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Strip
Completed
Formwork Cure
Structure
MAB 1033
Tension crack may form in this area
Cantilever Slab
MAB 1033
Shifted cage, not
enough cover
Area of Potential
Rebar Corrosion
MAB 1033
Improper Post-Tensioned Cable Drape
MAB 1033
Crack forms directly above
Drape as Constructed
cable drape
Beam End
Toward Midspan
MAB 1033
Highly Congested Reinforcement
MAB 1033
Congested Reinforcement prevents
concrete from filling around bars.
Void
MAB 1033
Highly Congested Reinforcement
Location of Stirrups
• T-section generally supported by inverted T-beam
(ledger beam)
• The cantilevered portion of the beam supports
the double-T’s stem.
• Critical forces in the cantilever are taken up by
stirrups directly beneath the stem location
• Improper placement of the stirrups may result in
a failure of the ledger beam support, and the
double T may then drop
MAB 1033
Structural Assessment & MAB 1033
Premature Removal of Forms
MAB 1033
Cracking at the Slab beam interface is likely.
Newly Cast Concrete
Premature
Removal of
Forms and
Shoring
MAB 1033
Support Failure
Early Dismantling of Formwork
Gunny Sack
Curing of Concrete
24
Improper Column Form
Placement
• If column is cast too tall and penetrates
the slab/beam concrete, critical shear
stresses may occur because of inadequate
shear capacity area between the column
and the slab/beam
MAB 1033
Reduced Shear area between column and slab
Slab may result in potential punching shear failure.
Form penetrates
Slab system,
reducing shear
area.
Waxed Cardboard
Column Form.
Column
MAB 1033
Cold Joints
MAB 1033
New Placement on
Hardened (or Initial Set)
Concrete.
Cold Joint
Laitance
Hardened Concrete
MAB 1033
Segregation
MAB 1033
Segregation
W/C = 0.65
W/C = 0.5
Coarse
aggregate
falls to
bottom
30
31
Structural Assessment & MAB 1033
Structural Assessment & MAB 1033
Improper Grades of Slab Surface
MAB 1033
Drain at High Point
MAB 1033
Ponding
Construction Tolerances
MAB 1033
Alignment
Plastic Settlement Cracking
MAB 1033
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
MAB 1033
Plastic
Water Loss Shrinkage Cracks
through
Evaporation
MAB 1033
Structural Assessment & MAB 1033
MAB 1033
Plastic shrinkage mostly surface
cracks, but in a few cases they
can penetrate a whole slab.
Typical crack widths are of the
order of 2-3mm.
46
Honeycomb and Rock Pockets
MAB 1033
Structural Assessment & MAB 1033
Honeycomb-Primary Causes
• Design of members
– Highly congested reinforcement
– Narrow section
– Internal interference
– Reinforcement splices
• Forms
– Leaking at joints
– Severe grout loss
MAB 1033
• Construction conditions
– Reinforcement too close to forms
– High temperature
– accessibility
• Properties of fresh concrete
– Insufficient fines
– Low workability
– Early stiffening
– Excessive mixing
– Large aggregate
53
Important ! Cover Thickness
54
Erosion and Poor Ground Compaction
Poor Alignment
Honeycomb (far)
Honeycomb (near)
Column & Wall out of alignment
Column out of alignment
Column of different size
Curved Wall and Column
Thank You
Structural Assessment & 64
MAB 1033
Say: “ If the ocean were ink (wherewith to write out)
TIRU
the word of my lord, sooner would the ocean be
TIPU
exhausted than would the word of my lord, even if we
added another ocean like it, for its aid”
66
mutiara hadith
عليه وسلم قاَ َلَ :مثَ ُل َما بَ َعثَ ي َِن هللاُ يم َن اهلَُدى النيب صلى هللا ي
ُ ي عن وسى َر َ ُ ُ
عنه هللا ي ضي
َع ْن أيَِبْ ُم َ
ب ش ْع
ل او َ
أل ك ْل ا ي
ت ت ب ن أ ف ، اء ْمل ا تي ل ي
ب ق ة ي ي
ق ن ا هن ي
م ناك ف ، ا ض َر
أ اب َص أ ي
ْي ي
ث ك ْ
ل ا ثي ي ي ي ي
َ ُْ َ َ َ
َ َ َْ ََ َ َ ٌ َّ ْ َ َ ْ ً َ َََْ َ َ َوال َ َ َْ
غ ْ
ل ا ل ث م ك
َ م ل
ْ ْع
َّاس فَ َش يربُ ْوا يمْن َها َو َس َق ْوا َوَزَر ُع ْوا ، ن ال ا
ََ َ ُ َ َ ِبالْ َكثيْي ر ،وكاَنَتْ يمْن َها أَج يادب أ َْمس َك يت الْماء ،فَنَ َفع هللا ي
َ ُ َ َ َ
اب يمْن َها طاَئيَفةً أُ ْخ َرى إيََّّنَ ا يه َي قيْي َعا ٌن الَ ُتُْ يسكُ َم ًاء َوالَ تُ ْنبي ُت َكَألً ،فَ َذلي َك َمثَ ُل َم ْن فَ ُقهَ يِف يديْ ين َص َ َوأ َ
هللاي َونَ َف َعهُ َما بَ َعثَ ي َِن هللاُ بي يه فَ َعلي َم َو َعلَّ َم َ ،وَمثَلُ َم ْن ََل ْ يَ ْرفَ ْع بي َذلي َك َرأْ ساًَ ،وََل ْ يَ ْقبَ ْل ُه َدى هللاي الَّ يذ ْي
ْت بي يه .روا ه البخاري. أ ُْر ُل ي
س
mutiara hadith
Daripada Abu Musa r.a., meriwayatkan bahawa baginda Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda:
Perumpamaan ilmu dan hidayah yang dengannya aku diutus oleh Allah SWT adalah
seumpama satu hujan lebat yang menimpa bumi. (Bumi terbahagi kepada tiga tanah)
● Pertama ialah tanah baik, lembut dan menyerap air yang kerananya tanah menjadi subur,
menumbuhkan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang banyak.
● Kedua ialah tanah yang keras tidak menyerap air tetapi dapat mengumpulkan air bagi
keperluan manusia, binatang ternak dan tanam-tanaman yang lain.
● Ketiga ialah tanah yang keras yang tidak menyerap dan tidak dapat mengumpulkan air dan
tidak menumbuhkan tanam-tanaman.
(Begitulah dengan manusia yang terbahagi kepada tiga golongan):
● Mereka yang diberi faham agama dan mendapat hidayah. Dengan hidayah itu mereka
mengenaliku, mendapat manfaat dengan ilmu yang diberikan Allah SWT kepadaku.
Mereka belajar dan mengajarkan kepada orang lain.
● (Golongan kedua) ialah yang tidak mengambil manfaat bagi dirinya tetapi orang lain dapat
manfaat darinya.
● (Golongan ketiga) ialah orang yang tidak peduli dirinya dan tidak mendapat hidayah Allah
SWT apa yang diturunkan melalui aku.
(Hadis Riwayat Bukhari).
Lets move forward, together, faster