Evidence:something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter: one who voluntarily confesses

a crime and testifies for the prosecution against one's accomplices

1. Analogical Evidence:While not a kind of evidence you’d use in court, this kind of evidence can be useful for increasing credibility by
drawing parallels.
2. Anecdotal Evidence:Anecdotal evidence isn’t used in court, but can sometimes help in a workplace investigation to get a better picture of
an issue.
3. Character Evidence:This is a testimony or document that is used to help prove that someone acted in a particular way based on the
person’s character. While this can’t be used to prove that a person’s behavior at a certain time was consistent with his or her character, it
can be used in some workplace investigations to prove intent, motive, or opportunity......4. Circumstantial Evidence:Also known as indirect
evidence, this type of evidence is used to infer something based on a series of facts separate from the fact the argument is trying to prove.
.....5 Demonstrative Evidence:An object or document is considered to be demonstrative evidence when it directly demonstrates a fact. It’s a
common and reliable kind of evidence......6. Digital Evidence..........7. Direct Evidence:The most powerful type of evidence, direct evidence
requires no inference. The evidence alone is the proof. This could be the testimony of a witness who saw first-hand an incident of sexual
harassment in the workplace......8. Documentary Evidence:Most commonly considered to be written forms of proof, such as letters or wills,
documentary evidence can also include other types of media, such as images, video or aud upio recordings, etc.

9. Exculpatory Evidence:This type of evidence can exonerate a defendant in a – usually criminal – case. Prosecutors and police are required
to disclose to the defendant any exculpatory evidence they find or risk having the case dismissed.
10. Forensic Evidence:Forensic Evidence is scientific evidence, such as DNA, trace evidence, fingerprints or ballistics reports, and can provide
proof to establish a person’s guilt or innocence.
11. Hearsay Evidence:Hearsay evidence consists of statements made by witnesses who are not present. While hearsay evidence is not
admissible in court, it can be relevant and valuable in a workplace investigation. 12. Physical Evidence:As would be expected, evidence that
is in the form of a tangible object, such as a firearm, fingerprints, rope purportedly used to strangle someone.
13. Prima Facie Evidence:Meaning “on its first appearance” this is evidence presented before a trial that is enough to prove something.
14. Statistical Evidence:Evidence that uses numbers (or statistics) to support a position is called statistical evidence. This type of evidence is
based on research or polls.
15. Testimonial Evidence:One of the most common forms of evidence, this is either spoken or written given by a witness under oath.
Competence Of Witness:Article 3 of the Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 deals with the competency of a witness. A witness
is a person who deposes some relevant fact in an issue or testifies in order to prove or disprove any matter in question. It is worth noting
here that, the competency to testify as a witness is a condition precedent to administer witness on oath, and is a distinct matter from the
credibility of the witness.
Relevant Provisions:Article 3 and 17 of the Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984:Interpretation of relevant terms:
Competency::Competency of witnesses as provided under Article 3 of the Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984:
Article 3 provides that in general every person is competent to testify before the court, the only parameter to determine the competency
of the witness is satisfaction of the court that the person before the court is capable of giving testimony. However, this general principle is
qualified by the Article itself by providing the following exceptions to it.
Incapacity to be rational:Extreme old age:/Tender age:/Any bodily injury:/Any mental injury./Perjury:
Females in Hadood laws:Under Hadood laws the testimony of a woman is inadmissible.
Witness of accomplice in Hadood cases:Under Article 16 of the Qso 1984 an accomplice is an admissible witness.
Touchstone to determine the competency of witness:Under Article 3 and 17 it is expressly stated that the Quran and Sunnah is the
only criteria to determine the competency of the witness.
Tazkiya al shahood:According to Islam the concept of Tazkiya al Shahood is defined as the “purgation of witness”.
Modes of conducting Tazkiya:According to Fatawa-e Alamgiry there are two modes of conducting Tazkiya;
Open inquiry as to the competency of a witness; or Secret inquiry into the competency of a witness.
Persons who can be questioned:Help of the following persons can be taken while conducting Tazkiya;Persons who are reliable;
Purpose of inquiry:The purpose is to make an independent inquiry into the conduct of the witness. This must be done through an
independent and reliable source so that a person is not condemned on the “evidence of unjust person”.
Number of witnesses in financial matters:In financial matters, two male witnesses, or one male and two female witnesses (so that one
may remind the other if one forgets), are sufficient.
Number of witnesses required in cases of future obligations:Two male or one male and two female witnesses are sufficient.
In criminal matters:One male or female witness is sufficient.
disqualification of witness. General rule. – Every person is competent to be a witness except as otherwise provided in these rules.
Disqualification of witness in general. – A person is disqualified to testify as a witness when the court determines that the person is (1) incapable
of expressing himself or herself concerning the matter as to be understood, either directly or through interpretation by one who can understand
him or her, or (2) incapable of understanding the duty of a witness to tell the truth.Rule 602. Lack of personal knowledge. A witness may not
testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that he has personal knowledge of the matter. Rule 603. Oath
or affirmation. Before testifying, every witness shall be required to declare that he will testify truthfully, by oath or affirmation administered in
a form calculated to awaken his conscience and impress his mind with his duty to do so. (1983, c. 701, s. 1.) Rule 604. Interpreters. An interpreter
is subject to the provisions of these rules relating to qualification as an expert and the administration of an oath or affirmation that he will make
a true translation. Rule 605. Competency of judge as witness. The judge presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness. No
objection need be made in order to preserve the point. Rule 606. Competency of juror as witness.At the trial. – A member of the jury may not
testify as a witness before that jury in the trial of the case in which he is sitting as a juror. If he is called so to testify, the opposing party shall be
afforded an opportunity to object out of the presence of the jury. Rule 607. Who may impeach.The credibility of a witness may be attacked by
any party, including the party calling him. (1983, c. 701, s. 1.)