(20) Quiz 1: Identify and briefly define the points: P, E, Y, U, & B (B’)

(10) Bonus: Characterize the region at R1, R2, R3 & R4

Stress-Strain Curve of Steel (Ductile)

R3 R4
R2
R1
CE 171: MATERIALS OF
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

TOPICS: MATERIAL TESTING

QUALITY CONTROL
FAILURE
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
WHY WE DO MATERIAL
TESTING?
 Generally, materials testing is performed
to certify material to a given specification
or to verify that it meets certain criteria.
The testing may evaluate mechanical
properties such as strength, hardness and
elasticity or determine the composition
or elemental content of the material.
Two forms of testing

 Mechanical tests – the material may be

physically tested to destruction. Will
normally specify a value for properties
such as strength, hardness, toughness,
etc.

 Non-destructive tests (NDT) – samples or

finished articles are tested before being
used.
Material Tests

Mechanical testing
Tests employed to determine mechanical
properties of the materials

Usually destructive and requires test specimens

of the material to be machined or cut to the
specific shape required by the test method
Mechanical Properties
a) Ductility
b) Toughness
c) Brittleness
d) Hardness
e) Plasticity
f) Elasticity
g) Strength (Compressive and Tensile)
BUILDING LIFE CYCLE
1. DESIGN
Materials appropriate to the building design,
function and environment must be selected.

Designers must be aware of the limitations as

well as the opportunities associated with
individual materials, and how they interact
with each other.
2. CONSTRUCTION
To use specified materials in the correct
manner and to identify potential defects.

3. MAINTENANCE
Effective maintenance depends upon
knowledge of how materials react with their
environment over the planned lifetime.
4. REPAIR
Selection of repair materials is based on
evaluation of type of damage, types of
materials to be used for repair and the
condition of the existing material.

5. DEMOLITION/RECYCLING
The recovery and disposal will be governed by
the nature of the materials’ hazardous
properties. Will it be suitable for recycling or
reuse reduce the need for new materials to be
produced in the future
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

IDENTIFY DEFINE MEASURE

STANDARDIZE

SPECIFY REGULATE
Most standards represent basic performance
levels. When higher levels are required they
may have to be drafted carefully for a given
specification.

Standards measure performance in a carefully

defined reproducible manner. They are subject
to change as understanding of materials
properties increases, experimental techniques
improve and performance requirements evolve.
The best evidence of conformity is obtained
when independent tests are carried out by
some qualified testing authority.

Sample Standards:

1. British Standards
2. ASTMS Standards
3. ISO Standards
4. Philippine standards
QUALITY
Quality can be simply defined as ‘fitness for
purpose’.

It is brought about by strict and consistent

commitment to certain standards that achieve
uniformity of a product in order to satisfy
specific customer or user requirements.

There will always be a cost implication as the

target quality levels rise.
Factors to be considered when arriving a target level
for a specific item:

1. What are the possible failure modes?

2. What are the consequences of failure in
safety terms?
3. How easy it is to inspect/maintain the item?
4. How easy/costly would it be to replace the
item if it failed?
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the practical procedure
which assists in the production of a quality
product.
Inspection is a major component of quality
control, where physical product is examined
visually.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Quality management involves the operation of a

comprehensive system of quality control, including
employment of a quality manager to oversee the
maintenance of quality standards and keeping of
systematic written records of every part of a
design, production, or other process.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The best way of operating quality management
is by means of a recognized quality
management system (QMS).

The first widespread system to be operated was

BS 5750 from 1979, and was adopted by ISO as
ISO 9000 in 1987 and the harmonized version,
produced in 1994 published as BS ISO 9000.
NATURE OF FAILURE
Failure causes are defects in design,
process, quality, or part application, which
are the underlying cause of a failure or
which initiate a process which leads to
failure.

Failure Analysis can save money, lives, and

resources if done correctly and acted upon.
Material Failure
The failure of a material is usually classified
into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile
failure (yield).

It is the loss of load carrying capacity of a

material unit. This can be examined in
different scales, from microscopic, to
macroscopic.
Material Failure
The ultimate failure strength of a material
or structural element is taken into
consideration while preparing the design of
structures.

A factor of safety is also integrated into the

design analysis to prevent failure if
unforeseen loads are applied.
Failure Mode
A failure mode is the specific characteristics of
materials that result in the failure. It may
generally describe the way the failure occurs.
Examples of failure modes are:
• Ductile fracture
• Brittle fracture
• Fatigue fracture
• Corrosion
• Erosion
• Wear
• Distortion
Failure Mode
The specific manner or way by which a failure
occurs in terms of failure of the item (being a part
or (sub) system) function under investigation.

Failure Cause
Defects in requirements, design, process, quality
control, handling or part application, which are
the underlying cause or sequence of causes that
initiate a process (mechanism) that leads to a
failure mode over a certain time. A failure mode
may have more causes.
MATERIALS PERFORMANCE AND ITS
MEASUREMENT

1.STABILITY (STRUCTURAL)
2.SAFETY IN FIRE
3.DURABILITY
4.SAFETY IN USE AND HEALTH
5.ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1. STRUCTURAL SAFETY
The ability to withstand stresses resulting from
gravity, wind, thermal or moisture movement,
or other sources.
STRUCTURAL FAILURES

Creep
Creep is the effect of long-term stress, leading
to additional distortion or failure.
It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to
high levels of stress that are still below the yield
strength of the material.
STRUCTURAL FAILURES

Fatigue
Fatigue is the effect of load reversal such as
vibrations which lead to failure at relatively low
stresses.

It is usually associated with tensile stresses but

fatigue cracks have been reported due to
compressive loads.

The greater the applied stress range, the

shorter the life. Vibration for example is a
serious cause of fatigue failure.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
2. FIRE

The material must behave acceptably in

resisting fire spread, release of dangerous
substances in fire and retaining satisfactory
structural ability.

Fire-resistive time period rating is the length

of time a material can withstand being burned
which may be one-hour, two-hours, three-
hours, four-hours, etc.
 Chief hazards (fire):
a. Heat itself causes burns.
b. Fire may endanger the structure.
c. Many materials generate toxic fumes when
they are heated.
d. Materials often generate smoke, which
makes breathing difficult and tends to cause
panic and disorientation as people try to
escape.
SAFETY IN FIRE
Combustion is the process involving chemical
reaction of a fuel (usually organic material
containing carbon) with oxygen in the presence
of heat.

Fire-safe building materials often feature a

rating based on classifications developed by the
American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM assigns fire safety ratings, or classes, to
materials based on their flame spread index
(FSI).
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
3. DURABILITY
The material should fulfill the performance
criteria for the planned life of the building.

A material may be said to be durable in any one

situation if it fulfills all its performance
requirements, either for the planned lifetime of
the building, or for a shorter defined period
where this is acceptable.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
4. HEALTH/SAFETY
There should be no risk to health due to
chemical or physical effects of the material,
both during and after construction.

Toxic chemicals used in building materials are

found in:
• Finishes
• Insulation
• Utilities
• Structural Materials
Finishes
Paints, coatings
solvents, VOC’s, biocides, colorants, resins
Carpeting and fabrics
VOC’s, anti-stain treatments, carpet cushion

Insulation
Fiberglass bat
Glass fibers and formaldehyde-based binder
Polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams
Isocyanates
Expanded polystyrene foam
Utilities
Wire and cable
PVC, fluoropolymers, additives
Energy: Storage batteries
Lead-acid, Nickel-Cadmium

Structural Materials
Engineered Wood products
Resins (formaldehyde), adhesives, biocides
Concrete
Hexavalent chromium, fly ash (lead, mercury)
Roofing
Asphalt, EPDM/rubber, PVC
Waterproofing, adhesives (epoxies, asphalt)
Toxic Materials
Asbestos
The danger arises when asbestos fibres become
airborne and remain suspended in the air.
Breathing in these fibres can damage the lungs
and cause cancer.

Silica
Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) can be formed
when construction materials containing silica,
such as bricks, concrete, granite or tiles are cut,
drilled, crushed or abraded.
SAFETY IN USE AND HEALTH
SAFETY IN USE AND HEALTH
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Aim to minimise and the release of pollutants.
The impact of the disposal of materials at the end
of their serviceable life must be considered.

The construction, renovation, maintenance and

operation of buildings accounts for very large
quantities of materials which are extracted from
nature, processed, used and ultimately discarded.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Key aspects of environmental performance:
a. Embodied Energy
b. Recycling potential
c. Environmental management

a. Embodied Energy
• Materials which take less energy to convert
them from raw materials into the final, in-
situ products.
• In seeking new materials, emphasis should
be given to those materials which consume
less energy in their manufacturing process.
 b. Recycling Potential
• Materials/situations in which disposal is the
only practical option should be regarded as
failures in a environmental sense.
Goals:
a. Reduction of raw materials consumption
b. Reduction of fuel consumption in
manufacture
c. Reduction in waste generation
4 R’s in Construction Materials Wastes
c. Environmental Management

Avoidance:
a. Depletion of finite resources.
b. Adversely affecting the environmental by
pollution or waste.
c. Adversely affecting the environment by energy
emission.
d. Adversely affecting the environment in a
broader sense, such as upsetting the
economical balance of wildlife.
Green Building
Green buildings incorporate design, construction
and operational practices that significantly reduce
or eliminate the negative impact of development
on the environment and occupants.

It addresses factors such as resource use (e.g.

energy, water, materials), waste reduction including
re-cycling, and efficiency in processing and
construction, storm water re-use strategies,
preservation of biodiversity
and the natural environment.
Green Building Materials
The preservation of the earth’s finite resources
through more efficient extraction,
production and construction processes and by
reducing waste.

Using green building materials and

products promotes conservation of dwindling non-
renewable resources.
END OF PRESENTATION