ME 307 MACHINE ELEMENTS I

HOMEWORK 3 Solution

PROBLEM 1. As shown in the figure a U-shaped steel beam is welded to a fixed plate. The
applied load is 𝐹 = 5 kN. The geometrical data are 𝑏 = 60mm, 𝑑 = 120mm and 𝐿 =
200mm. For the beam and plate 𝑆𝑦 = 345 MPa. (𝑆𝑠𝑦 = 0.577𝑆𝑦 . ) Find the necessary weld
size ℎ for a factor of safety of 2.5.

Solution:

The force F produces primary shear stress 𝜏 ′ and moment 𝑀 = 𝐹𝐿 produces secondary shear
stress due to bending 𝜏′′.
𝐹 𝑀𝑐
𝜏 ′ = 𝐴 , 𝜏′′ = 𝐼𝑥

Throat thickness, 𝑡 = 0.707ℎ, where ℎ is weld size.

Throat area, 𝐴 = 𝑡(𝑏 + 2𝑑) = 0.707ℎ(60 + 2 × 120) = 212.1ℎ mm2.
5000 23.58
⇒ 𝜏 ′ = 212.1ℎ = MPa
ℎ

𝑑 𝑑2 1202
Centroid of weld pattern: 𝑦̅(𝑏 + 2𝑑)𝑡 = 2 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑦̅ = (𝑏+2𝑑) = (60+2×120) = 48 mm

For the critical points A or B, 𝑐 = 𝑑 − 𝑦̅ = 120 − 48 = 72 mm.

1 1 𝑑 2
𝐼𝑥 = 12 𝑏𝑡 3 + 𝑏𝑡𝑦̅ 2 + 2 [12 𝑡𝑑3 + 𝑡𝑑 ( 2 − 𝑦̅) ] and 𝑡 = 0.707ℎ

⇒ 𝐼𝑥 = 1.767ℎ3 + 325786ℎ mm4

𝑀𝑐 5000(200)72 7.20×107
⇒ 𝜏′′ = = 1.767ℎ3 +325786ℎ = 1.767ℎ3 +325786ℎ
𝐼𝑥

Since 𝜏 ′ and 𝜏′′ are perpendicular to each other

51.84×1014 556.0
𝜏 = √𝜏 ′ 2 + τ′′2 = √(1.767ℎ3 +325786ℎ)2 + ℎ2
 𝑆𝑠𝑦
𝜏= 𝑛

51.84×1014 556.0 0.577(345)

√(1.767ℎ3 + = = 79.63
+325786ℎ)2 ℎ2 2.5

By trial and error ℎ = 2.791 mm. Take ℎ = 3 mm.

PROBLEM 2. A console carrying a load of 𝐹 = 20 kN has been assembled to a L profile by

using four identical rivets each of which has a diameter of 𝑑 = 18 mm. The rivets can be
configured in two ways as shown by figures (a) and (b). It is given that for the rivets, 𝑆𝑦 =
380 MPa (𝑆𝑠𝑦 = 0.577𝑆𝑦 ) and for the L profile and console, 𝑆𝑦 = 330 MPa. Checking the
shear stresses of the rivets and the bearing stresses of the parts, find the configuration which is
safer.

The numerical data are 𝑒 = 35 mm, 𝑓 = 25 mm, 𝑐 = 110 mm, 𝑎 = 65 mm, thickness of L
profile = 12 mm and thickness of console = 10 mm.

Solution:
Configuration (a):
𝑑2 182
All rivets have same cross section area, 𝐴 = 𝜋 =𝜋 = 254.5 mm2.
4 4
𝑐
The force 𝐹 creates a torque 𝑀 = 𝐹 (𝑎 + 𝑓 + 2) and force 𝐹 at the centroid O of the rivet
configuration. The force 𝐹 causes equal primary shear stress on all rivets. Primary shear force
𝐹
on each rivet is 𝐹 ′ = = 5000 N, and primary shear stress is
4

𝐹′ 5000
𝜏′ = = 254.5 = 19.65 MPa.
𝐴

𝐹 and hence 𝜏 ′ are in the direction of 𝐹 as shown in Figure (c). The moment causes
′

𝑐
secondary shear. 𝑀 = 𝐹 (𝑎 + 𝑓 + 2) = 20(65 + 25 + 55) = 2900 kNmm. The secondary
shear forces 𝐹′′ (and hence secondary shear stresses 𝜏′′) on each rivet are same in magnitude
𝑐
since the distance of all rivets to O are same (equal to 2), however their directions are different
(perpendicular to the line from O to the rivet) as shown in Figure (c). The magnitudes of 𝐹′′
and 𝜏′′ are
𝑐
𝑀𝐴 𝑀 2900000 𝐹′′ 13182
′′
𝐹 = 2
𝑐 2
= 𝑐 = = 13182 N , 𝜏 ′′ = = = 51.78 MPa
4( ) 𝐴 4 4 (55) 𝐴 254.5
2 2

Figure (c)

Looking at the directions of the stresses at each rivet in Figure (c), the rivet A is the most
critical. The total shear force and shear stress at rivet A are
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹 ′ + 𝐹 ′′ = 18182 N , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜏 ′ + 𝜏 ′′ = 71.43 MPa
𝑆𝑠𝑦 0.577(380)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑛= = 3.07
𝑛 71.43

For the console whose thickness is 𝑠 = 10 mm, the bearing stress at the location of rivet A is
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 18182 𝑆𝑦 330
𝜎= = 10(18) = 101.0 MPa= ⇒ 𝑛 = 101 = 3.27
𝑠𝑑 𝑛

Configuration (b):
All rivets again have same cross section area, 𝐴 = 254.5 mm2.
The equivalent force system at centroid O is same: 𝐹 = 20kN and 𝑀 = 2900 kNmm.
𝐹 𝐹′
Primary shear force on each rivet 𝐹 ′ = = 5000 N, and primary shear stress 𝜏 ′ = =
4 𝐴
5000
= 19.65 MPa are same as before. 𝐹 ′ and hence 𝜏 ′ are in the direction of 𝐹 as shown in
254.5
Figure (d).
The secondary shear forces 𝐹′′ due to 𝑀 (and hence secondary shear stresses 𝜏′′) on each rivet
√2
are same in magnitude since the distance of all rivets to O are same (equal to 𝑟 = 𝑐 ),
2
however their directions are different (perpendicular to the line from O to the rivet) as shown
in Figure (d). The magnitudes of 𝐹′′ and 𝜏′′ are
 √2
𝑀𝐴 𝑐 𝑀 2900000 𝐹′′ 9319
′′
𝐹 = 2
2 = = = 9319 N , 𝜏 ′′ = = 254.5 = 36.62 MPa
√2 √2
4 𝑐 4 (77.8) 𝐴
4( 𝑐) 𝐴 2
2

Figure (d)

Looking at the directions of the stresses at each rivet in Figure (d), the rivets A and B are the
most critical. The resultant shear force and shear stress at these rivets are

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝜏 ′ + 𝜏 ′′ sin 45𝑜 )2 + (𝜏 ′′ cos 45𝑜 )2 = √(45.54)2 + (25.89)2 = 52.38 MPa
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴 = 52.38(254.5) = 13331 N
𝑆𝑠𝑦 0.577(380)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑛= = 4.19
𝑛 52.38

For the console whose thickness is 𝑠 = 10 mm, the bearing stress at the location of rivet A or
B is
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 13331 𝑆𝑦 330
𝜎= 𝑠𝑑
= 10(18) = 74.1 MPa= 𝑛
⇒ 𝑛 = 74.1 = 4.45

Since the maximum shear force (hence shear stress) is smaller in configuration (b), it is safer
for the rivet and other members.