PPRE - Electrical Power Systems - Work Sheets 1

1 Quantities in Electrical Circuits

DC AC
u(t) = û · cos (ωt + φu)
Voltage U [V] U = U  φu U = û / √2 [V] [°]

i(t) = î · cos (ωt + φi)

Current I [A] I = I  φi I = î / √2 [A] [°]

Resistance U [Ω] U X
R = —— Z = —— = Z  φui tan(φ) = ——
Impedance(AC) I I R
(Ohm’s Law) Z = R + jX = Z·cos(φ) + jZ·sin(φ) [Ω] [°]

Z - Impedance
X - Reactance
Z
X
φ R

1 1 1
Conductance G=— [S] Y = Y  φy = — = —  -φz
Admittance(AC) R Z Z
Y = G + jB = Y·cos(φ) + jY·sin(φ) [S, mho]
[°]
G Y - Admittance
G - Conductance
φ
B - Susceptance
B
Y

S - Apparent Power [VA] [°]

Power P = U· I [W] P - Real (Active) Power [W]
Q - Reactive Power [Var]
S = U · I* = S  φui
S = P + jQ = S·cos(φ) + jS·sin(φ)

S
Q
φ
P
U U · U* U2 U2
S = U · I* = U (—)* = —— = — = —  φz
Z Z* Z* Z
S = U · I* = (Z · I) I* = Z · I² = I² · Z  φz

P
Power Factor PF: cos(φ) = —
S
Energy E=P·t [kWh] E = P · t = U · I · t · cos(φ) [kWh]
1Ws=1J

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PPRE - Electrical Power Systems - Work Sheets 2

2 Electrical Loads in Single-Phase AC Circuits

R L C
Unit [Ω] [H] 1H=1Vs/A [F] 1F=1As/V

Resistance R - -
1 1
Reactance - XL = ωL = 2πf · L XC = – — = – ——
ωC 2πf·C
1 1
Impedance Z = R (+ j0) Z = (0 +) jXL = jωL = ωL 90° Z = (0 +) jXC = – j — = — –90°
Z = R 0° ωC ωC

1 1 1
Y=—=— Y = (0 +) jB = —
Admittance Z R Z
1 1 1 1
Y = — = – j — = — –90° Y = — = jωC = ωC 90°
jXL ωL ωL jXC

Phasing φui 0° 90° –90°

di du
Relation u=R·i u = L· — i = C· —
U-I dt dt
 in phase  I lags U (U leads I)  I leads U (U lags I)

 lagging PF  leading PF

V11 12.12.12