PRONOUN

A word used in place of a noun is called Pronoun.

Ahmad saw a lion in the jungle which he thought would hurt him, unless he killed him with a gun which
he had in his hand.
TYPES OF PRONOUN
Personal pronoun
The pronouns that stand for persons are called personal pronouns.
Table of Personal Pronouns
Persons Subjective Case Possessive Case Objective Case
Persons Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Persons I We My Our Me Us
nd
2 Persons You You Your Your You You
3rd Persons He, She, It They His, Her, Their Him, Her, Them
Its It

Relative Pronoun
A word which is used to tell about someone or something mentioned earlier. OR
A relative pronoun relates to some noun or pronoun mentioned earlier in the sentence. e.g.
 Aslam who sells books, hit his car that came from UK.
 The ground which we dig will bear a fine fruit.
 The students who work hard always succeed.
 This is the boy who stole my pen.
 This is the person whom I trust a lot.
Reflexive Pronoun
The “self” or “selves” forms of pronoun is called Reflexive Pronoun.
e.g. myself, herself, himself, themselves, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, itself.
 I myself heard the noise.
 She will go herself.
 Submit yourselves before God.
 The book is of great value of itself.
Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out particular persons or things. e.g. this, these, that, those,
one, ones, such, none, e.g.
 These books are mine.
 She visited my house one day.
 This is merely rubbish.
 Bring me that book.
 Such people as he are not trustworthy.
 One should respect one’s parents.
Indefinite Pronoun
Such pronouns refer to indefinite (usually unknown) persons or things or to indefinite quantities.
OR
These pronouns refer to persons or things in a general way. They do not refer to persons or things
specifically. Therefore they are called indefinite pronouns.
Some common indefinite pronouns are:
All, Each, More, One, another, Most, Others, Any, Anybody, Everybody, Every, Much, Several,
Everyone, Neither, Some, Somebody, They, Few, Many, None,
 All were saved
 None of your storied is famous.
  Many boys do not work hard.
 Someone had stolen my pen.
 Everybody is to die one day.
Interrogative Pronoun
The pronouns used to ask questions are called interrogative pronouns such as:
Who, whom, which, what, whose
 Who spoke?
 Of whom did he speak?
 What did he say?
 Which of these boys have won the race?
 Whose is that book?
Distributive Pronoun
The pronouns refer to one person or thing at a time are called distributive pronouns such as:
Each, neither, everybody, everything
 Each of the students participated in the race.
 Neither of the candidates arrived.
Reciprocal Pronoun
The reciprocal pronouns are one another and each other.
 Ahmad and Ali loved one another.
 Ahmad and Ali found each other’s company satisfying.

Adverb
An adverb is word used to qualify any parts of speech except a noun or pronoun. OR
An adverb is a word used to qualify a verb, an adjective, a preposition, a conjunction.
e.g. an almost black cat came very silently towards me.
In this example “almost” qualifies the adjective “black”; “silently” qualifies the verb “came”; and
“very” qualifies the adverb “silently”.
Types of Adverb
Adverbs of Manner or Quality
Those adverbs which answer the questions how or in what manner such as: thus, ill, well, slowly,
quickly, conveniently, gladly, rightly, etc.
 He did his work slowly but surely.
 He behaved foolishly.
 He fought his case bravely.
 He ran fast.
 They live happily.
 He worked hard.
 They sleep soundly.
Adverbs of Place
Those adverbs which answer the questions “where” such as: here, there, hither, thither, hence, thence,
above, below, outside, in, out, up, down, far, near, within, without, forward, backward, inside, etc.
 We must rest here and not there.
 God is everywhere.
 He went up.
 Out teacher is out.
 Please come in.
 The snake moved away.
 He came forward.
Adverbs of Time
The adverbs which answer the questions “when” such as: now, then, since, ago, today, yesterday,
tomorrow, already, late, recently, presently, immediately, instantly, gradually, afterwards, etc.
  I have forgiven him already.
 We will be soon here.
 I have now started to work.
 The train arrived late.
 I injured my finger yesterday.
 He plays cricket daily.
 He did this before, and you have done it since.
Adverbs of Frequency or Number
The adverbs which answer the question “how” often such as: once, twice, thrice, again, never, always,
sometimes, often, firstly, secondly, seldom, thirdly, frequently, etc.
 He always did his best.
 He never fails.
 They have forbidden him twice.
 She often comes to me.
 He seldom comes to school.
 He called me again.
 She frequently makes mischief.
Adverbs of Degree or Quantity
Those adverbs which answers the questions “to what extent” or “in what degree” or “how
much”. Such as: very, much, far, quite, little, a little, rather, somewhat, half, partly, wholly,
etc.
 I was too careless about my family.
 He is very clever.
 I am fully recovered.
 The work is almost complete.
 I am so glad.
 She is good enough for this task.
 He is quite right in his decision.

Adjective
An adjective is word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
e.g. a good girl, a bad boy, a great leader
Subject
A subject is a word or group of words that performs some action or that is in the state of being described
by the verb.
 Ahmad plays.
 A large number of spectators watched the match.
Predicate
That part of the sentence which tells something about the subject is called predicate.
Ahmad plays.
A large number of spectators watched the match.
Object
The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb is called the object.
The robber robbed him.
My father punished Ashman.
Complement
A noun or adjective used to complete the meaning of a linking verb or be form of verb is called
complement.
 She seems pretty.
 He is a doctor.
The Phrase
A combination of word that makes sense, but not a complete sense, is called a phrase.
 In the room
 To the zoo
 On the floor
The Clause
A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is called a clause. It has a subject and predicate.
 This is the school where we studied.
 She has a watch which is made of gold.
In the above example This Is the School is one sentence and where we studied is also a sentence. But
both are parts of a larger sentence therefore each of them is called a clause.
Model Verbs or Auxiliary Verbs
The verbs “can, could, may, might, shall, must and ought, have to” are called model verbs or
auxiliaries verbs such as:
 She can come to me.
 We should work hard.
 She may not be coming tonight.
 Could hear what she was saying?
 May I take your bike?
 She will come of age next year.
 I would play tomorrow, if had permission.
 I ought to recite the holy Quran daily.
 She must have reached now.
 I have to clean my feet, every time I entered the house.
The Gerund
Ing form of verb used as noun is called gerund such as:
 Smoking is injurious to health.
 He stopped smoking.
 His hobby is smoking.
 She is accused of smoking in the college.
 They are sitting in the smoking area.
 The bad habit, smoking, is very difficult to get rid of.
 Dancing brought money for her.
 He is fond of reading.
 Backbiting is forbidden in Islam.
 Smiling keeps you healthy.