units of Hz (cycles per second), this frequency, fn is:
q
fn= w2πn = 2π
1 k
m
. (iii)
3.1 Numerical 1
A surgical microscope weighing 200 lb is hung from a ceiling by four springs with stiffness
25 lb/in. The ceiling has a vibration amplitude of .05mm at 2 Hz (a typical resonant frequency
of a building). How much vibration does the microscope experience
Answer:Y= 0.05 mm, f= 2 Hz, k= 25 lb/in= 4378.17 N/m,m= 200lb = 90.7185 kg ,
q q
wn = m = 4∗4378.17
k
90.7185
= 13.894rad/s
W = 2 πf = 12.566rad/s
r = w/wn = 12.566/13.894= .904,
—X/Y— =1/(1r2 )= 1/(1 0.9042 ) =5.47 , this transmissibility T
X=5.47* Y= .273 mm (we have amplification)
3.2 Numerical 2
Calculate the transmissibility at 60 and 120 Hz for a 20,000 lb chiller unit supported by eight
springs with 3 static deflection
Answer: δ = 3; f 1 = 60Hz; f 2 = 12Hz; f n = 3.13(1/δ) = 3.13(1/3) = 1.807Hzr1 =
f /fn =60/1.807=33.33 ; T = 1/(1 - r2 )= 1/(1 -33.332 )=.0009; E=10log10 1/T=30.45 dB;
120
Isolation = (1 - T ) * 100=99.91 r2=f/fn = 1.807 = 66.41 ; T = 1/(1 - r2 )= 1/(1 -33.332 2)=.00022;
10log10 1/T =36.57 dB; Isolation = (1 - T ) * 100=99.978
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Chapter 3
3.3 Numerical 3
A 400 lb duct is to be hung from a ceiling. 30 dB of isolation is desired at all frequen-
cies greater than 100 Hz. Determine the desired stiffness, and static deflection of each isolator
spring if four springs are to be used. Answer: f=100 Hz; m= 400 lb=181.437 kg; E= 30 db; E =
10log10 1/T=30 dB ; T=0.001;T= 1/(1 - r2 )=.001; r=31.6 thus r=f/fn ;31.6=100/fn ; fn = 3.164
q q
keq keq
fn=3.13(1/δ); 3.164 = 3.13(1/δ); δ = 0.98f n = 3.164 = 1/2π m = 1/2π 181.437 ; keq =
71706.5N/m; k = keq/4; k = 17926N/m = 102.36lb/inch(assumingallf ourspringsareequallyloa
12
Chapter 4
13
Chapter 4
4.3 Application
1)In the construction of the access bridge substructure for Kansai International Airoport, un-
derwater concrete with S.C.A. (Segregation Control Admixture) is used for fixing a prefabri-
cated pier on steel pipe piles which was driven. The underwater concrete with S.C.A. has the
following advantages. First, it is controlled to prevent segregation inwater. Second, it keeps
strength deterioration underwater at minimum. Third, it is uniform in quality, and has good
flowability, fillability and bond strength, that is good for execution of work. The present paper
refer mainly to the result of examination in mix proportion test and execution control test, and
mix design, quality control and execution control in making use of mass underwater concrete
with S.C.A. in construction work.
2)DYNAMIC TESTING MACHINE: Dynamic stiffness can only be established by measure-
ment on a dynamic test bench. Similarly, the damping coefficients of compounds are further
values that can be measured with this type of machines. One concept that must be taken into
account when designing an anti-vibration mount is its durability. A dynamic testing machine
allows us to conduct fatigue tests that reproduce the real working conditions of the part so that
15
Chapter 5 Application and Future Scope
16
References
[1] Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of Dual-chamber Pneumatic Spring,Ji
Chunhua, Zhu Yu, Xu Dengfeng, Zhang Ming, Li Qiang The State Key Laboratory of
Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
[2] Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment and structures A re-
view,P.S.Balaji, M.E.Rahman, Leblouba Moussa, H. H. Lau, IOP Conf. Series: Materials
Science and Engineering 78 (2015)
[3] Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Machine Tools, Miaoxian Guo, Beizhi
Li, Jianguo Yang, Wei Li and Steven Y. Liang , Conference on Electrical, Electronics and
Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015)
[4] Application of Vibration Isolators with a Low Stiffness for the Strongly Vibrating Equip-
ment . A. Valeeva,*, S. Kharisova *Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Kos-
monavtov Street, 1, Ufa, 450062, The Russian Federation (paper published in Interna-
tional Conference on Industrial Engineering, ICIE 2016)( Procedia Engineering 150 (
2016 ) 641 646)
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