ERGONOMICS LABORATORY

Experiment-1
Aim: Calibration of an individual using treadmill as a loading device.

Apparatus: Treadmill, heart rate monitor

The treadmill consists of an endless belt conveyor driver between two sets of rollers by a DC
motor. On the right hand side there is a supporting bar for the subject’s convenience during
exercising. On the front is the control box, which has a speedometer and power switch.
Located on the control box are two push buttons. One is the timer while the other is the speed
control. Also on the control box is a switch for slope selection. This helps to set some sort of
field conditions during operation and subject performance.

Theory:

The mechanical work done by a subject running over the conveyor belt may be found as
follows:
W = weight of the subject in kg
V = speed of the conveyor belt in m/min
θ = angle of conveyor belt with horizontal

Hence the mechanical energy will be

Procedure:

1. Put master power switch in OFF position and connect the plug to the mains
2. Introduce the equipment to the subject
3. Press control box switch to RESET
4. The treadmill is now ready for test
5. Select the manual mode as the present mode, as per requirement. Move master switch
on treadmill to ON position
6. Tie the electrodes of the heart rate monitor on the chest of the subject
7. Press START switch to start the belt
8. Step into the treadmill
9. Set variable speed control to a small value of conveyor speed. Note the speed
10. Note down the slope
11. Set the timer
12. Subject should maintain his position while running over the conveyor
13. Let him run for a period of 4 minutes
14. Note the heart rate in the last minute with the help of heart rate monitor
15. Change the speed and slope to different position
16. Again note the readings of heart rate
17. Repeat the step for three sets of readings

Observations:

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Name
Age
Sex (M/F)
Height (H) in cm
Weight (W) in kg

Sr. No. Grade Time of exercise Heart rate Work done

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Calculations:

HP =

Where, W =weight of subject in kg

V = linear belt speed in m/min

θ = grade of belt in degree

Graphs:

1. Mechanical energy and linear speed keeping grade constant

2. Mechanical energy and grade keeping linear speed constant
3. Mechanical energy and heart rate for each subject

Conclusion:

1. With increase in speed, keeping grade constant, work done and heart rate increases
2. With increase in grade, work done and heart rate both increases

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Experiment-2

Aim: To study the impact of noise, temperature and physical load on autonomic tone of an individual
using polygraph.

Apparatus: Polygraph, Electrodes, Subject laying bed,

Theory: An Electrocardiograph is a measurement of the electrical activity of the heart

(cardiac) muscle as obtained from the surface of the skin. As the heart performs its function
of pumping blood through the circulatory system, the result of the action potentials
responsible for the mechanical events within the heart is the generation of a certain sequence
of electrical events. Electrodes are used for sensing bio-electric potentials as caused by
muscle and nerve cells. The electrodes are generally of the direct-contact type. They work as
transducers converting ionic flow from the body through an electrolyte into electron current
and consequentially an electric potential measurable by the front end of the EKG system.

The changes in the skin resistance and potential due to sweat gland activity are variously
known as Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR). The gelled electrodes are attached to two fingers
using a Velcro strap which measures the perspiration, and even a small change in resistance is
recorded.

Respiration transducers are used to determine the breathing rate. The chest type transducer
which is a Piezo electric assembly helps record the expansion and contraction of the chest.

tNN ( 830 ms)

Fig.1 Normal ECG recording with P, QRS and T waves.

The periodic contraction of cardiac muscle is governed by electrical activity which is

generated by Sino-atrial (AS) node – a set of electrically active cells in a small area of right
atrium. The signal spreads through the atrial muscles leading to its contraction. It also spreads
into specialized cells - the atrioventricular (AV) node. Further the signal spreads via the Hiss -
Purkinje bundle (which is a fractal-like set of electrically conductive fibers) to the myocardial
cells causing contraction. ECG is measured as electrical potential between different points at
the body surface. The activity of SA node by itself is not reflected on the ECG. The electrical
activation of atrial cells lead to P- wave appearance of ECG and QRS and T waves are caused

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by the electrical activity of ventricular muscle. The heart rate is generally measured as the
RR-interval tRR the time-lag between two subsequent R-pikes (R-pike itself corresponds to the
ventricular contraction). For the HRV analysis, only the normal heart activity is taken into
account. All the QRS-complexes are labelled as normal or arrhythmic. Note that even for
healthy patients, some heartbeats can be arrhythmic. Normal-to-normal interval t NN is defined
as the value of tRR for such heartbeats, which have both starting and ending R-pikes labelled
as normal. In general normal value of tNN is 0.83 seconds (830 ms as shown in Fig.1)

(iv) Processing (R wave detection and RR intervals)

Different software is used for the detection of R wave. Different software use different
algorithms to detect the R-wave (Fig-2a) and differ in the features. They all have basic
similarity in that they all compute R-R intervals after the R wave detection, R-R intervals (ms)
are plotted against time (sec) to obtain tachogram (Fig-2b). (a)

Fig.2: (a) R-wave detection, (b) Tachogram, c) FFT spectrum; Reproduced from Heart Rate Variability
Principles and Methods Cardiovascular  Autonomic Function Lab Department of Physiology All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

790 ms 760 ms 800 ms

0 1 2 3

(b) (c)

Time Domain Methods

In this method, statistical tools are applied to quantify the variations in RR intervals and some
parameters are computed. These parameters are enumerated in (Table. 1). Most of the
conventional time domain parameters (i.e. SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50 and pNN50) are
marker of parasympathetic activity.

Table 1: Statistical parameters to be measured for analysis of RR interval in time domain methods. Reproduced
from Heart Rate Variability Principles and Methods Cardiovascular  Autonomic Function Lab
Department of Physiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

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Parameters Units Description of Statistical measure Normative Values

(Mean ± SD)

SDNN: ms Standard deviation of the R-R intervals (SDNN). 141±39

SDANN: ms Standard deviation of the averages of RR intervals in all 5 127±35

min segments of the entire recording.

RMSSD: ms The Root square of the mean of the sum of the squares of 27±12
differences between adjacent RR intervals.

SDNN ms Mean of the standard deviations of all RR intervals for all

index: 5 min segments of the entire recording.

SDSD: ms Standard deviation of differences between adjacent RR

intervals.
NN50 Number of pairs of adjacent RR intervals differing by more 30
count: than 50 ms in the entire recording.

pNN50 %: % NN50 count divided by the total number of all RR 6.0%

intervals.

Frequency Domain methods

The frequency components of HRV are analyzed by using many methods. Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) is one of the commonly employed methods. The power spectrum is
subsequently divided into three frequency bands: VLF- (0.001 to 0.04) Hz, LF- (0.040 to
0.15) Hz and HF- (0.15 to 0.4) Hz (Table 2). Power spectral densities (PSD) are plotted in
ms2/Hz against preset frequencies. Power of the spectral bands are calculated in ms 2 (absolute
power) and in normalized units (n.u.). For example normalize unit of LF is calculated by the
formula: [LF/total power-VLF] x 100. Power of LF and HF are established in short term
analysis of HRV. However, physiological explanation for VLF in short term recording is not
well defined.

Table 2: Frequency domain parameters of HRV. Reproduced from Heart Rate Variability Principles and
Methods Cardiovascular  Autonomic Function Lab Department of Physiology All India Institute of Medical
Sciences New Delhi.

Frequency bands Units Frequency Normal Values (mean

range ± SD) Task Force, 1996
Very low frequency (VLF) ms2 Power in very low 0.001-0.04 Hz
frequency range
Low frequency (LF) ms2 Power in low frequency 0.04-0.15 Hz 1170 ± 416
range
Low Frequency normalized LF/(Total Power- 54 ± 4
units (LF n.u.) VLF)x100
High Frequency (HF) ms2 Power in high frequency 0.15-0.4 Hz 975 ± 203
range
High Frequency normalized HF/(Total power- VLF) x 29 ± 3
units (HF n.u.) 100
Total power ms2 3466 ± 1018

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LF/HF Ratio 1.5 ± 2.0

Procedure:
1. The subject is made to rest for a period of 15 – 20 minutes before performing the test
2. The subject is then made to rest horizontally on the bed provided

3. The electrodes are placed on the index finger of the left hand for the GSR test

4. Start the acquisition and record for 10 minutes.

5. Select 5 minutes data for the analysis.

6. Then click the analysis button on the start-up screen to view the recorded data.

7. Print HRV Report

Conclusions:

The HRV analysis thus generated gives a detailed electrocardiogram report.

Precautions:

1. The subject should be in a state of rest at all times.

2. The subject should not fall asleep during the test

3. The feet should be in a horizontal posture.

Note: The experiment can be performed for after noise does for 15 minutes at (>90 dB), temperature
(> 31°C) dose for 15 minutes to unacclimatized subject, and physical load on treadmill for 10-15
minutes at normal room temperature..

Experiment-3

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Aim: Measurement of anthropometric data and its analysis.

Apparatus:
Anthropometric Seat/Chair: It consists of number of pipes, which are arranged together to
form a seat. The seat surface and the back support are made of plywood. The seat height is 70
cm while the back being 85 cm. The width and length is 50 cm each. The seat surface board
is fixed and fastened by tightening the nuts and bolts. According to the comfort of the subject,
the seat height is adjusted by loosening and then tightening the sets of bolts and nuts. This
prepares the subjects to undergo anthropometric test of data collection.

Theory:
Anthropometric data deals with the measurement of the human body, including body
dimensions and the mechanical aspects of human motion including consideration of range
and frequency. The objective of such data is to study the necessary optimum workspace
layout, including a good posture contribute to a considerable decrease of the workload and an
improvement in performance as well.

Procedure:
Isolate the equipments and prepare the subject
1. Let the subject stand on the platform of anthropometric measurements.
2. Measure the height, while standing, and while sitting in accordance with instruments
depicted in figure 1(a)
3. Record each reading as per the details given in the table
4. Put the subject into the anthropometric seat and take the dimensions as depicted in
figure 1(b)
5. Similarly introduce anthropometric equipment to measure the dimensions while sitting
Repeat similarly to different number of subjects

Code Measurement Code Measurement

1 Height 9 Shoulder-elbow
2 Eye height standing 10 Forearm hand
3 Height: standing 11 Arm reach
4 Sitting height: erect 12 Elbow heights
5 Shoulder breadth 13 Buttock knee
6 Chest depth 14 Seat length
7 Hip breadth: standing 15 Knee height
8 Shoulder height: sitting 17 Foot length

Observations: (Standing)

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Sr. No. Description of Persons

measurement 1 2 3 4
1 Weight
2 Height
3 Eye height
4 Shoulder breadth
5 Chest depth
6 Hip breadth
7 Arm reach
8 Foot breadth
9 Foot length

Observations: (Sitting)

Sr. No. Description of Persons

measurement 1 2 3 4
1 Eye height
2 Sitting height
3 Hip breadth
4 Shoulder height
5 Shoulder elbow
6 Forearm hand
7 Elbow height
8 Buttock
9 Seat length
10 Knee height
11 Seat height

Precautions:

4. Take out the shoes before going for any anthropometric examination
5. Appropriate adjustments should be made for clothing whenever necessary

Conclusion:
Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the above data and check whether the data with
respect to various anthropometric dimensions is normally distributed or not.

Experiment-4

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Aim: Audiometric examination through pure tone audiogram (PTA) of subject using a
portable audiometer.

Apparatus:
The Arphi 500 km III portable audiometer works on 220/230 volts AC mains supply as well
as on 15 volts DC supply. On the right hand side of the audiometer is a battery compartment,
which can be accessed by unscrewing the thumbscrews. By a special internal arrangements,
the batteries are automatically out off, when the main chord is plugged in. The audiometer is
very easy to operate. The earphones should be plugged into the jack socket on the side panel.
The audiometer can be switched by operating switch to ‘ON’. The mode can be turned to
either ‘Right’ or ‘Left’ depending upon the ear to be tested. The frequency dial is adjusted to
the test frequency. It is advisable to start the test with 1000Hz. Next go to each higher
frequency up to 8000Hz come back to 1000Hz down and re-test at this frequency to verify
the reliability of the patient’s response. Thereafter test lower frequencies from 1000Hz down.
The intensity of the tone can be controlled by rotating the hearing loss attenuator (intensity
dial). While testing each frequency, the tone should first be presented at a higher level to
make the patient aware of the tone he is going to hear, and gradually the intensity is reduced
to his threshold.

Theory:
Audiometry is the testing of hearing ability. Audiometric tests determine a subject’s hearing
levels with the help of an audiometer, but may also measure ability to discriminate between
different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise.
Results of audiometric tests are used to diagnose hearing loss or diseases of the ear and often
make use of an audiogram. Audiograms are produced using a piece of test equipment called
an audiometer, and this allows different frequencies to be presented to the subject, usually
over calibrated headphones, at any specified level. The levels are, however, not absolute, but
weighted with frequency relative to a standard graph known as the minimum audibility curve
which is intended to represent a ‘normal’ hearing. The Absolute threshold of hearing is the
minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear in a
noiseless environment. The threshold of hearing is frequency dependent and it has been
shown that the ear’s sensitivity is best at frequencies between 1 kHz and 5 kHz.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the mains
2. Depress MAIN/RESET key and check indicator needle reaches 0 marks
3. Turn test selector knob to pure tone audiogram position
4. Put the headphones on the head of the subject. The speaker of the headphone should
be in from the ear canal.
5. Turn the frequency selector knob to the minimum, i.e. 250Hz
6. Turn the sound level selector knob to 30 dB
7. Turn the output selector knob to right position
8. Ask the subject to give a signal if he hears loud sound in the right ear and similarly for
the left ear

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9. Depress the MAIN/RESET keys for 1-2 seconds

10. Increase SPL till subject recognizes the sound signal
11. Turn the output selector knob to left position
12. Repeat steps 9 and 10
13. Turn the output selector knob to right position
14. Turn the frequency selector knob to 500Hz
15. Turn the SPL selector knob to 20 dB
16. Depress the MAIN/RESET keys for 1-2 seconds
17. If the subject recognizes the sound, decrease the SPL by 10 dB, if not increase by 5
dB
18. Repeat the steps 16 and 17 till the subject recognizes the minimum value of SPL 3 out
of 5 times
19. Now repeat the step 10 for other frequencies in the following order 1000, 2000, 4000,
6000, 8000
20. Repeat the steps 14 to 19 for the left ear

Observation table:

Threshold Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3

Frequency Left Right Left Right Left Right
250
500
1000
2000
4000
6000
8000
Age Below 35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 Above 55
Hz
250 15.52 16.9 18.88 19.31 21.59 22.78
500 14.35 14.58 15.53 16.73 20.63 21.10
1000 13.11 14.67 16.04 17.22 21.01 21.97
2000 9.47 10.21 11.11 11.99 17.04 19.19
3000 9.94 11.88 13.37 14.44 20.95 24.81
4000 11.96 14.67 19.79 20.71 31.25 33.59
6000 13.87 16.46 22.75 24.81 33.59 39.33
8000 14.00 18.01 25.03 26.88 36.33 41.92
Standard Tables for average threshold of hearing of normal ear for different age groups at
different frequencies

Figure 1: Standard Threshold level of hearing of normal ear for different age groups at
different frequencies.

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Experiment-5

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Aim: Brainstem auditory evoked potential (latency) response examination of an individual

using BERA.

Apparatus: BERA Machine, Electrode, Paste, Subject chair.

Theory: A Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potential response Test (BAEP) is a recording of the
electrical activity coming from the brain stem. The auditory signal when applied to the ear
produces action potential. The action potential travels along the auditory pathway. These are
described as brainstem auditory evoked potentials and are named from I to VII. Electrodes
are attached to your head so that the electrical activity can be measured and recorded. The test
is used to evaluate the health of certain brain pathways that cannot be readily accessed by an
EEG test.

Procedure:

1. The subject is requested to sit in a comfortable chair and four electrodes are glued
onto the head.
2. Checks the impedance of all electrode connections to ensure that they are working
properly.

3. Place the earphones over the ears of the subject.

4. The subject may lean back in the chair, relax, and even sleep if he like. Subject should
remain as still as possible as shown in Fig.1.

5. A clicking sound is delivered to one ear at a time for several minutes. The subject may
or may not hear the clicks.

6. Check the hearing threshold for each ear e.g. if threshold of either ear is 25 dB.

7. Give the stimulation at (25dB + 60dB=85dB) for 2000 clicks to each ear. the V wave
followed by deep decay will be plotted as shown in Fig.2

8. Take the print of waveform plot

9. Remove the electrodes are with acetone, which dissolves the glue and leaves your hair
and skin intact.

Precautions:

1. The subject should be instructed not to use hair oil or hair gel before the test.
2. The impedance level should be maintained at least at 10K Ω (kilo ohm).
3. The test should be conducted in a sound proof room

Conclusions: The V wave form will be clear in the plot and the latency response will be very
near to as shown in Fig. 2

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Figure.1 Position of subject in sitting posture for BAEP experiment.

Figure.2 Normal adult waveform response, I-V absolute latencies and interpeak intervals.

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Experiment-6

Aim: To find the volume of air exhaled or inhaled by a person as a function of time.

Apparatus and Material: Spirometer, nose clips, sensor, Mouth Piece, Subjects.

Theory:
Spirometry measures the volume of air exhaled or inhaled by a person as a function of time.
The amount of air displaced by a maximum exhalation or inhalation manoeuvres is called the
vital capacity. Flows are measured of calculated as the rate of volume change as a function of
time. Most of the reported spirometric values are obtained from a forced expiratory vital
capacity (FEVC) maneuver which requires the patient to forcefully expel air from a point of
maximum inspiration to a point of maximum expiration. The forced inspiratory vital capacity
(FIVC) maneuver requires forced inhalation from a point of residual volume to total lung
capacity. The forced expiratory vital capacity maneuver is represented by positive flow values
and the forced inspiratory vital capacity maneuver is represented by negative flow values. A
spirometer is a precision differential pressure transducer for the measurement of respiration
flow rates. The spirometer and attached flow head function together as a pneumotachometer,
with an output signal proportional to air flow. The output produced by a spirometer is called a
kymograph trace.

Procedure:

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1. The apparatus is set up in a closed room.

2. The nose clips is placed on the nose of the subject.
3. The subject takes the deepest breath as much he/she can and then exhales into the
sensor as hard as possible, for as long as possible.
4. This task is performed 3 times for accurate results.

Result:
The volume of air exhaled or inhaled by a person as a function of time is hence plotted on a
graph
Precautions:
a) Soft nose clips should be used to prevent the air escaping through the nose.
b) Care must be taken to ensure that no air escapes from the side of the mouth piece.
c) Filter mouthpieces may be used to prevent the spread of microorganisms

Experiment-7

Aim: To study the effect of ergonomically poor designed control panel or error rate.

Apparatus: Control panel consisting of 9 switches (controls) and 9 bulbs of different colours
(displays).
Theory:
Ergonomics provides tools and techniques which can usefully integrate working condition
vector elements with the physical characteristics and physiological and psychological
capabilities. Such integration goes a long way to evaluate the combined effects of all these
interacting factors on productivity. Successful application of the tools and techniques of the
domain of ergonomics may lead to the development of the most comfortable working
conditions in terms of illumination, climatic condition, noise level which ensures
minimization of physical work-load, to improve work postures as well as to reduce the effort
of certain movements, to facilitate psycho-sensorial functions in reading instrument displays,
to make the handling of machine levers and controls easier, to make better and more effective
use of spontaneous and stereotyped reflexes and to avoid unnecessary information recall
efforts.
Procedure:

1. The subject is asked to memorize the sequence of control corresponding to each

display, which are in random order.

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2. The subject is asked to switch on a bulb selected at random

3. Step 2 is repeated 10 times for each subject
4. Number of errors in switching the required bulbs is noted for each subject
5. The percentage error rate is calculated for each subject and group as a whole
6. The steps 2 to 5 are again repeated randomly in the two subsequent lab classes and
percentage error rate at different periods of time is compared with each other
7. The difference in error rate at different points of time is an indicator of retention and
learning

Observation table:

Subjects 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of correct identifications
No. of incorrect identifications
Total no. of trials
Percentage error

Conclusion:
The difference in percentage error rate in respective lab classes will indicate the retention
level of a subject.

Experiment-8

Aim: To study the variation in blood lactate acid level as a result of physical activity of an
individual.

Apparatus and Material: Lactate analysing machine, 1000 ml Distilled water, 2 pouch of
Cell lysing agent, 2 pouch of buffer, 4.5 ml of 30 milli mole / litre solution, 5 milli mole
standard solution, A 3 ml syringe for 30 milli mole solution, Subjects for blood sample.

Theory:

Procedure for conducting Lactate Analyser experiments:

1) Prepare the buffer solution as follows:

500 ml of Distilled water + One pouch of buffer + One pouch of Cell lysing Agent
2) Prepare the Reference solution as follows:
500 ml of distilled water + One pouch of buffer + One pouch cell lysing agent + 4.5
ml of 30 milli mole per litre (Slandered) with normal syringe.
3) Switch on the LA Machine and check the probe current, if it starts going down and
reaches below 9 Nano Ampere (NA) and become stable there, then the existing
membrane is working. If it does not happen then *change the membrane and again
start the machine. Now the probe current will down to 6 NA and will become stable.

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(As the membrane gets older it starts taking longer to reach 6 NA. A new membrane
takes around 3 hours to reach stable current level).
4) Put up 5 milli moles slandered saluting using capillary tube injector on the probe
and click the “Calibrate Mode” option in Run Menu. If it shows calibration error then
change buffer and reference solution and again recalibrate.
5) Take one sample at rest and the second sample after the specified amount of physical
activity. Transfer the samples into the probe with the help of capillary tube injector
one by one and note the readings for each sample.
6) The difference in the lactic acid level is an indicator of amount of fatigue experienced
by the worker.
7) Repeat the step 5-6 for the required number of samples.

Results: The difference between the lactic acid level before and after physical activity is
the resultant indicator of fatigue level.

* Steps to change the membrane:

a) Remove the older membrane
b) Put a drop of NaCl on the probe.
c) Fix the membrane without touching

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