CIVIL AVIATION INSTITUTE OF INDONESIA

CURUG - TANGERANG

AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE II
(BASIC)
For:
PILOT/FOO/ATC/AMT Class
Presented by:
DJUDJUR PRASODJO

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Weight at Take-off
„ For the purpose of performance planning
a flight is normally divided into the
following stages:
„ Take-off
„ Climb out

„ En route

„ Landing

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Safety Trainer ©2003
„ In addition, the structural (C of A) limit and the
WAT limit (climb potential on one engine
inoperative) must be considered.
„ All the considerations lead to the determination
of max weight at take-off.
„ To determine the max weight at take-off, each
of the listed conditions must be considered
separately:
„ Structural limit
„ WAT limit
„ Take-off Net Flight Path requirement
„ En route terrain clearance requirements (En route)
„ Field length requirements (Landing)
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 „ To determine the max weight at take-off,
each of the listed conditions must be
considered separately:
„ Structural limit
„ WAT limit

„ Take-off Net Flight Path requirement

„ En route terrain clearance requirements (En

route)
„ Field length requirements (Landing)

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 „ Each condition, examined separately, will
influence the maximum weight at take-off.

From all of these, the lowest take-off

weight is then accepted as the planned
MTOW for the flight.

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Performance Group*
Performance Aeroplane Types Performance Data Example
Group
A Large multi-engined Flight Manual Boeing 727, 737,
747, 757; Airbus
A300 Series
C Multi-engined to Flight Manual Cessna, Piper and
5700 kg Beech twin-engined
D Single-engined and Flight Manual Auster, some Cessna
some low and Piper single
performance twin- engined
engined
E Single-engined and Flight Manual, Cessna single-
twins up to 2730 kg Owner’s Manual, engined
or
Pilot’s Operating
Handbook

*) Based on JAR 25 and BCAR(K)

 Factors affecting Takeoff &
Landing Performance
„ 1. Weight of the aircraft.
„ 2. Atmosphere pressure, temperature and
humidity.
„ 3. Wind.
„ 4. Runway surface and slope.
„ 5. Flap setting.
„ 6. Tire pressure.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 1. Weight

Increase aircraft weight

Increase Takeoff & Landing distance

because:

Aircraft slower to
Higher takeoff and
accelerate on takeoff and
landing speed
takes longer to stop on
required.
landing.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
2. Pressure, temperature and density.

„ The atmospheric property of density (ρ) has an

important influence on aircraft performance in
two ways:
„ 1. The output. of the engines.
„ 2. The amount of lift generated by the wings.
„ The ρ of the air is affected by three factors :
„ 1. Pressure (p)
„ 2. Temperature (t)
„ 3. Humidity.

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Safety Trainer ©2003
3. Wind

„ There are 3 types of wind:

„ 1. Head wind.
„ 2. Tail wind.

„ 3. Cross wind.

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Safety Trainer ©2003
Calculation of cross wind

„ When the wind is not blowing directly

down the runway, you need to know:
„ The head wind component of the wind so as
to be able to calculate take-off and landing
distances, and
„ The crosswind component for the safe
handling of the aircraft.

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
α – angle between
wind direction and
flight path

Head wind
To calculate the two
different components
we will use the
example from POH,
and we should know
the wind speed and Cross wind
angle α
α
CAUTION!
The wind direction is often 36
quoted in degrees true, but
runway heading is magnetic.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
4. Runway slope

„ There are 2 types of runway slope:

„ 1. Uphill slope
„ 2. Downhill slope

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Safety Trainer ©2003
„ Runway surface.
The type of surface that the aircraft is
operating on will alter the distances required for
takeoff and for landing.
Unpaved surfaces such metal, rolled earth or
grass will, to varying degrees, increase the
distances required for takeoff due to the increase
friction.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
5. Flap setting

„ Flap reduces the stalling speed and allows the aircraft to

takeoff at a lower indicated speed. This can mean a
shorter distance required for takeoff (but a longer time
to reach the required speed).

6. Tire pressure.
„ Correct tire pressure is important at all times.
„ Low tire pressure will increase the distance required for
takeoff due to increased friction.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Speed
„ Vs - Stalling speed
„ VOEF - One engine failure speed
„ V1 - Decision speed
„ VR - Rotation speed
„ VLOF - Liftoff speed
„ V2 - Takeoff safety speed
V2

Vs V1 VR VLOF
Vo
1-2 sec 35 ft (10,7 m)

VOEF

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Safety Trainer ©2003
 TORa -TODa – ASDa – LDa –
Stopway - Clearway
„ Runway
„ A runway is a defined rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for takeoff and landing of
aircraft.
„ Stopway
„ This is a defined rectangular area at the end of a
runway centrally located about the extended
centerline and approved by the appropriate authority
as a suitable area in which an aircraft may be stopped
after an abandoned takeoff or an extended landing
run.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 „ Clearway
„ This is a defined rectangular area at the end of a runway
centrally located about the centerline, and approved by the
appropriate authority as a suitable area over which an
aeroplane taking off can continue to climb to the minimum
height required to clear any obstacle.

runway stopway

JST clearway
Safety Trainer ©2003
„ Takeoff Run Available (TORa)
„ This is the distance specified by the appropriate
authority as being the effective length available for
by an aeroplane for the takeoff roll.
„ This generally means the length of the prepared
runway.
„ Takeoff Distance Available (TODa)
„ This is the distance specified by the appropriate
authority as being the effective length available for
use by an aeroplane for takeoff and may include a
clearway.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
„ Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDa)
„ This is the distance specified by an appropriate
authority being effective length available for use by
an aeroplane which has to abandon takeoff.

TODa
ASDa

TORa

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Safety Trainer ©2003
„ Landing Distance Available (LDa)
„ This is the distance specified by the appropriate
authority as being the length available for use by an
aircraft for landing.

50 feet

Landing distance (from 50 feet)

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Safety Trainer ©2003
TORr – TODr – ASDr – LDr
„ So TOR, TOD, ASD and LD required for
aeroplane in that time is:
„ TORr ≤ TORa
„ TODr ≤ TODa
„ ASDr ≤ ASDa
„ LDr ≤ LDa

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Safety Trainer ©2003
 Minimum required runway length, w/o used
of clearway or stopway
V2
T/O distance with
1-engine inoperative V1 VR VLOF
35’

All engine 1-eng. inop. acceleration

acceleration

Accelerate / stop V1
distance

All engine Stop distance

acceleration
V2

115 all-engine T/O V1 VR VLOF

distance 35’

All-engine T/O distance to 35’

All-engine T/O field length
15% margin JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Minimum required runway length utilizing
clearway and stopway
Accelerate / stop distance
with stopway

Acceleration / climb distance to 35’

with clearway V2

V1 VR VLOF
35’

all engine
acceleration 1-eng. inop. acceleration
stop distance
acceleration / stop distance
1-engine T/O distance to 35’

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Safety Trainer ©2003
Minimum required runway utilizing clearway
Accelerate / stop distance ½ this distance must be
(no stopway) completed over runway

Acceleration / climb distance to 35’

with clearway V2

V1 VR VLOF
35’

All engine 1-eng. inop. acceleration

acceleration
stop distance

acceleration / stop distance

1-engine T/O distance to 35’

JST
Note: With all engines operating, the maximum usable clearway is 1.15 x ½ distance from
lift off to 35’.
Safety Trainer ©2003
Minimum required runway length utilizing stopway

Accelerate / stop distance

with stopway

Acceleration / climb distance to 35’

(no clearway) V2

V1 VR VLOF

35’

all engine 1-eng. inop. acceleration

acceleration
stop distance
1-engine T/O distance to 35’
acceleration / stop distance

Note: The all engine TOD x 1.15 ≤ the runway, if there is only stopway.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Gradient
„ Ratio between:
Height Gained
Horizontal Distance Travelled

300 ft
10,000 ft

„ 300 / 10,000 x 100% = 3% → for every 100 ft

traveled horizontally we climb 3 ft.
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Safety Trainer ©2003
„ Hint for quick calculation of approximate Climb
Gradient:

Rate of Climb
Climb Gradient =
Speed

„ Gross Gradient
„ This is the actual calculated performance of the aircraft
under specified conditions.
„ Net Gradient
„ This is the gross gradient reduced by:
„ 1.0 % for four engine aircraft.
„ 0.9 % for three engine aircraft
„ 0.8 % for two engine aircraft
Gross Gradient & Net Gradient

Gross gradient

Net gradient

Net grad.-35 ft

Vlof V2

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Safety Trainer ©2003
The correct, early & late of VR

V2

V1 VR VLOF
35’

Early Late

Correct

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Safety Trainer ©2003
 V1 and TOW for balance field length
(assumed TOW = max TOW, only one V1)

IAS
O.K .
Not
VR permitted
1-engine
inop >V1

V1

1-engine
inop <V1

TORall TOR1-inop ASDa=TODa

JST TORa
Dist.

Safety Trainer ©2003

Aborted T/O after V1 speed

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Safety Trainer ©2003
 V1 and TOW for balance field length
(assumed TOW < max TOW, range of V1)

IAS

VR for max. TOW

VR
Max. V1

Min. V1

TORall TOR1-inop ASDa

for max. TOW
TORa
Dist.
JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Takeoff climb segments
6th segment

5th segment

4th segment – Final

segment

3rd segment – flap retracted –

accelerated segment

2nd segment – to clear 1,500 feet

obstacles
400 feet

1st segment gear up

Reference zero
35’

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
 Level Flight Performance
„ Once the top of climb has been reached the
pilot is able to adjust the power controls for
level flight.
„ The greater the power settings the greater will be
the fuel burn. This high fuel consumption will
affect endurance and range.
„ The pilot has to balance the power requirements
with fuel consumption, range and endurance
requirements.
„ ENDURANCE is the amount of time that
can be spent in the air for given amount of
fuel.
„ RANGE is the distance that can be flown for
a given amount of fuel.
Determining the correct power settings - TB 10 P.O.H.
Determining the level flight performance at 2,000 feet
 En-route

One engine inoperative

2000 feet

Plateau

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 Landing distance required

Full stop

50’

Landing distance - LD (DRY)

DRY 100/60 x LD = LDr
Destination
WET 115/100 x 100/60 x LD = LDr
Alternate 100/70 x LD = LDr

Available runway length

JST
Safety Trainer ©2003
THE ALTIMETER
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT COMPUTER (F.M.C.)