OPERATING SYSTEM :

An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages

computer hardware resources and provides common services for
computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the
system software in a computer system. Application programs required
an operating system to function.

Types of operating system :

1) Real-time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system
that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating
systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they
can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior.

2) Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a
computer system concurrently. Time-sharing systems and
Internet servers can be classified as multi-user systems as they
enable multiple-user access to a computer through the sharing of
time.

3) Multi-tasking vs. single-tasking

When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the
system is grouped as a single-tasking system. However, when the
operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one
time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system.
4) Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.

5) Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in
embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on
small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to
operate with a limited number of resources. They are very
compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and
Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING:

Computer programming is the process of designing, writing,

testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer
programs. This source code is written in one or more
programming languages such as Java, C++, C#, python, etc.The
purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that
computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired
behaviors. The process of writing source code often requires
expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the
application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.
Generations Of Programming:

1) Machine Programming:
Machine language programming were used in 1980s and befor.
It is written in binary codes such as 10011000,101001,1001000
etc. It was difficult to understand and very hard to use.

2) Assembly Programming:
Assembly language is also a machine and hardware based
language but it writes in English syntax like (load xj, input rj,
output tj etc ). Assembler were used to convert this language in
machine language.

3) High Language Programming:

It is a software programming and written totally in English
word. It is very user friendly language and it is not depended on
hardware. The compiler is used to convert this language in
machine language.

 Linear Programming:
Linear programming is a mathematical method for
determining a way to achieve the best outcome such as
maximum profit or lowest cost in a given mathematical
model for some list of requirements represented as linear
relationships. Linear programming is a specific case of
mathematical programming (mathematical optimization).
 Structured Programming:
Structured programming is aimed on improving the clarity,
quality, and development time of a computer program by
making extensive use of subroutines, block structures and
for and while loops – in contrast to using simple tests and
jumps such as the goto statement which could lead to
"spaghetti code" which is both difficult to follow and to
maintain.

 Object Oriented Programming (oop):

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is using objects usually
instances of a class consisting of data fields and methods
together with their interactions to design applications and
computer programs.
1) C Language:
In computing, C is a general-purpose programming
language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between
1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs. Its design provides constructs
that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and
therefore it found lasting use in applications that had
formerly been coded in assembly language, most notably
system software like the Unix computer operating
system.C is one of the most widely used programming
languages of all time, and there are very few computer
architectures for which a C compiler does not exist.
1) C++ Language:
C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm,
compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is
regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it
comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level
language features.Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
starting in 1979 at Bell Labs, it adds object oriented
features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the
C programming language. Originally named C with
Classes, the language was renamed C++ in 1983,as a pun
involving the increment operator.

2) Java Language:
Java is a programming language originally developed by
James Gosling at Sun Microsystem and released in 1995
as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.
The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++
but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level
facilities than either C or C++. Java applications are
typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer
architecture. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-
based, object-oriented language that is specifically
designed to have as few implementation dependencies as
possible.