CES 5144 FE Analysis:

Introduction to Finite Element

Analysis

Dr. F. Necati Çatbaş

Office:ENG-II 225H
Phone: 407-823-3743
e-mail: catbas@ucf.edu
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Interpolations

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 11

Interpolation Models

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 12

Example

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 13

Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

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Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

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Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Rights Reserved. 16
Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Rights Reserved. 17
Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Rights Reserved. 18
Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

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Matrix Analysis of Structures, 2nd Edition Aslam Kassimali

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All

Rights Reserved. 20
 Formulas for Element Matrices
n  Virtual Displacement:
q  Imaginary, relative to equilibrium configuration
q  Does not violate compatibility or disp. BCs
n  Principle of Virtual Work/Virtual Displacement

Virtual Displacement
Vector Strains

Increment of Strain Work Done by Work Done by

Energy Stored due to Body Forces Surface Tractions
virtual displacements
FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 21
Derivations for Element Stiffness Matrix

Shape Function Nodal Disp.

{u}=displ. Interpolated over the element

Strain Vector=derivative of {u} Strain-displ. Matrix Derivative

After taking Transpose of above equations, the following are obtained:

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 22

 Element Stiffness Matrix

Virtual Displacement
Vector Strains

Increment of Strain Work Done by Work Done by

Energy Stored due to Body Forces Surface Tractions
virtual displacements
Initial Strains Initial Stress

Body
FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Forces Surface Traction
Basic Elements 23
Re-writing the Equations for Element
Stiffness Matrix

[E] Constitutive Matrix

If
Then,
loads applied to structure nodes by elements is formulated as:

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 24

Beam Example

Bending Moment-Curvature-Displacement Relationship

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 25

Beam Example (cont.)
Shape Function [N] for a beam element was obtained before.
Using that obtain [B] as

Then obtain stiffness matrix:

4x4 stiffness matrix for a

beam element

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 26

Linear Triangle (Constant Strain Triangle, CST)
Scalar Field CST for 2D
Stress
Analysis

Scalar Field Example

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 27

CST (cont.)

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 28

CST for Stress Analysis
For stress analysis, we have to define polynomials for u and v:

Use strain-displacement relation for compute strains:

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 29

 CST Defects
n  First devised for plane stress
n  For Bending
q  Undesirably stiff with coarse elements
q  Fine mesh better, but slow convergence

Stresses along x-axis. Exact σx=0 at center

No shear should exist however due

to its deformation, shear exists!!
Reason for stiff bending behavior..
FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 30
CST Defects
n  In-plane strain
q  Mesh can lock i.e. cannot deform (especially under plane strain
conditions and when ν approaches 0 e.g. rubber-like material
q  To mitigate locking
n  Supplement element displacement field
n  Use reduced numerical integration rules

Plane
Strain

Plane
Stress
Remember

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 31

Quadratic Triangle (Linear Strain Triangle,
LST)

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 32

Mesh Comparison Example
Case Type of # of DOF # of νΑ
σξΒ

Element Element (% of exact) (% of exact)

1 CST 160 128 85.9 85.4

2 CST 576 512 96.1 95.6
3 LST 160 32 99.8 98.6

Case 3

Case 1 Case 2

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 33

Bilinear Rectangle (Q4) n 
n 
4 node plane element
8 d.o.f

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 34

 Q4 Element Defect
n  Cannot exhibit pure bending – similar to CST
q  When bent => Shear strain + bending strain
n  Parasitic shear absorbs strain energy
Shear exists while it
n  Melement>Mactual for same θ

should not!

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 35

 Quadratic Rectangle (Q8, Q9)

n  Q8- 8 node, Q9- 9

node (one at
x=0,y=0)
n  No parasitic
shear when
element is bent

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 36

 Example of Different Elements
n  Cantilever beam loaded at the tip

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 37

Rectangular Solid Element (Brick elements)
8 node, 24 dof 20 node, 60 dof

Direct Extension of Rectangular Plane Elements

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 38

Nodal Loads (Work-equivalent Loads)
Use the previously derived equation (following) – good for concentrated
and distributed load

To find work done by nodal loads:

{re} is statically equivalent to original distribution

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 39

Example -1 Distributed loads q on side of Q4 element,
And its nodal force equivalent:

b
N4 and N3 computed from N of Q4
b

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 40

Example -1 Distributed loads q on side of Q4 element,
And its nodal force equivalent:

N4 and N3 computed from N of Q4

b Surface Traction in
terms of q4 and q3

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 41

Example -2
Distributed loads q on side of Q8 element,
And its nodal force equivalent:

Work done by F4, F7 and F3 are equivalent to

work done by distributed load of q(x)

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 42

 Nodal Loads Associated With Element
Weight, W

Computed using

Sum of all forces for all elements is equal to W.

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 43

Stress Calculation
[K]{D}={R} where {D} is structural dofs
and contains nodal {d}
{ε}=[B]{d}
For isotropic, plane stress conditions with initial strains due to
temperature change T, element stresses are:

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 44

Notes on Strain/Stress Fields
n  Strain (stress) error can be higher than the
displacements for the same problem
q  {ε}=[B]{d}, differentiation using [B]
n  Stresses within an element is more accurate than
boundaries
n  No stress continuity for C0 elements, e.g. CST
n  Adjacent elements display different stress at a
shared node
q  Averaged stresses can be evaluated, however element by
element stress bands are more realistic

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 45

Notes on Strain/Stress Fields (cont)
n  Averaged stress in not recommended when
q  Thickness discontinuity
q  Modulus discontinuity
q  Different local coordinated exists!

σn + σx ??
Force cont but not σx not correct
εy cont, but not σy

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 46

Notes on Strain/Stress Fields
(cont)
n  Review of invariant stress quantities
q  e.g. von Misses stress to predict onset of yielding
(regardless of coordinate system)
n  Stress contours
q  No contour under uniform stress (unless no
improper connectivity)

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 47

Poor Element Connectivity

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 48

FE Solutions –as approximate
numerical solutions..
n  Compatibility at nodes
n  Compatibility may or may not be satisfied
across interelement boundaries
n  Compability satisfied within elements
n  Equilibrium satisfied at nodes
n  Equilibrium usually not satisfied at or across
interelement boundaries
n  Equilibrium usually not satisfied within
elements
FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 49
Example Problem using LST

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Bi-metal Problem

Uniform heating T=100 C

Es>Ea, νs<νa, αs<αa

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FE Model with Q8 Elements

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 52

Contours of σx

FEM (rev. 11242004-FNC) Basic Elements 53