[Asisha Mary M (2017)] analyzed Columns are

main structural components which are subjected to various

threats. In the Proposed system, concrete filled PVC tubes with
various thickness are wrapped with GFRP (Glass Fibre
Reinforced polymer) and CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced
Polymer). The confinement patterns are made in a helical and
circular manner with two different hoop spacing so as to
reduce the amount of FRP required. This system can be used in
low cost construction works as an economic alternative for
steel tube columns. It also acts as a cast in place form work
which solves the issue of inability of steel tubes to resist
corrosion. The PVC lies at the outer perimeter where it
performs most effectively in tension. FRP provides additional
stiffness to the PVC tubes. Effect of confinement on concrete
core due to PVC pipes of various thickness (3.7mm, 5.4mm,
8.7mm) and different hoop spacing(50mm and 25mm) of FRP
wrapping are studied. Comparative study on effects of
confinement resulted that the specimen with larger PVC
thickness and carbon fibre circular wrapping resulted in
higher strength than the other .

FRP prevents the bulging of PVC pipes when loaded.
FRP hoop failure does not occurred evenly along the
length of samples
Gauge 10 pipes confined with carbon fibre with a circular
confinement of 25mm hoop spacing was found to be most
efficient in confinement.
PVC confinement results in increase in axial load
carrying capacity of circular columns.
Increase in the thickness of the PVC tube increased the
confinement action.
Gauge 4 pipe confined with circular 25mm hoop spacing
carbon fibre showed 20.5% more axial compressive strength
than control specimen.
Gauge 6 pipe confined with circular 25mm hoop spacing
carbon fibre showed 26% more axial compressive strength
than control specimen.
[YING GUO AND YUFEN ZANG] 2018 investigated
Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have been
widely used in repair and retrofit of deficient structures in
recent decades, because externally bonded CFRP
material in the form of sheets or plates is particularly well
suited for flexure and shear [1, 2]. In many engineering
fields, the CFRP-metal composite tanks or tubes have
been used widely, such as gas tank used in motor vehicle
and pipeline system for transporting high pressure gas or
liquid used in municipal engineering or chemical
engineering. CFRP materials, as external jackets for the
confinement of reinforced concrete columns, can enhance
strength and ductility superior mechanical and physical
properties of CFRP make them excellent candidates to
repair and retrofit steel structures as well. Concrete-filled
steel tubular (CFST) structures have been studied and
used in civil engineering widely for many years [7].
However, steel tubes are susceptible to degradation due
to corrosion and its thin-walled section before concrete
hardening [8], which results in the decrease of axial
strength of the CFST column therefore, the CFRP-metal
tube can also be used in civil engineering, for example,
the CFRP-steel composite tube infilled with concrete has
been used as the column , and CFRP has also been used
to reinforce damaged CFST column. As discussed by
Wang et al. most of the research conducted has focused
on the use CFRP for CFST structure. Carbon fiber sheets
or plates are attached to a steel tube or concrete in a
CFST member to increase its bearing capacity and
ductility. It was concludedthat the ultimate lateral strength
and flexural stiffness of CFRP-repaired CFST beam
increasing number of CFRP layers. Meanwhile, the
ductility of specimens increased slightly with the number of
CFRP layers. And, as discussed by Tao et al. [15], the
CFRP cylinder can also impede buckling of the stub
column leading to dramatic improvements in buckling and
post buckling behavior of the entire system. Wang et al.
[16, 17] conducted axial compression experiments for
thirty-two circular CFRP confined CFST columns and
twenty-four square CFRP confined CFST columns.
Analyses of the tested results show that the steel tube and
its outer CFRP material can cooperate both longitudinally
and transversely therefore, all these studies draw upon
the concepts that complementary action between steel
tube and concrete was strengthened through the higher
confinement of CFRP. Upon the above mention
FRP tube as the inner layer, with concrete filled both
between research, other types of composite columns have
also been proposed.[18] proposed a type of FRP-encased
steel-concrete composite columns in which a circular FRP
was placed around the steel I-section and had the
concrete filled between the steel I-section and the FRP
tube. Feng et al. [19] proposed a steel-concrete-FRP-
concrete column which had a square steel tube as the
outer layer and a circular filament-wound these two layers
and within the FRP tube results of these studies showed
that the strength of concrete, FRP, and steel could be
effectively utilized in the composite columns.
All those research achievements confirmed that the
composite column has its feasibility in theoretical research
and engineering practice, showing a great potential for
more development. Compressive strength is an important
parameter for structural members, and most of those
researches listed above were concentrated on the
superposition method to calculate the ultimate
compressive strength, so different formulas were deduced
for every cross section of the CFRPconfined CFST
columns. .erefore, the purpose of this paper
is to build unified methods applicative to different sections
of the composite column by the idea of Unified .eory of
CFST and limit equilibrium theory. .e focus of this study is
to investigate three different technology CFRPs to
strengthen CFST stub columns through a comparative
study of three different confinement types: outer circular
CFRP, inner circular CFRP, and outer square CFRP.
Compressive mechanism and physical properties of these
three CFRP-confined CFST columns were analyzed firstly
aiming at investigating the confinement effect of CFRP on
CFST columns. Two theoretical calculation models are
presented to obtain the axial compressive capacity of
CFRP-confined CFST columns. One is the Unified .eory of
CFST [20]: the equivalent confinement coefficient is
proposed with consideration of different sections of steel
tubes and CFRP cylinders, and then formulas are derived
from Unified .Theory of CFST to predict the bearing
capacity of the composite column under compression
other is elastoplastic limit equilibrium method: twin-shear
unified strength theory (TDUST) [21] is applied to
analyze the ultimate state of steel tube and concrete,
respectively, and then the ultimate bearing capacities of
the composite column are obtained by the limit equilibrium
method theoretical predictions were compared with the-
columns increased with the experimental results to
validate the feasibility of the two calculation models,
Lastly, the CFRP confinement effects on the axial bearing
capacity were analyzed by comparison of these three
CFRP confined columns.Paper presented a comparative
study of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns
with three different confinement types from carbon fiber
reinforced polymer.(CFRP): outer circular CFRP, inner
circular CFRP, and outer square CFRP. CFRP-confined
CFST column takes the advantage of not only the good
performance of CFST but also a substantial improvement
in higher confinement of CFRP compressive mechanism
and physical properties of the composite column were
analyzed firstly aiming at investigating the confinement
effects of the different CFRP on CFST Columns .Two
methods based on Unified .Theory of CFST and
elastoplastic limit equilibrium method have been applied to
investigate the axial bearing capacity of CFRP-confined
CFST stub columns. .e calculated results have good
agreement enhancement ratio is 16.4 percent, showing
that the three kinds of CFRP-confined CFST columns had
a broad applicability .With the test results. Rough data
analysis, the study confirmed the ultimate strength
calculation results of limit equilibrium method were found
to be more accurate and reliable than that of Unified
.Theory of CFST and axial bearing capacity of pure CFST
columns was predicted to evaluate the bearing capacity
improvement factor coming from the CFRP confinement.
[Hogr Karim1, M. Neaz Sheikh(2004) ] studied

Confinement of concrete columns is very critical because

columns are likely to face significant overloading due to
seismic and other actions. It is important to reinforce and
confine concrete columns in such a way that columns can
carry sustained load after the spalling of concrete cover
and do not fail suddenly without adequate warning.
Despite the availability of a large number of experimental
investigations, only a limited number of correlation
equations have been developed which include a large
dataset. In this study 250 experimental data points have
been compiled to derive new set equations to predict the
confined concrete strength and the corresponding strain
with a reasonable degree of accuracy and
conservativeness. Moreover, the parameters that
influence and have been discussed.

A large number of experimental data was collected to

study the factors that affect the behavior of confined
circular concrete columns. The following conclusions have
been drawn from this study:
1. An increase in 304 can considerably increase the
strength and ductility of confined
concrete. Also, an equation for the minimum 304 was
proposed in order for the
columns to sustain loads after cover spalling.
2. Despite ignoring the effect of ratio in the proposed
equation, it is better to
use smaller diameter helices with smaller pitch for a given
304. In addition, for a given for higher strength concrete is
smaller in comparison with smaller strength concrete.
Therefore, it is better to consider instead of
3. The experimental data was taken to propose equations
to predict and the average ratio of predicted and were
about 95% of the experimental results which is reasonably
accurate and conservative.
4. The proposed equation is applicable for normal-weight
concrete. Also, it is applicable for normal and high-
strength concrete (between 17 and 124 MPa). It is
applicable for reinforcement tensile strength between 250
and 1800 MPa and the ratio of between 0.025 and
0.9confined diameter between 75 and 500 mm.
[M. N. S. Hadi] 2004 , Investigated High strength concrete
(HSC) provides high strength but lower ductility compared to
normal strength concrete. This low ductility limits the benefit of
using HSC in building safe structures. This means that a
designer should be aware of limiting the amount of tensile
reinforcement to prevent the brittle failure of concrete.
Therefore the full potential of the use of steel reinforcement
cannot be achieved. This paper presents a method to prevent the
brittle failure of concrete beams. Five beams made of HSC were
cast and tested. The cross section of the beams was 200×300
mm, with a length of 4 m and a clear span of 3.6 m subjected to
four-point loading, with emphasis placed on the mid span
deflection. The first beam served as a reference beam. The
remaining beams had different tensile reinforcement and the
confinement shapes were changed to gauge their effectiveness in
improving the strength and ductility of the beams. The
compressive strength of the concrete was 85 MPa and the tensile
strength of the steel was 500 MPa and for the stirrups was 250
MPa. Results of testing the five beams proved that placing
helixes with the right diameter and pitch in the compression
zone of reinforced concrete .
Based on this study, the following conclusions can be made:
. The reduced ductility, due to the increase in tensile steel and
the use of high strength concrete was overcome through the use
of helical reinforcement in the compression
region of the beam.
The use of helical reinforcement was effective due to the
lateral confinement of the concrete.
 The results from this study are encouraging and show the
strength and ductility of over-reinforced beams can be increased
by using helical reinforcement.

HUMAKHAN PATHAN 2018 ;Studied In reinforced cement

concrete the replacement of main reinforcement into spiral
form leads to increase the bending moment, torsional moment,
shear, ductility with reduced deflection. This also leads to better
earthquake performance .The main objective is to carry out the
experiments and mathematical modeling on RCC beams and
columns having main spiral reinforcement.
Experimental results
1)Compressive yield strength of conventional RCC beams
with minimum shear reinforcement is 30MPa
2) Compressive yield strength of RCC beams with spiral
shear reinforcement is 38MPa
3) Compressive yield strength of RCC columns with main
spiral reinforcement is 60MPa
SHAMIM A SHEIKH and all
Research based on 27 circular c9lumns reinforced with
spiral or hoop steel and longitudinal bars, and tested under
concentric compression is summarized in the following.
Strength and ductility of confined concrete increased with
an increase in the amount of lateral steel, the strength
enhancement being much less sensitive than ductility.
For specimens containing a code-required amount of spiral
steel (p. = 1.1 percent), a reduction in ratio results in a
significant improvement of concrete behavior, particularly
ductility. For lower p. values, a change in ratio did not
change concrete behavior radically, since the improvements
in concrete properties due to confinement were minimal. For
large p. values (p. <:: 1.7 percent), the confinement provided
by the spiral steel is very effective and a change in the
ratio in the range tested here did not affect concrete behavior
significantly. In some cases, a large amount of closely spaced
spiral steel may result in a lack of stable descending branch
of the column behavior curve due to the longitudinal bars'
instability. Columns containing code-required P• values and
ratios less than or equal to 0.24 behaved in a very ductile
manner. With 50 percent more spiral steel and equal
to 0.36, column behavior remained comparably ductile. Instead
of an absolute limit, the maximum spiral spacing should
be determined based on ratio for confinement and
ratio for bar buckling considerations. The 80-mm (3-in.) limit
on spacing appears unnecessarily restrictive for large
columns. Columns with five longitudinal bars with appropriate
confining steel behaved in a ductile manner. Requirement
of a minimum of six bars appears unnecessary and difficult
to meet in columns .Columns with similar Ps and ratios behaved
similarly, irrespective of their sizes. Circular hoops were found
to be as efficient in confining concrete as spirals in three
different sizes of columns. For well-confined columns, the spiral
steel yielded when concrete carried the maximum stress. The
increase in concrete strength due to confinement was observed
to be between 2.1 and 4.0 times the lateral pressure. In poorly
confined columns, the spiral steel did not yield at maximum
concrete stress. The Ps values in most of these columns were
less than 1.0 percent or ratios were large (<:: 0.36).
Corresponding to the first spiral rupture and 0.85 /c~ beyond
peak, the concrete compressive strains ranged between 0.013
and 0.041, and between 0.0057 and 0.040, respectively.
Ductility factors as high as 24 were observed in well-confmed
columns for a 15 percent drop in capacity.

Jung-Yoon Lee , Young-Jun Oh, Ji-Sun Park and

Mohamad Y. Mansour 2004 , studied the behavior of
the stress-strain curve of concrete confined with both
CFRP and steel spiral was observed by 24 cylinder tests.
The observations of the test results led to the following
conclusions:
1) The maximum axial strain of concrete confined with
both CFRP and steel spiral was approximately the
same to the larger maximum strains between CFRP-
confined concrete and spiral-confined concrete. The
current models, that depends on the sum of the lateral
confining pressures ( fls flf ), overestimated the
maximum strains of the both material-confined concrete
when fls flf is high.
2) The stress-strain curve of concrete confined with both
CFRP and steel spiral was influenced by the ratio
of fls to flf and the stress-strain curves of lateral confining
materials. The slope of the stress-strain curve of both
material-confined concrete that had more fls than flf
decreased after steel spiral had yielded. Thus in order to
predict with accuracy the stress-strain curve of both
material-confined concrete, it is need to propose a model
considering the effects of the ratio fls to flf and the stress-
strain curves of lateral confining materials.

3) The compressive strength of concrete confined with

both CFRP and steel spiral was approximately the
same to the sum of increments of the compressive
strength of CFRP-confined concrete and spiral confined
concrete.