PROCEDURE FOR RADIOFRAPHY EXAMINATION

CONTRACTOR : TECHNO FIRE CONTROLS PVT.LTD

CLIENT : AMPTPL

NAME OF THE WORK : Fire fighting system

CONTRACT NO & DATE : PO. 4500055135 DTD 25TH NOV 2011

rd
Document Ref No, : MS/AMPTPL-Techno/FF/07 dated 03 Sep 2012

Scope

This procedure specification covers requirements for radiography

examination.

Safety requirements:

Radioactive materials shall have a radiation survey made during the initial
operation and for each radiography set-up to assure adequate personnel
protection. In all instances each person using the radiation sources shall wear a
film badge, dosimeter, and a pocket dosimeter. Personnel radiation exposure
shall not exceed the limits called for in title 10, part 20, of the code of Federal
Regulations.

General

It shall be the responsibility of the radiographer to set up the equipment

and examine the radiograph to assure compliance with this specification. The
customer may review for approval all final radiographs. Final radiographs are
to be reviewed and accepted by the inspection department.

Applicable codes and standards.

ANSI/AWS D1.1 – Structural welding code

ASTME E 94-92- Standard recommended practice for radiographic
testing.
ASTM E 142- Standard method for controlling quality of radiographic
testing.
 ASTM E747-94-Controlling quality of radiographic testing.
ASTM E1032-92-Radiographic examination of weldments.
ASNT SNT-TC-1A\92- Recommended practice for non-destructive testing
personnel qualification and certification.
ASME Sec 5 Article-2 for Radiographic Examination and Approved QAP.

Preparation of surface to be radio graphed.

The surface irregularities shall not mask or be confused with
discontinuities. The finished surface if all butt-welded joints may be flushed
with the base material or may have reasonably uniform crowns, with
reinforcement not to exceed that specified in the referencing code section.
Radiographic examination.
The extent of radiographic examination shall be stated on the purchase
order. Joints requiring testing by specification shall be tested of their full
length, unless partial or spot testing is specified. When partial testing is
specified, the location and length of welds to be tested shall be stated in the
contract documents. When spot testing is specified, the number of spot testing
in a stated length of welds or designated segments of weld shall be included in
the information furnished. Each spot test shall cover at least 4” of the weld
length. When spot testing reveals indications of reject able discontinuities that
require repair, the extent of those discontinuities shall be explored. Two
additional spots in the same segment of the weld joint shall be taken at
allocation away from the original spots. When either of the additional spots
show rejects able indications, the entire length of weld shall be completely
radio graphed.
Equipment:
The source of radiation shall be Iridium 192 or cobalt 60. Source strength may
vary from 10 curies to 110 curies, depending on the decay of the source. All
radioactive material and exposure devices shall meet the requirements of the
nuclear regulatory commission’s rules and regulations. Source size for isotopes
shall be documented on the decay curve supplied by the manufacturer and
shall be acceptable as source size verification. Source diameter and length is
given on the decay data sheet supplied with each source. The maximum source
focal size shall be 0.165” for Ir-192 and 0.235” for Co-60. The actual focal spot
size is derived by the formula C² =A²+B² Where A= diameter of source, B =
Length of source, C= actual focal spot size.
Film radiographs shall be made using Type 1 and type 11 agfa-gevaert, D-3, D-
4, D-5 and D-7 as described in ASTM E94.
Remote controlled Tech/ops 660 Model camera Spec-2T & Rolt-1/or suitable
equipment shall be used.
Intensifying screens –Lead foil screen shall be used in direct contract with the
film on both sides. The thickness of front and back screens shall be 0.010”.
Back scatter – A lead symbol ‘B’ with minimum dimensions of 0/5” in height
and 1/16” in thickness, shall be attached to the back film. If a light image of the
“B” appears on the darker background of the radiograph, protection from
backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered
unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is not cause fro
rejection.
Penetrameter
Hole type-Pentrameter shall be conforming to ASTM E142.
Wire type- Pentrameter shall conform to ASTM E 747.
Hole and wire type IQIs shall show clearly on each radiograph.
Location markers
Location markers which are to appear as radiographic images on the film shall
be placed on the part, not on the exposure holder or cassette. Evidence shall
also be provided on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region
being examined has been obtained and that an overlap of 25m.m is evident.
Radiographic technique.
General-Radiographs shall be made with a single source of radiation centred as
near as practical with respect to the length and width of the position of the
weld being examined. The source-to-subject distance shall not be less than
seven times the thickness of weld plus reinforcement and backing, if any, and
then the radiation shall penetrate any of the welds represented in the
radiograph at an angle greater than 26.5 deg from a line normal to the weld
surface. Welded joints shall be radio graphed and the film indexed by methods
that will provide complete and continuous inspection of the joint within the
limits specified to be examined. Joints limits shall show clearly in the
radiographs. Short film, short screen, excessive undercut by scattered
radiation, or any other process that obscures portions of the total weld length
shall render the radiograph unacceptable. Film shall have sufficient length and
shall be placed to produce at least 0.5” film, exposed to direct radiation from
the source, beyond each free edge where the weld is terminated.
Welds longer than 14” may be radio graphed by overlapping film cassette and
making a single exposure, or by using single film cassette and making separate
exposures. Film width shall be sufficient to depict all portions of the weld join,
including the heat-affected zones and shall provide sufficient additional space
for the required penetrameter and film identification with out in fringing upon
the area of interest in the radiograph. Number of segments of film selected in
such a way that the radiation beam travelling at the side segment shall not
exceed.
Single wall technique:
In the single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall
of the weld which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. A single-wall
technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not
practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall be used.
And adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the
required coverage has been applied when complete coverage is required for
circumferential weld a minimum of three exposures taken at 120 degree to
each other shall be made.
Double wall technique
For material sand welds in pipe and tube 3.5” or less in nominal outside
diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two
radiation walls and the weld in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the
same film. For welds, the radiation beams may be offset from the plan of the
weld at an angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side an film
side portion of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be
interpreted, in which case a minimum of two exposures taken at 90deg to each
other shall be made for each joint. As an alternate, the weld may be radio
graphed with the radiation beam positioned so that he image of both walls are
superimposed, in which case at least three exposures shall be made at 60deg
to each other.
Double wall technique, single wall viewing-for material and welds in pipe and
tubes with a nominal outside diameter greater than 3.5”, radiographic
examination shall be performed for single wall viewing only. Adequate number
exposures shall be taken to ensure complete coverage.
For welds in pipe and tube with a nominal outside diameter 0.5 or less, single
wall viewing may be used provided the source is offset from the welds. As
minimum three exposures 120deg apart shall be required.
Sharpness of radiographic image:
Geometric unsharpness limitation-Geometric unsharpness of radiograph shall
not exceed the following.
Material Thickness, inches Ug Max. Inches
Under 2 0.020
2 through 3 0.030
3 through 4 0.040
Greater than 4 0.070

Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance

with:
Ug= Fd/D
Where Ug= geometrical unsharpness
F=source size in inches; the maximum projected dimension of the radiating
source in the plane perpendicular to the distance d from the weld or object
being radio graphed.
D=Distance in inches from the source of the radiation to the weld or object
being radio graphed.
d= Distance in inches from the source side of the weld or object being radio
graphed to the film.
Film Density
Density limitation: The transmitted film density through the radiographic
image of the body of the appropriate penetrameter and area of interest shall
be a minimum of 2.0 and a maximum of 3.5 the acceptable limit of density
variation shall be as per AWS D 1.1 Sec 6 part E 617.11.
Monitoring density limitations:
Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison films and densitometer
calibration shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step wedge film
traceable to national standards.
System of Identification:
The ID shall either be printed or radio graphed on the film using lead letters.
The system shall be used to produce permanent identification on the
radiograph traceable to the contract, component, and weld or weld seam, or
part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, the manufacturer’s symbol or name
and date of the radiograph shall plainly and permanently include on the
radiograph. This identification system does not necessarily require that the
information appear as radiograph images. In any case, this information shall
not obscure the area of interest.
Film Processing.
Film quality- all radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other
blemishes to the extent that they cannot mask or be confused with the image
of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radio graphed.
Such blemishes include, but are not limited to.
1. Fogging
2. Processing defects such as streaks, water marks or chemical stains.
3. Scratches, finger marks, crimp, dirtiness static marks, smudges, or tears.
4. Loss of detail due to poor screen –to- film contact.
5. False indication due to defective screens or internal faults.
Reports:
Films shall be examined using suitable intensity illusion dimmed light rather
than total darkness is preferable in viewing room. To aid in the proper
interpretation of radiographs, a detail radiographic technique sheet shall
accompany each group of radiographs. Each report shall include a shooting
sketch and technique number, applicable procedure number, applicable
acceptance standard, findings, and dispositions.
Acceptance standards shall be in accordance with ASME B-31.3
whichever is applicable per drawing or purchase order. A current copy of the
applicable acceptance standards shall be provided to the level-II film
interpreter prior to film interpretation. Acceptance standards other than those
stated above may be used provided it is agreed upon between the owner and
the contractor and a current copy is provided to the level-II film interpreter.
All joints shall be marked by hard punch for proper identification.
Sensitivity: the sensitivity required shall be as per table t-276 of ASME Sec 5.
Joints under repair shall be numbered as RT1 and so as.
In case of repair found in RT. Double of the area covered under penalty shall be
taken for RT.
In case of failure of joints in penalty joints. 100% joint of that lot shall be
subjected to Radiography testing.
Personnel Qualifications/Certificate.
All personnel performing radiography in accordance with this procedure
shall be tested and certified to at least a Level-I. All Level-I personnel shall work
under the direct supervision of a level –II or level-III. All personnel making
accept /reject decisions on film interpretation in accordance with this
procedure shall be certified to level-II or level-III.