10th Math Workbook PDF

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the
videos proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. What are real numbers?
Question 2. All real numbers are irrational numbers. [True/False] __________
Question 3. The number line contains ALL the real numbers. [True/False] __________
2. Euclid’s Division Lemma

A lemma is a proven statement used to prove another statement or a theorem.
Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying, a = bq + r,
where 0 ≤ r < 𝑏. This is Euclid’s division lemma. It can be related to,
Dividend = ______________ × Quotient + _____________
An easy way to remember the above lemma is given below.
Question 4. When any natural number is divided by 10, what is the sum of all possible remainders?
Hint: This is a direct application of Euclid’s division lemma.
Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

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Question 5. Now that you know that for every pair of positive integers 𝐚 and 𝐛, there exist a unique
pair of whole numbers 𝐪 and 𝐫 such that 𝐚 = 𝐛𝐪 + 𝐫, give examples of a and b, wherever possible,
satisfying:
(a) r = 0:
(b) q = 0:
(c) r > b:
(d) If a < b, what can be said about q and r?
Question 6. A positive integer 𝑎 is written as 𝑎 = 3𝑞 + 𝑟 and 𝑎 = 4𝑘 + 𝑟, where 𝑞, 𝑘 and 𝑟 are

whole numbers.
Choose the correct possibilities of 𝑞 and 𝑘?
(a) q = 4; k = 6 (b) q = 3; k = 4 (c) q = 6; k = 8 (d) q = 8; k = 6
Hint: Equate both equations.

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Question 7. A positive integer 𝑎 when divided by the smallest odd prime, leaves a remainder r. Which
of the following CANNOT be 𝑟?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
a. Euclid’s division algorithm.

To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say c and d, with c > 𝑑, follow the steps
below:
(a) Apply Euclid's division lemma, to c and d. So, we find whole numbers, q and r such
that
c = dq + r, 0 ≤ r < 𝑏.
(b) If r = 0, d is the HCF of c and d. If r ≠ 0, apply the division lemma to d and r.
(c) Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be the
required H.C.F.
This algorithm works because HCF(c, d) = HCF(d, r).
Question 8. Complete the following proceure of finding HCF of 1650 and 847
Solution: 1650 = ______ × 1 + 803
_____ = ______ × 1 + 44
803 = ______ × ____ + 11
44 = ______ × 1 + ___
HCF of 1650 and 847 is ______

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Question 9. Ajit was building a house. He wants to have a 9m × 6m sized rectangular base to hold his
locker which has some valuable stuff. To ensure uniformity throughout, his builder suggested that he
should use square tiles all of the same size, to complete the 9m × 6m base. Ajit being an extravagant,
wanted to have the maximum size of such squares to be used. Find out the number of square tiles Ajit
had to buy?
(Situations like these do come up in real life. A much simplifed example has been given to you so that
you appreciate why you need to learn concepts about HCF).

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Question 10. The square of a positive integer CANNOT be of the form (k is an integer):
(a) 3k + 1 (b) 4k + 2 (c) 5k + 1 (d) 5k + 4
Hint: Take divisor as 3, 4, 5 and their possible remainders.
3. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:
Theorem 1: Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the factors occur. Prime factorization for
a composite number is unique.

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Question 11. Complete the following factor tree of 8190 and express it as the product of prime
numbers.
Question 12. If a = 2p × 3q × 5r and b = p2 × q3 × r 5 , where p, q and r are primes, find the value
of p + q + r, given that a = b.
Hint: Use the fact that the prime factorization for a composite number is unique.
Question 13. Find the number of zeros at the end of 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1.
Hint: Zeroes are obtained by multiplying with powers of 10. Find out the power of 10 in the number
given above.
We know how to find the HCF and LCM of numbers by prime factorization. This is nothing
but an application of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
• Let a and b be two natural numbers, then their HCF × LCM = a × b

• HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common factor
• LCM = Product of the biggest power of each prime factor

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Question 14. Find the HCF and LCM of 15 and 18 and verify HCF × LCM = 15 × 18
Question 15. Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, using the prime factorisation method.
From the above question, notice that 6 × 72 × 120 ≠ HCF(6, 72, 120) × LCM(6, 72, 120).
So, the product of three numbers is not equal to the product of their HCF and LCM.
Did you know?

pqr × HCF(p, q, r)
LCM(p, q, r) =
HCF(p, q) × HCF(q, r) × HCF(p, r)
pqr × LCM(p, q, r)
HCF(p, q, r) =
LCM(p, q) × LCM(q, r) × LCM(p, r)
Theorem 2: If a prime number 𝑝 divides 𝑎2 , where 𝑎 is a positive integer, then 𝑝 divides 𝑎 as

well. The above statement can be easily understood if we understand what Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic tries to convey.
The first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (Theorem 1) says that 𝑎 can be
expressed as a product of primes, i.e.
a = p1 × p2 × p3 × … × pn , where p1 , p2 , … . pn are all primes.
So, a2 = (p1 × p2 × p3 × … × pn )2 = (p1 × p2 × p3 × … × pn ) × (p1 × p2 × p3 × … × pn )
Since 𝑝 divides 𝑎2 , and is a prime, it should be one of p1 , p2 , … . pn . This is because the
second part of Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that prime factorization of a

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number is unique. That is, there cannot be another set of primes different from p1 , p2 , … . pn
whose product is 𝑎. So, if 𝑝 is one of p1 , p2 , … . pn , it should divide 𝑎 as well.
3. Revisiting irrational numbers
𝑎
A number which can be written in the form 𝑏 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers and 𝑏 ≠ 0
and; 𝑎 and 𝑏 are co-primes is rational number. Any number which cannot be so written is an
irrational number. Further the decimal form of an irrational number is non-terminating and
non-recurring. For example, √2 is an irrational number equal to 1.414213… and √5 =
2.2360673…
Question 16. Prove that √3 is irrational.
Helping hand: Use method of contradiction and theorem 2. Assume just the opposite what we need to
prove and after a sequence of logical steps, arrive at a result which contradicts the assumptions made
in the beginning.
Question 17. Prove that 4 − √3 is irrational.

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4. Revisiting Rational Numbers and their Decimal Expansions
p
Consider a rational number which has been expressed in its simplest form, i.e. in the form q ,
where p and q are co-prime with q ≠ 0. What could be the decimal representation of this
number? Consider a few cases:
Case 1 (a):
Suppose q is a power of 10.
859
Question 18. Express 104 in decimal form.
Decimals like these are called terminating decimals.

Power of 10 is the same as a combination of powers of 2 and 5. This is because 10 can be
p
prime factored as 2 x 5. An inference now is, therefore, any real number q , with q of the form
10a , i.e. 2a × 5a , (where a is a whole number) is a terminating decimal.
Case 1 (b):
Now what if q has only 2's and 5's in its prime factorization form but with unequal powers,
i.e. if q is of the form 2a × 5b, (where a and b are whole numbers), what could be its decimal
representation? Can we represent the same number in such a way that the denominator is
power of 10?
756
Question 19. Express in the decimal form.
250
Note: The power of 2 or 5 could be zero as well. To sum it up,

𝑝
Any rational number when expressed in its simplest form, 𝑞 , if the denominator q has powers
of only 2's or 5's or both, it is a terminating decimal.
Case 2:
Now what if in the prime factorization of q, the denominator, had primes other than 2 and/or
5?
The decimal representation will be non-terminating repeating (recurring).

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Question 20. Express in decimal form.
3
a
Question 21. The number x when expressed in its simplest form is t where p1 < p2 < p3 <
pm n
1 ×p2 ×p3
10 are prime numbers and m, n and t are non negative integers. What can you comment on the primes
p1 , p2 and p3 and the m, n and t in the following cases:
(a) x is a terminating decimal.
(b) x is a non-terminating repeating decimal.
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Question 22. Without using long division, check if is terminating or recurring.
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Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.
Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s
1. Which of the following numbers has non-terminating decimal expansion?

6 21 117 77
A. B. C. D.
15 280 62 53 210
2+ √5
2. The number 2− is
√5
A. An irrational number C. A rational number
B. An integer D. Not a real number
3. The HCF of two consecutive odd numbers is
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
4. A rational number can be expressed as terminating decimal if the denominator has the factors
A. 2,3 or 5 C. 2 or 3
B. 2 or 5 D. 2 and 5
5. Select the odd one out among the following numbers:
1 1 1 1
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 10
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions
6. What is the digit at units place of 99?

7. The sum of the first 10 whole numbers and ten highest negative integers be x. Find the value
of x.
8. The sum of reciprocal of three consecutive natural numbers be ‘y’ and product of the numbers
be ‘x’. If xy = a, then find the sum of product of three given number taken two at a time.
9. What is the largest four digit number which is exactly divisible by 88?
10. What is the smallest number which is divisible by both 324 and 144?
11. What is the least number that must be subtracted from 1160 so that the sum of 1160 and the
resulting number is completely divisible by 19?
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12. If the sum of a positive number, x and its reciprocal, is 2, then find the value of 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 10 .
13. Find the HCF of 2781 and 1242 using Euclid’s division algorithm.
14. Prove that any positive cube number is of the form 9m, 9m+1, or 9m+8 where m is a positive
integer.
15. Prove that 5√3 is not rational.
16. Prove that 2 + √2 is irrational.
17. Find the value of LCM and HCF of 144 and 90 by fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
18. If d is the HCF of 45 and 27, find x and y satisfying d= 27 x +45 y.
19. Show that 14𝑛 cannot end with digit 0 or 5 for any natural number n
20. Find the value of (−1)n + (−1)2n + (−1)2n +1 + (−1)4n +1 , where n is positive odd
integer.
Answer Keys:
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1. 210 6. 9 11. 2 20. - 2
2. An irrational number 7. – 10 12. 2
3. 1 8. a 13. 27
4. 2 or 5 9. 9944 17. 360
1
5. 3 10. 1296 18. x = 2, y = -1

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X CBSE Mathematics – Polynomials

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.
1. Introduction – Basics Revisited

Polynomials comes from poly (meaning “many”) and nomial(in this case meaning
“term”)…so it says “many terms”.
A polynomial can have constants, variables and exponents, but never have a variable in the
denominator.
For example;(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 is polynomial in two variable which are a
and b. 1,3 are the coefficients in the polynomial.
Question 1. Write down the terms of(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 3𝑎2 𝑏separately and mention the
exponents of a and b in each term.
Properties of Coefficients, Variables and Exponents
• A polynomial can have any number of variables in it.

• Coefficients in a polynomial are real numbers.
• The power or exponents of the variable must be a non-negative integer.
• Variable cannot be as an exponent.
Question 2.Justify the statement, “all the polynomials are algebraic expressions but all the algebraic
expressions are not polynomials”. Give example.
2. Polynomials in one variable
Question 3. Define a polynomial in one variable and give its general form.

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Note: Algebraic expressions such as √𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 are not polynomials because, all
exponents of 𝑥 in terms of the expressions are not whole numbers.
Question 4. Identify the polynomials in given expressions. Write them below.

a. 2x 5 + 3x 5
f. 23x 6 + x 78 + 78
b. 25 g. 45x + x 45
0.5
c. x h. x −10 + y −9 + z −8
5.6 5 7
d. 2 x + 36.98x + 90
e. √3x 5
Hint: Exponents of ‘𝑥’ should be whole numbers.
a. Degree of a polynomial
Question 5. What is the degree of a polynomial?
Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of the term of highest degree in a given polynomial is known as
the leading coefficient.
Question 6. Can you write some examples of polynomial in one variable with degree-
a. 1- b. 2- c. 3- d. 0- e. 10-

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Question 7. Degree of any constant polynomial is _________.
Question 8.Degree of zeropolynomial is _________.
Polynomials in two variables are algebraic expressions consisting of terms in the form ax n y m .
Did you know?

The degree of each term in a polynomial
in two variables is the sum of the
exponents in each term and
the degree of the polynomial is the
largest such sum.
Question 9.
i. A polynomial of degree 1 is called _____________and its general form is ax + b, a ≠ 0

ii. A polynomial of degree 2 is called _____________and its general form is ax 2 + bx + c, a
≠0
iii. A polynomial of degree 3 is called_____________and its general form is ax 3 + bx 2 +
cx + d, a ≠ 0
Question 10.What is the value of 𝑎 if degree of polynomial 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑎−4 + 𝑥 2 + 1 is 4?
2. Zeros of a polynomial
a. Value of p(x) at x=k
If 𝑝(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, and if 𝑘 is any real number, then the value obtained by
replacing 𝑥 by 𝑘 in 𝑝(𝑥), is called the value of 𝑝(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑘, and is denoted by 𝑝(𝑘).
Question 11. Find the value of p(x) = 2x 5 – 5x 3 – 10x + 9 at x = 2.

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b. Zeros of a polynomial
A real number 𝑘 is said to be a zero of a polynomial 𝒑(𝒙), if 𝑝(𝑘) = 0. To find zeroes of

a polynomial we equate the polynomial to zero and solve the equation for the variable.
For example, to find zero of a linear polynomial, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, then 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏 = 0,

i.e.,𝑘 = −𝑏/𝑎
Thus, it can be said that the zero of the polynomial is associated with the coefficients of the
polynomial.
Did you know?
Zeroes of a polynomialp(x) is same as
the roots of the equationp(x) = 0.
Question 12. Can you find the zero of the polynomial:𝑥 2 − 7
Question 13.What is the deifference between zero polynomial and zero of a polynomial?
(i) Geometrical meaning of zero of a linear polynomial
Why are the zeros of a polynomial so important? It can be understood if we

represent the polynomial geometrically.
Consider a linear polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0.Denote the given polynomial

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑦then 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. This the linear polynomial in the two variables.Using
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 plot the points on the graph. You observe that the graph of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑦
intersects the x-axis at some point(s). The x-coordinates of these points are
nothing but ‘zeros of the polynomial’.

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For example, let us take an example of a linear polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 4.
Algebraically, 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
=> 𝑥 = _________
So, 𝑥 = ______ is the zero of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥)
Question 14. Plot 𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 4 on a graph sheet. Verify the zero is same as the above.

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In general, for a linear polynomial 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is
a straight line which intersects the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 at exactly one point, namely,
𝑏
(− 𝑎 , 0).
Therefore, the linear polynomial ax + b, a ≠ 0, has exactly one zero, namely

the x-coordinate of the point where the graph y = ax+b intersects the 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
(ii) Geometrical meaning of zero of a quadratic polynomial

For any quadratic polynomial 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, the graph of the
corresponding equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 has one of the two shapes either
open upwards or open downwards (see figure) depending on whether 𝑎 > 0
or 𝑎 < 0.
Figure 1 - Graph of quadratic polynomial
Following three cases can happen regarding the shapes of the graph of
y = ax 2 + bx + c
Case 1: The graph cuts the x-axis at two distinct points A and B
Figure 2: Graph of quadratic polynomial
The x-coordinates of A and B are the two zerosof ax 2 + bx + c.

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Case 2:
Question 15.What is the number of zeroes in figure 3?
Case 3: The graph doesn’t cut the x-axis. Either it lies completely above the
x-axis or below the x-axis.

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Question 16.What can you say about the number of zeroes in figure 4?
From the above, can we conclude a quadratic polynomial has atmost 2 zeros? ____________.
In general, a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥)of degree ‘𝑛’ has atmost ‘𝑛’ zeroes.
Did you know?

If the degree 𝑛 of a polynomial is even, then the arms of
the graph are either both up or both down. If 𝑛 is odd
then one arm is up and one is down.
Question 17. Find the value of b and c if a = 1 and the graphical representation of the polynomial
ax 2 + bx + c is as follows:

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3. Factorisation of Polynomials
a. Methods of Factorisation:
(i ) Taking out common factors
Question 18. Factorise :4𝑎2 – 8𝑎𝑏𝑐
(i) Factorise by grouping method
Question 19. Factorise :𝑥 2 + 𝑦– 𝑥𝑦– 𝑥
(ii) Trinomial of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 ± 𝑏𝑥 ± 𝑐 (Splitting middle term)
Question 20. Factorise :7 – 12𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
4. Algebraic Identities:
Question 21.Write the expansion of (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 . Using the identity factorise 4𝑥 2 – 12𝑥 + 9.

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Question 22.(𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏. Evaluate 99 × 106 without multiplying

directly.
Question 23. Complete the following table using algebraic identities

(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧
(𝑥 + 𝑦)3
(𝑥 − 𝑦)3
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(_____________________)
5. Relationship between zeroes and coefficients
a. Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of linear polynomial.
A linear polynomial of the form 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. If 𝑘 is the zero of 𝑃(𝑥), then,
𝑃(𝑘) = 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏 = 0
constant term
Zero of the polynomial, k=− = _________
coefficient of x
b. Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of quadratic polynomial.
In general, if α and β are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0,

then (𝑥 − α) and (𝑥 − β) are the factors of 𝑃(𝑥).
Then,
Sum of zeros,
coefficient of x
α+β=− = ________
coefficient of x 2
Product of zeros,
constant term
αβ = = _________
coefficient of x 2

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Question 24. Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeros is -7 and product of zeros is 12.
Helping Hand: A quadratic polynomial is, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠)𝑥 +
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠} 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
Or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽} 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Question 25. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial 5𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥 + 1 and 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 1, then find the
value of ‘𝑝’.

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Question 26. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4, find the
𝛼 𝛽 1 1
value of 𝛽
+ 𝛼
+ 2 (𝛼 + 𝛽) + 3𝛼 𝛽.
Question 27. α and β are the zeros of the polynomial x 2 + 3x − 8, can you find the values of-
α2 + β2 , α3 + β3 and α4 + β4 .
c. Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of cubic polynomial.

Consider the cubic polynomial P(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0. If α, β, and γ are
zeros of P(x), then,

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b
α+β+γ=−
a
c
αβ + βγ + αγ =
a
d
αβγ = −
a
Question 28. Two zeros of the polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6 are 2 and -1. Find the third zero
of 𝑃(𝑥).
6. Division Algorithm
If 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are any two polynomials with 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials 𝑞(𝑥)
and 𝑟(𝑥) such that
𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) × 𝒒(𝒙) + 𝒓(𝒙),
where 𝑟(𝑥) = 0 or degree of 𝑟(𝑥) < degree of 𝑔(𝑥)
This is known as division algorithm for polynomials.
Also the degree of 𝑟(𝑥) is less than that of 𝑔(𝑥) and in case where 𝑟(𝑥) = 0, it is said that
𝑔(𝑥) divides 𝑓(𝑥) completely and 𝑔(𝑥) is factor of 𝑓(𝑥).
If we have a polynomial of 𝑛 degree and we are aware of its one zero (say a) then, we can
find other zeros by dividing the polynomial by 𝑥 − 𝑎.
Let us consider an equation of degree 4 to understand polynomial division.

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4 3 2
Question 29. Divide 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 3 by 𝑥 − 1. Also, verify the relation Dividend =
Divisor × quotient + remainder.
Helping Hand: To do this, leading term of the dividend is divided by leading term of the divisor
𝑥4
i.e., = 𝑥3.
𝑥
This result is multiplied by the divisor i.e. 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 . Then this is subtracted from
the dividend, 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 3 − (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 3. Now again, this result is
treated as dividend and same steps are followed until the remainder 𝑟(𝑥) becomes zero or its
degree becomes less than that of the divisor.
Question 30. Divide 5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 6 by 𝑥 − 4 and write the quotient and remainder.

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Question 31. Verify whether 𝑔(𝑥) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 15
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3.
Question 32. Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6, if its two zeros are
3 3
−√ and √ .
2 2

33
1. Which expression is not polynomial?

A) x 3 + 4x 2 + 7x + 6 C) x −2 + x
B) −3x + 15x 4 + 4 D) 5
2 4
2. Find the leading coefficient of 3x + 7x − 8x − 5 = 0
A) 3 B) -8 C) 7 D) 5
3. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (k − 1) x2 + kx + 1 is −3, then find k.
6 2 4 1
A) 3 B) 3 C) 3 D) 3
4. Find the number of zeroes of polynomial whose curve is shown below
A) 6 C) 1
B) 5 D) Can’t determine
5. Find the zeroes of given polynomial x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x – 1.
A) 3, 2, 1 C) 1, 1, 1
B) 2, -1, 1 D) Can’t determine

6. Find the degree of 3x 6 + 2x 4 + 6.
7. Determine whether x=1 is a zero of the polynomial 3x 2 − 2x − 1.
8. If p and q are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + mx + n2 .Then find the value of
p2 + pq + q2 .
9. If α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial 2x 3 − 3x 2 + 6x + 1 then find the value of
4α2 + 4β2 + 4γ2 .
10. Find the sum and product of the zeroes of the polynomial x 2 – 6x + 5.
11. Find the sum and product of the zeroes of the polynomial x 2 − 25.
12. Write an expression for polynomial whose zeroes are 5,6.
13. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the number of
zeroes of p(x), in each case.
a.

34
b.
1 2
14. Determine whether x = − , x = are zeroes of the polynomial 6x 2 − x − 2.
2 3
15. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and 2,
respectively where the coefficient of x2 is 1.
16. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomials x2 – 2x -8 and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and the coefficients.
17. Show that if p, q, r are real, then the roots of the given equation will always be real.
x 2 − 2px + p2 − q2 − r 2 = 0
18. If α and β are the zeroes of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then find the quadtratic
polynomial whose zeroes are 2α + 3β , 3α + 2β.
19. What must be added to 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 so that the resulting polynomial
is divisible by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3.
20. What must be subtracted from 8𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8 so that the resulting
polynomial is exactly divisible by 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2.
Answer Keys:
1
1. 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 7. 𝑥 = − 3 13. 0, 1 19. 61𝑥 − 65
2 2 1 2
2. – 8 8. 𝑚 + 𝑛 14. −2,3 are zeroes 20. 14𝑥 − 10
4 2
3. 9. −15 15. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2
3
4. 5 10. 6, 5 16. 4, -2
5𝑏 6𝑏2 𝑐
5. 1, 1, 1 11. 0, - 25 18. 𝑘 {𝑥 2 + 𝑎
𝑥 + 𝑎2
+ 𝑎}
6. 6 12. 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 30

36
X CBSE Mathematics – Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables

proceed.
1. Basic Revisited
Question 1. What is a linear equation? Give an example.
You must have come across a situation like the one given below:
Pratik went to play balloon shooter game. He found that there are 5 different types of ballons
but according to game, one can shoot only two types of balloons. So, he started shooting
yellow and blue balloons. If he shoots yellow balloons, then he will get Rs. 2 and for blue
balloons, he will get Rs. 3. The total cash he had after the game was Rs. 20.So, how would
you find the total number of yellow balloons and blue balloons shot by Pratik.
Figure 1: Balloon shooter game
In figure 1, red balloons are represented as R, blue as B, yellow as Y, green as G and orange as O.
Question 2. Represent the above condition mathematically.

37
2. Pair of Linear Equations in Two variables
A linear equation which has two distinct variables is called linear equation in two variables.
For example: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Here, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the two variables. 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers.
Question 3. Now, can you tell the condition to ensure that an equation will actually remain a linear
equation in two variables?
Hint: Think of a condition which will actually allow both the variables to stay in the equation!!!
Question 4. Based on your understanding, can you try giving an example of linear equation in 5
variables?
Question 5. Consider the equation you formed in question 2, and find the values of variable(s).
Did all of you get the same answer?
What if we knew the number of blue balloons shot?
For all of you to get the same answer, we need two equations. So, we can conclude that, if we have
two variables, we need two equations in those variables to get a unique solution.
In general, the two equations can be taken as below
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

38
But, the question is, how to solve them and find the specific values of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦. To solve for the
variables, we use graphical or algebraic methods.
Did you know?

When the number of equations is same as the
numberof variables, it is likely to get a
solution. Not necessary but likely.
3. Graphical Solution of Linear Equations
The procedure of solving a system of linear equations in two variables by drawing their graphs is
known as the graphical method.
Question 6. Plot the graphs of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 ?
Such pair of equations is also called Consistent.

39

Question 7 .What is your observation from the graph? Can you derive any condition from the graph?
Question 8. Plot the graphs of2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12 ?
Question 9. What do you observe? Can you write the condition for such cases?
Such pair of equations is Dependent and Consistent.

40

Question 10. Plot the graph of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 10.
Question 11. What is your final observation? Can you think of any condition for this case?
Such pair of linear equations is Inconsistent.
4. Algebraic Solution of Linear Equations in Two Variable
We may not be able to solve all problems through graphical method since it is time
consuming and we may get solutions in fractions which are difficult to plot on the graph
5 2
like (3, 5), (√2, 3√2) etc. There is possibility of making mistake in plotting such point

41

and arriving at the answer. To overcome these limitations we have algebraic methods
of solving the equations.
In this type, we have three different methods for solving,
a. Substitution method
Substitution method can be applied as follows:
Step 1:Solve one of the equations for either x or y.
Step 2:Substitute the solution from step 1 into the other equation.
Step 3:Solve this new equation which is a linear equation in one variable.
Step 4:Solve for the second variable.
Question 12. Solve the given equations by substitution method.
2x + 3y = 5 and x + y = 5
b. Elimination method
As the name suggests, to solve a system of equations by elimination we transform the

system such that one variable "cancels out".

42

Question 13. Try and find the solution of 3x − y = 5 and x + y = 3 using elimination method.
c. Cross – multiplication method
Let the two equations be,
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 − − − (2)
Step i) Equation (1) is multiplied with 𝑏2 and Equation (2) by 𝑏1 .
𝑏2 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑏2 𝑐1 = 0 − − − (3)
__________________________________ − − − (4) [(2) × 𝑏1 ]
Step ii) Subtracting Equation (4) from (3):
(𝑏2 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑎2 )𝑥 + (𝑏2 𝑏1 − 𝑏1 𝑏2 )𝑦 + (𝑏2 𝑐1 − 𝑏1 𝑐2 ) = 0
⇒ (𝑏2 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑎2 )𝑥 = 𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1
𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑏 1𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎1 , given 𝑏2 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑎2 ≠ 0
2 1 1 2
Step iii) The value of 𝑥 obtained as such is substituted either in equation (1) or equation
(2).Hence, the value of𝑦 obtained is:
𝑦 = ______________________

43

The solution of the equations is given as:
𝑥 𝑦 1
= = − − − (5)
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑎2
Helping Hand: To memorize the method of cross multiplication, for solving linear equations in two
variables the following diagram is helpful.
Figure 2: Cross-multiplication method
Question 14. Can you find the solution of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 6 using cross-
multiplication method.
5. System Reducible to Linear Equations in Two variables

There are some pair of linear equations which are not linear but can be reduced to linear form
by making some suitable substitution.

44

Question 15. Solve the pair of equations :
1 1
2𝑥
+ 3𝑦 = 2
1 1 13
+ =
3𝑥 2𝑦 6
Word Problems:
In case of word problems, take the unknown as the variable. Re-read the whole question and
replacethe unknown with the variable. Thereafter, try to replace the whole question with
mathematicalstatement and equations and then try to solve them by the methods learnt till now.

45

Question 16. A man starts his job with a certain monthly salary and earns a fixed increment every
year. If his salary was Rs. 1500 after 4 years of service andRs. 1800 after 10 years of service, what
was his starting salary and what is the annual increment?
Question 17. I am three times as old as my son ‘s age. Five years later, I shall be two and a half times
as old as my son. How old am I and how old is my son?

46

Question 18. The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units if its length is reduced by 5 units
and breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and breadth by 2 units, the
area is increased by 67 square units. Can you determine the length and breadth of the rectangle?
Question 19. Solve the following system of equations:

8v – 3u = 5uv
6v – 5u = -2uv

48
1. The value of k for which the system of equations

kx – y = 2
6x – 2y = 3
has a unique solution, is
A) 3 B) ≠ 3 C) ≠ 0 D) 0
2. The pair of linear equations 2x + 5y = -11 and 5x + 15y = - 44 has:
A) Many solutions C) One solution
B) No solution D) Two solutions
3. The pair of equations y = 0 and y = -7 has:
A) One solution C) Infinite solution
B) Two solution D) No solution
4. If x = a, y = b is the solution of the equations x – y = 2 and x + y = 4, then find the value of a
and b.
A) 3 and 5
B) 5 and 3
C) 3 and 1
D) -1 and -3
5. 5 pens and 6 pencils together costs Rs 9 and 3 pens and 2 pencils cost Rs 5. Find the cost of 1
pen and 1 pencil.
3 1
A) Rs , Rs.
2 4
B) Rs. 1, Rs. 2
C) Rs 1.5, Rs. 2.5
D) None of these

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
6. For two equations 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0, 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 is the
2 2 2
condition for which type of graphical equation?
7. Does the graph of any linear equation always represent a straight line?
8. What can be the common solution of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?
9. If a pair of linear equation is inconsistent, then they have _______ solutions.
10. How many real solutions of 2𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 0 are possible?
11. The value of 𝑘 for which the system of equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 = 5 has a unique
solution?
12. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 = 𝑛 have unique solution, then can you find the relation between
the coefficients?
13. Solve the given pair of linear equations:
2𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
+ =2 , − =4
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

49

14. Solve for x and y:
3(2x +y) = 7xy
3(x + 3y) = 11xy
15. Solve the given pair of equations-
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥+2 − 3𝑦+1 = 5
16. Plot the graphs of 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 9 = 0 on a graph sheet.

17. Does (–1, 2) lie on the linear equation 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ?
18. Solve for x and y:
a(x+y) +b(x-y) = a2 –ab + b2
a(x+y) – b(x-y) = a2 + ab + b2
19. X takes 3 hours more than Y to walk 30 km. But, if X doubles his pace, he is ahead of Y by 1.5
hours. Find their speed of walking.
20. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the tain would have been 6 km/hr
faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower
by 6 km/hr, it would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the
journey.
Answer Keys
−3
1. ≠ 3 6. Dependent & consistent 11. k ≠ 17. Yes
2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏2
2. One solution 7. Yes 12. 𝑙
≠𝑚 18. x = 2𝑎;
2𝑎 2 +𝑏2
y= 2𝑎
−𝑐 10
3. No solution 8. x = 𝑎
13. x = 2a, y = -2b 19. 3
km/hr;5km/hr
3
4. 3 and 1 9. No 14. x = 0, y = 0; x = 1, y = 2 20. 720 km
3 1
5. Rs , Rs. 10. Infinite 15. x = 3; y = 2
2 4

©BYJU’S.
51
X CBSE Mathematics – Triangles

proceed.
1. Introduction:
Question 1.Observe the following figures. Write down your observations.
Figure 1:Stars Figure 2:Stars
2. Similar Figures
Question 2. What are congruent figures?
Question 3. What are similar figures?
NOTE: Any two circles are always similar, but they are congruent only when they have equal radii.
Similar figures can be obtained by zooming in or zooming out the figure.

52

Question 4.All congruent figures are similar but all similar figures need not be congruent. Explain.
3. Similarity of Triangles
Two triangles are said to be similar if
(i) Their corresponding angles are equal

(ii) Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio or proportional.
Figure 3: Triangles
ΔABC and ΔDEF are similar if
(i) ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
(ii) = =
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐷𝐹
Note: Triangles are special polygons. In case of triangles, if either of the two conditions given
above holds, then the other holds automatically.
In similar triangles, it is very important to identify the corresponding angles and corresponding
sides.

53
Did you know?

If two similar triangles have a scale factor of
a: b,i.e., the ratio of their corresponding sides is
a: b, then the ratio of their perimeters is a: b.
Note :The same ratio of the corresponding sides is referred to as the scale factor (or the
representative fraction) for the polygons.
a. Basic proportionality Theorem
Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, to intersect the other
two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
Given: ΔABC in which a line parallel to BC intersects AB at D and AC at E.

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To prove: 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
Construction: Join BE, CD and draw EF⊥AB, DN ⊥ AC
Figure 6: BPT
1
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐴𝐷𝐸) ×𝐴𝐷×𝐸𝐹 𝐴𝐷
Proof: We have 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐵𝐷𝐸) = 12 = 𝐵𝐷 … (1)
×𝐵𝐷×𝐸𝐹
2
Similarly,
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐴𝐷𝐸)
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐶𝐷𝐸)
= _____________ = ______ … (2)
But area (ΔBDE) = area (ΔCDE) … (3)

54

Question 5. Why is area (ΔBDE) = area (ΔCDE)?
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐴𝐷𝐸) 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐴𝐷𝐸)

∴𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐵𝐷𝐸) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝛥𝐶𝐷𝐸) … (4)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
Hence, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 [From (1), (2), and (4)]
Question 6. If in ΔABC, a line parallel to BC intersects other two sides AB and AC at D and E
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
respectively, then prove that 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐴𝐶 .

55

Question 7. If a line intersects any two sides of a triangle in equal ratio, then prove that the line is
parallel to the third side.
Hint: Converse of Basic proportionality theorem

56

Question 8.Any point X inside ΔDEF is joined to its vertices.From a point P in DX, PQ is drawn
parallel to DE meeting XE at Q and QR is drawn parallel to EF meeting XF in R. Prove that PR ǁ DF.
Figure 5

57

b. Criteria for Similarity of Two Triangles
(i) AA similarity criterion:
Figure 6: Triangles
In the given triangles,
∠S = ∠___ =100°;
∠R = ∠___ =55°;
∠T = ∠Z =___
If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, then corresponding sides are
proportional and hence the triangles are similar.
∴ ΔSRT ~ΔXYZ
Note: If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle,
then by the angle sum property of a triangle their third angles will also be equal. Hence, AA
similarity criterion is same as AAA similarity criterion

58
(ii) SSS similarity criterion:
Figure 7: Triangles

𝐾𝑀 𝑀𝐿 𝐾𝐿
𝑅𝑃
= ______, 𝑃𝑄
=________, 𝑅𝑄
=________
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then their corresponding
angles are equal and hence the triangles are similar.
∴ΔKML ~ΔRPQ
(iii) SAS similarity criterion:
Figure8: Triangles

59

∠C = ∠_____
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
= _______, =________.
𝐷𝐹 𝐸𝐹
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional, then the triangles are similar.
∴ΔACB ~ΔDFE
(iv) RHS similarity criterion:
Figure 9: Triangles
In the given right triangles,

𝑃𝑂 𝑂𝑁
𝐻𝐽
=_______ , 𝐽𝐼
=_________.
If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are proportional to
the hypotenuse and corresponding side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are
similar.
∴ΔPNO ~ΔHIJ
Question 9. In figure, AD and CE are two altitudes of ΔABC. Prove that:
Figure 10

60

(i) ΔAEF ~ ΔCDF
(ii) ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
(iii) ΔAEF ~ ΔADB
(iv) ΔFDC~ ΔBEC
𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 1
Question 10 .In figure, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐷 = 2 and AB = 5 cm. Find the value of CD.
Figure 11

61
Question 11. A vertical flagpole casts a shadow 12 feet long at the same time that a nearby vertical
post 8 feet casts a shadow 3 feet long. Find the height of the flagpole in feet.
4. Areas of Triangles

62
Theorem: The ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
their corresponding sides.
Given: ΔABC and ΔPQR such that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐶𝐴2

To prove: 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑃2
Construction: Draw AD ⊥ BC and PS ⊥ QR
Figure 12:Triangles ABC and PQR
1
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 ×𝐵𝐶×𝐴𝐷
Proof: 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅
= 21
×𝑄𝑅×𝑃𝑆
2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶
∴ = _________ … (1)
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅
In ΔADB and ΔPSQ

∠B = ∠Q [Why? __________________________________________]
∠ADB = ∠PSQ = _________
∴ ΔADB ~ ΔPSQ (_______ similarity)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵
Consequently, 𝑃𝑆
= 𝑃𝑄 … (2)
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
But = (∵ ΔABC ~ ΔPQR)
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐶
=
𝑃𝑆 𝑄𝑅
… (3) [from (2)]
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅
= 𝑄𝑅 × 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄𝑅2 … (4) [from (1) and (3)]
As ΔABC ~ΔPQR ,
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴
∴𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑅𝑃 … (5)

63
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
∴ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝑃𝑄𝑅 =𝑄𝑅2 = ____ = ____ [from (4) and (5)]
Question 12 .If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then prove that the similar triangles are
congruent.

64

Question 13. In two similar triangles, if the length of one side of a triangle is 1.2 cm and
corresponding side of another triangle is 1.4 cm. What is the ratio of areas of these triangles?
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝛥𝑄𝑂𝑅
Question 14 .In figure, MN ǁ QR, and PM: MQ = 8: 5. Find 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝛥𝑀𝑂𝑁
.
Figure 7:ΔPQR

65

66

Question 15 .D, E, F are mid points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of a ΔABC. Determine
the ratio of areas of ΔDEF and ΔABC.
Did you know?

When the mid points of the sides of a triangle
are joined, four congruent triangles are formed.These
triangles are congruent so, their areas will be equal .
The area of one small triangle will be
1
(area of the original triangle).
4
5. Pythagoras Theorem
Fact which is used to prove Pythagoras theorem: In a right angled triangle, if a

perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse, then the triangles
on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each other.
Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
Given: A right ΔABC right angled at B.
To prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Construction: Draw BD ⊥ AC

67
Figure 14:Triangle ABC
Proof:
ΔADB ~ ΔABC [∵∠D = ∠B = 90° and ∠A = ∠A (common)]

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵
∴𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 (Sides are proportional)
⇒ AB2 = AD × AC … (1)
Also, ΔCDB ~ ΔCBA
Question 16. Explain how ΔCDB ~ ΔCBA?
𝐶𝐷 𝐵𝐶
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 (Sides are proportional)
⇒ BC2 = CD × CA … (2)
Adding (1) and (2)
AB2 + BC2 = ____________
= AC (AD + CD)
= ______= _____

68
Did you know?

Pythagoras theorem was earlier given by an
Indian mathematician Baudhayan as “The diagonal
of a rectangle produces by itself the same
areas produced separately by its both sides.”
Figure 8: Visualisation of the above 'Did you know'
Question 17 .If in a triangle the square of a side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides, then prove that it will be a right-triangle.
Hint: The above statement is the converse of Pythagoras theorem.

69
Question 18 . In ΔABC, if AD ⊥ BC, prove that AB2 + CD2 = BD2 + AC2.
Question 19. If ΔABC is an obtuse angled triangle at B and if AD is perpendicular to CB produced,

prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 (BC.BD).

70
Applications of similarity of triangles in day-to-day life:
1. In architecture, similar triangles are used to represent doors and how far they swing open.
2. It is used in aerial photography to see the distance from the sky to the ground.
3. You can use similar triangles for a variety of things. You can use it to find an objects shadow
or you can use it to get an objects height.
4. In the movie “Shadows and Fog”(is a 1991 American black-and-white comedy thriller), a
shadow of a larger-than-life figure appears on the wall.
Figure 9: A still from Shadow and fog
They use the concept of similar triangle property of geometry and estimate the position of light to
attain thathuge shadow and create the special effect.

72
1. A vertical stick 40 m long casts a shadow 20 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower
casts a shadow 50 m long on the ground. The height of the tower is :
A. 100m C. 40 m
B. 50 m D. 20 m
2. Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 3: 2. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio:
A. 3: 2 C. 9 : 4
B. 4: 9 D. None of these
3. In an equilateral triangle ABC, if AD is perpendicular, then
A. 2AB2 = 3AD2 C. 3AB2 = 4AD2
B. 4AB2 = 3AD2 D. 3AB2 = 2AD2
4. Two isosceles triangles have equal angles and their areas are in the ratio 16:25. The ratio of their
corresponding heights is:
A. 4:5 C. 3:2
B. 5:4 D. 5:7
5. If ∆ABC and ∆DEF are similar such that 2AB = DE and BC = 8cm, then EF
A. 16 cm C. 8 cm
B. 12 cm D. 4 cm
6. If DE ǁ BC, then find ‘x’ in the given figure.
Figure 1: Δ ABC
7. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 81 cm and 63 cm respectively. If one side of the
first triangle be 18 cm, what is the corresponding side of the smaller triangle?
8. In the given figure PQ ǁ AB, express ‘x’ in terms of a, b and c.

73
Figure 2: Δ ABC
9. In the figure, PQ ǁ SR and if OP = 2x – 5, OQ = x – 5, OR = x -4 and OS = 2, then ‘x’ is equal

to
Figure 3: Trapezium PQRS
10. In the figure, EF ǁ AB ǁ DC. Prove that AE × FC = ED × BF.
Figure 4: Trapezium ABCD

74
11. Find the value of BD in the given figure.
Figure 5: Δ ABC
12. Let ABC be a triangle and D and E be two points on side AB such that AD = BE. If DP ǁ BC and
EQ ǁ AC, prove that PQ ǁ AB.
13. In figure, if ΔADE ~ΔABC, AD = AE, then prove that ΔBED ≅ΔCDE.
Figure 6: Δ ABC
14. In figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles ΔABC with AB = AC. If AD ⊥ BC and
EF ⊥ AC, prove that ΔABD ~ ΔECF.
Figure 7: Δ ABC
15. If two sides and a median bisecting one of these sides of a triangle are respectively proportional to
the two sides and the corresponding median of another triangle then prove that the triangles are
similar.

75
16. Prove that the line segments joining the midpoints of the adjacent sides of a quadrilateral form a
parallelogram.
17. Two towers of heights 5 m and 13 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between their feet is
6 m, find the distance between their tops.
18. In ΔABC, D is the midpoint of BC and ED is the bisector of ∠ADB and EF is drawn parallel to
BC cutting AC in F. Prove that ∠EDF is a right angle.
19. Equilateral triangles are drawn on the sides of a right angled triangle. Show that the area of the
triangle on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of triangles on the other two sides.
20. In figure, PB and QA are perpendicular to segment AB. If PO = 5 cm, QO = 7 cm and area of
ΔPOB = 150 cm2, find the area of ΔQOA.
Figure 8
Keys
1. A. 100 m 12. Hint : Try to prove DPQB is a

2. C. 9 : 4 parallelogram.
3. C. AB2 = 4AD2 13. ---
4. A. 4 : 5 14. Hint : Try to prove ∆ABD ~∆ECF by AA
5. A. EF = 16 cm similarity.
6. 𝑥 = 2.5 15. ---
7. 𝑥 = 7 cm 16. ---
𝑎𝑐
8. 𝑥 = 𝑐+𝑏 17. Dist = 10 m
18. ---
9. 𝑥 = 10 or 3
19. ---
10. Hint : Apply B.P.T for ∆ADC and ∆CAB.
20. area of ΔQOA = 294 cm2.
11. BD = 13.5 cm

77
X CBSE Mathematics – Introduction to Trigonometry

proceed.
1. Introduction
a. How can you find the height of any tower, without climbing on it?
b. Is there any way to calculate the elevation of an aeroplane flying above your house, if you
have other measurements?
c. Can you calculate the height of the building, being at the roof?
Trigonometry is composed of two words: ‘Trigon’ which means ‘triangle’ and ‘meteron’ which
means ‘to measure’. Combined it means measurements of sides or angles of a triangle and that is what
trigonometry is all about.
2. Trigonometric ratios
Question 1: Consider a right angled ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 right angled at B. Write all the possible ratios of the sides
of the given right angled triangle.
Figure 1: A right angled triangle

78
Now that you have all the possible ratios, these ratios are given specific names with respect to
a reference angle, which is ∠C here. W.r.t. ∠C, let’s call side 𝑝 as opposite (𝑜) and side 𝑏 as
adjacent (𝑎).
𝒐 𝒂
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑪 = ____________
𝒉 𝒉
𝒐 𝒉
= ____________ = ____________
𝒂 𝒐
𝒉
= ____________ = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪
𝒂
For the convenience these are referred as sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec and cot.
These are the ratios of a right angled triangle which relate the angles of triangle to the lengths
of its sides.
Helping Hand : The three basic ratios can be easily remembered using a simple trick. We know that
in right angled triangle 3 sides are known as opposite(O), Adjacent(A) and Hypotenuse(H)
Figure 2: Short-cut
So, ratios can be remembered OH-AH-OA which are sin, cos and tan respectively.
Another method to remember facts and relationship in trigonometry is:

Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse
Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent
You can remember is as: “Some Old Houses Can Always Hide Their Old Age”
Fun Activity: Let’s check your understanding of Trigonometric ratios with this activity.

79
Figure 3: Activity
a. Reciprocal Relations:
Write the ratios of sin 𝐶 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐶 from above ratios you have written and try to relate the
ratios.
𝑜 1
sin 𝐶 = = ℎ = _____________
ℎ
𝑜
Can we conclude that sin 𝐶 is ___________ of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐶.

80
Question 2: Write the remaining reciprocal relations.
b. Quotient Relations:
Divide the ratios sin 𝐶 and cos 𝐶,
𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 ℎ
= 𝑎 = _____ = ______
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶
ℎ
Question 3: Do you find any other similar relation?
Note: The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the lengths of the sides of the
triangle, if the angle remains the same.
Let us understand this through the given figure:
Figure 4: ∆PQR
From the figure, In ∆𝐴𝐵𝑅
sin 𝜃 =
and in ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅,

81
3
sin 𝜃 = =
5
Question 4: Find all trigonometric ratios of ∠A and ∠C, based on the given figure.
Figure 5: ∆ABC
Did you know?

The modern sine convention is first mentioned
in the Surya Siddhanta, and its properties were
further documented by Indian astronomer
and mathematician Aryabhata.

82
3. Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles.
We can find the ratios of some standard angles like 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° and 0°.
You can take help from the given two triangles, for finding the ratios of specific angles, 45°,
30°and 60°.
Figure 10: Trigonometric ratios of specific angles
For the angles 0° and 90°, you can take the help of unit circle.
Figure 11: Unit circle

83
𝜽 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°
sin 𝜽
cos 𝜽
tan 𝜽
cosec 𝜽
sec 𝜽
cot 𝜽
Helping Hand: Following table can be used as a cheat sheet to remember the above values:
𝜃 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
0 1 1 2 1 3 √3 4
√ =0 √ = √ = √ = √ =1
4 4 2 4 √2 4 2 4
The values of cos 𝜃 can be obtained by writing the 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 values in reverse order.
The values of tan 𝜃 can be obtained by dividing 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 by cos 𝜃.
Remaining rows can be obtained by using the reciprocal relations.
Did you know?
The trigonometry emerged in the Hellenistic world

during the 3rd century BC from applications of
geometry to astronomical studies.

84

Question 5: Given that sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, find the value of sin 75∘.
5 sin2 30∘ +cos2 45∘ −4 tan2 30∘

Question 6: Find the value of : 2 sin 30∘ cos 30∘ +tan 45∘
√3
Question 7: If sin (A + B) = 1 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2
, 0∘ < 𝐴 + 𝐵 ≤ 90∘ , 𝐴 > 𝐵 then find A and B.

85

Question 8: Evaluate:
4(sin4 30∘ + cos 2 60∘ ) − 3(cos2 45∘ − sin2 90∘ ) − sin2 60∘
4. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
Question 9: What are complementary angles?
In a right angled triangle, one angle is 90° and the remaining angles are complementary to each
other. Let us find out the relation of trigonometric ratios with complementary angles.
Figure 8: Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
Consider ∠C = θ, then ∠A = ________.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = _____ and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 = ______

86
Question 10: What can you conclude from the above values? Write the remaining similar relations.
Question 11: Now, can you figure out why we wrote trigonometric ratios of cosine in the reverse
order of trigonometric ratios of sine in the 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡?
Did you know?

The 3rdcentury astronomers first noted that, if at least
the length of one side and the value of one angle of a right triangle
is known, then all other angles and lengths can be determined.

87

Question 12: Find the value of the given expression: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝜃) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡(90° − 𝜃).
Question 13: In figure 6, can you find the value of the given expression?
𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
+ (𝐴 ≠ 0)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝐴)
Question 14: Evaluate:
a) sin 39∘ − cos 51∘
sin 36∘ sin 54∘

b) cos 54∘ − cos 36∘
c) cot 34∘ − tan 56∘
cot 54∘ tan 20∘

d) tan 36∘ + cot 70∘ − 2

88

5. Trigonometric Identities :
You know that an equation is called an identity when it is true for all values of variables
involved in it. Similarly, in trigonometry we have few identities that are true for all values of
angles. I hope you remember Pythagoras theorem,
Figure 9: Trigonometric identities
In ΔABC,
𝑜 2 + 𝑎2 = _____ ….(1)
Question 15: Write the result we get on dividing equation (1) by ℎ2 (in terms of sine, cosine).
Question 16: Write the results we get on dividing equation (1) by 𝑎2 and 𝑜 2 , respectively.
Note: For the above identities, remember that the value of 𝜃 lies between 0o and 90o (including both).

89
Question 17: Find the value of 𝑥.

a) tan 𝑥 = sin 45∘ cos 45∘ + sin 30∘
b) 2 sin 3𝑥 = √3
Question 18: Prove the following trigonometric identities:

(1 + sin 𝜃)2 + (1 − sin 𝜃)2 1 + sin2 𝜃
= 2 ( )
cos2 𝜃 1 − sin2 𝜃

90
Question 19: Prove the following trigonometric identities:
(1 + tan2 𝜃)(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 1
Question 20: Prove the following identities:
(i) cos 4 𝐴 − cos2 𝐴 = sin4 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
(ii) cot 4 𝐴 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝐴 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
(iii) sin4 𝐴 + cos 4 𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
(iv) sin4 𝐴 − cos4 𝐴 = sin2 𝐴 − cos2 𝐴 = 2 sin2 𝐴 − 1 = 1 − 2 cos 2 𝐴
(v) sin6 𝐴 + cos6 𝐴 = 1 − 3 sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
(vi) sec 4 𝐴 − sec 2 𝐴 = tan4 𝐴 + tan2 𝐴

91

92
𝑝2 −1
Question 21: If sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = 𝑝, show that 𝑝2 +1 = sin 𝜃
Applications of Trigonometry in day-to-day life:
1. Much of architecture and engineering relies on triangular supports. When you drive across a
suspension bridge, you are benefiting from trigonometry, which an engineer used to calculate
the correct length of support cables, the height of support towers, and the angle between the
two.
2. Trigonometry plays a major role in musical theory and production. Sound waves travel in a
repeating wave pattern, which can be represented graphically by sine and cosine functions.
3. Electrical engineers use trigonometry to model this flow and change of direction, with the
sine function used to model voltage.
4. Engineers rely on trigonometric relationships to determine the sizes and angles of mechanical
parts used in machinery, tools and equipment.

94
1. The value of cot 85° is equal to

A. cot 5° C. tan85°
B. tan 5° D. None of these
cos 37°
2. The value of sin 53° is
A. 2 B. 1 C. -1 D. 0
3. The value of cos1°cos 2°cos 3°……..cos 180° is
A. 1 C. -1
B. 0 D. None of these
4. The value of cot12°cot38°cot52°cot 60°cot 78°
1
A.
√3
1
B. 2
C. √3
3
D.
2
6. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 and 9𝜃 < 90°, find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡5𝜃.
(4sin θ – cosӨ)
7. If 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛Ө = 3, then find the value of
(4sin θ +cosӨ)
8. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑝 , evaluate (𝑝2 − 1)/(𝑝2 + 1)
2 2 2 2
9. If 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑏, prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
2 2
10. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑚 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑛, show that 𝑚 – 𝑛 = 4√𝑚𝑛
cosA cosA
11. If = m and = n , show that (𝑚2 + 𝑛2)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐵 = 𝑛2
cosB sinB
12. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°, then find the value of x.
13. If θ is an acute angle and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, find the value of 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 – 1.
14. If 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴, Prove that 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2.
1
15. Prove that (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ө+𝑐𝑜𝑡 Ө
16. Evaluate the following : 𝑠𝑖𝑛225° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛265° +
√3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛5° 𝑡𝑎𝑛15° 𝑡𝑎𝑛30° 𝑡𝑎𝑛75°𝑡𝑎𝑛85°)
17. Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + sec 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃
18. If t𝑎𝑛 Ө + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ө = 𝑚 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ө – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ө = 𝑛, show that 𝑚2 – 𝑛2 = 4√𝑚𝑛
𝑝2 − 1
19. If 𝑠𝑒𝑐 Ө + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ө = 𝑝, show that 𝑝2 + 1
= sin Ө
sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃
20. Prove that 1−cos 𝜃 + 1+cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
sin 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
20. Prove that 1+cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
21. Prove that =2+
cot 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 cot 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
Answer Keys:
1
1. tan 5∘ 6. 2
2. 1 7. cos 𝐴
3. 0 11. 30∘
1
4. 3 12. 3
√
5. 1 15. 2

96
X CBSE Mathematics - Statistics

proceed.
1. Introduction
Figure 12: Cricket match score
Have you ever noticed above kind of information comes in TV during cricket matches?
How are they getting the past details of different players?
Statistics is around us. It would be difficult to go without using statistics. Without statistics
we cannot plan our budgets, pay our taxes, enjoy games, evaluate performance of a class
room etc.
‘Statistics’ is used in two senses; both singular and plural. In singular, it refers to a subject
which deals with statistical principles and methods. In plural, it refers to the numerical data
collected in an organized manner with some definite object in view, in any field of enquiry.
Did you Know?

Computer models are built using statistics that
compare prior weather conditions with current weather to
predict future weather.

97

2. Mean of grouped data
Question 1.What is mean (average)?
a. Mean of ungrouped data
Question 2.𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑛 is denoted as _________________.
Question 3. Mean of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … 𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑛 is expressed as _________________.
Did you know?

If each observation is increased/decreased/multiplied
Or divided by a quantity ′a′, then their mean is also
increased/decreased/multiplied/divided by ′a′.
Question 4.If mean of 5 observations x, x+2, x+4 x+6 and x+8 is 11, then find the mean of the first
four observations.
If x1 , x2 , . . . , xn are observations with respective frequenciesf1 , f2 , . . . , fn , then this means

observationx1 occurs f1 times, x2 occurs f2 times, and so on.
Now, the sum of the values of all the observations = f1 x1 + f2 x2 + . . . + fn xn , and sum of the
number of observations = f1 + f2 + . . . + fn. So, the mean x of the data is given by
∑ni=1 fi xi
x̅ =
∑ni=1 fi

98

Question 5. Find the mean of the following data.
xi 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
fi 13 15 16 18 16 15 13
Solution:
𝐱𝐢 𝐟𝐢 𝐱𝐢 𝐟𝐢
19 13 247
21 15
23 16
25 18 450
27 16
29 15
31 13 403
Total ∑ fi = ∑ fi x i =
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ___
𝑥̅ = = = _____
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 ___
b. Mean of grouped data
Question 6. What if we have large data?
(i) Direct Method of Finding Mean:
First, convert the data into grouped data by forming class-intervals of

convenient width.For each class-interval, we require a point which would serve

99

as the representative of the whole class. It is assumed that the frequency of
each class-interval is centered around its mid-point. So the mid-point (or class
mark) of each class can be chosen to represent the observations falling in the
class.
Upper class limit + Lower class limit

Class Mark =
2
Next, same steps as ungrouped data to be followed to find the mean.
Question 7. Calculate the mean of the following frequency distribution.
Marks 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80
No. of 6 8 13 7 3 2 1
students
Marks Mid-value (𝐱𝐢 ) No. of students 𝐱𝐢 𝐟𝐢

10 – 20 15 6
20 – 30 25 8
30 – 40 13
40 – 50 7
50 – 60 3
60 – 70 2
70 – 80 1
Total N = ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = ∑ fi x i =
(ii) Assumed Mean Method:

100

Question 8. What if it is difficult to calculate the product of fi and xi?
Steps to be followed:
• Choose arandom constant 𝑎 (also called assumed mean).
[Try to choose the middle value of the data, since the data is arranged in order the
middle value would be nearer to the actual mean]
• Subtract 𝑎 from each xi which is denoted as di .
[‘d’ is the deviation of each value from assumed mean]
• Find the product of di and corresponding fi , then find ∑ fi di .
∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
• Find mean of the deviations, 𝑑̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖 .
• Find the actual mean, x̅ = d ̅ + a.
Question 9. Find the mean of the following data.
xi 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
fi 23 25 27 29 27 25 23
Solution: Let the assumed mean a = 13
𝐱𝐢 𝐟𝐢 𝐝𝐢 = 𝐱𝐢 − 𝐚 𝐟𝐢 𝐝𝐢
4 23 -9
7 25 -150
10 27
13 29 0
16 27
19 25
22 23 +207
∑ 𝐟𝐢 = ∑ 𝐟𝐢 𝐝𝐢 =

101
(iii) Step deviation method
• First 2 steps are same as assumed mean method
• Choose a common factor(h) in di’s and divide all di’s by the common factor, which
gives you ui.
• Find the product of uiand correspondingfi(fiui)then find ∑ fi ui
∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
• Find mean of the deviations, 𝑢̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
• Find the actual mean, x̅ = a + hu̅
Note: The step-deviation method will be convenient to apply if all the di’s have a common
factor.
Question 10. The frequency distribution of marks in science is given in the table. Find the mean by step
deviation method.
Marks 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
No. of 15 50 80 76 72 45 39 9 8 6
students
Solution: Let the assumed mean, a = 25.
h = 10 – 5 = 15 – 10 = ….. = 50 – 45 = 5
Marks (xi ) No. of students (fi ) xi − a xi − a fi ui

ui =
h
5 15 -20
10 20 -3
15 80 -160
20 76
25 72
30 45
35 39
40 9 27
45 8 4
50 6 25
Total N= ∑ fi u i =

102
3. Mode of grouped data

Remember how you found out mode in ungrouped data?
In grouped data, mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often, that is, the
value of the observation having the maximum frequency.
Did you know?

It is possible that more than one value may have
the same maximum frequency. In such situations,
the data is said to be multimodal.
a. Modal class: Class with the maximum frequency, called the modal class. The mode is a value
inside the modal class.
f1 − f0
Mode = l + ( )×h
2f1 − f0 − f2
Where, l = lower limit of the modal class.

h = Size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal)
f1 = Frequency of the modal class
f0 =Frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 =Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
Question11.Find the mode of the following grouped data.
Seconds Frequency
50 – 55 2
55 – 60 7
60 – 65 8
65 – 70 4

103

3. Median of grouped data
Question 12.Remember the method you used to find the median of ungrouped data?
Question 13. Find the median of 25, 16, 26, 16, 32, 31, 19, 28, 35.
To find the median of grouped data, first we should learn about cumulative frequency.
a. Cumulative Frequency:
Cumulative frequency of a class interval is the sum of frequencies of all classes up to that
class including the frequency of that particular class.
Question 14. Construct a cumulative frequency distribution table from the frequency table given
below.
Class Interval Frequency C.F

0–8 8
8 – 16 12
16 – 24 10
24 – 32 8
32 – 40 5

104

Question 15. Find the median of the following data.
Marks Obtained Frequency Cumulative frequency

10 1
20 1
36 3
40 4
50 3
56 2
60 4
70 4
72 1
80 1
88 2
92 3
95 1
Total number of observations = ______

Median =
Cumulative frequency distribution of the ‘less than’ type
Question 16. Complete the following cumulative distribution of the ‘less than’ type of the following
data.
Marks Number of students

0 – 10 8
10 – 20 12
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 8
40 – 50 5
Marks obtained Number of students (Cumulative frequency)

Less than 10
Less than 20
Less than 30
Less than 40
Less than 50
i) Cumulative frequency distribution of the ‘more than’ type

105

Question 17. Complete the following cumulative distribution of the ‘more than’ type of the following
data.
Marks Number of students

0 – 10 8
10 – 20 12
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 8
40 – 50 5
Marks obtained Number of students (Cumulative frequency)

More than or equal to 0
b. Median of the grouped data
Preparing a cumulative frequency distribution table is the first step in calculating the
median of the grouped data. To calculate the median either the more than or less than
cumulative frequency is used.
In a grouped data, we may not able to find the middle observation by looking at the
𝑛
cumulative frequencies. Find the cumulative frequencies of all the classes and find 2 .
𝑛
Locate the class whose cumulative frequency is greater than and nearest to . This is
2
median class of the group.
The median for the grouped data is given by,
n
− cf
2
Median = l + ( )×h
f
Where,
l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).
Median class: class containing the middles score or scores.

106

Question 18. Find the median of the following data.
Number of trees planted (class- Number of schools (Frequency Cumulative frequency (cf)
interval) f)
5 – 25 12
25 – 45 8
45 – 65 14
65 – 85 20
85 – 105 6
c. Which is more appropriate? Mean, Mode or Median.
All three are measures of central tendency.
Question 19. Below are a few situations. Based on the situation suggest which measure of central
tendency is suitable.
i. To find the most popular T.V. program being watched.
ii. To calculate the average marks of class X.
iii. To find average wage in a country.
Did you know?

There is an empirical relationship between
The three measures of central tendency:
3Median = Mode + 2Mean

107

Helping Hand: A easy way to remember this formula;
The words, median and mean start with ‘me’ and you could apply the following relation to these words.
Observe the number of letters in the word median – 6 letters
6
Median has 2 = 3 as its numerical coefficient.
The numbers of letters in the word mean = 4
4
Mean has 2 = 2 as its numerical coefficient.
The coefficient in LHS is equal to the sum of coefficients in RHS.
Question 20. Given Median = 20.6, Mode = 26. Find Mean.
4. Ogive Curves
Cumulative frequencies of a distribution can also be charted on a graph. The curve that results by
plottingcumulative frequencies and class-intervals is called the Ogive Curve.
Did you know?

The term ‘ogive’ is derived from the word ogee. An
ogee is a shape consisting of a concave arc flowing into
a convex arc, so forming a S-shaped curve.
The cumulative frequency graph can be plotted in two ways:
i) To plot the ogive of less than type, the upper class limit is represented on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
the cumulative frequency is represented on the𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. The points are then plotted according
to given data set and then these points are joined by free hand smooth curve. The curve so
obtained gives cumulative frequency distribution graph of less than type.
Question 21 : Consider the following cumulative frequency distribution table which gives the number
of participants in any level of essay writing competition according to their age:
Table 1: Cumulative Frequency distribution table of less than type
Level of Age Group Age group Numberof Cumulative

Essay (class interval) participants Frequency
(Frequency)
Level 1 10-15 Less than 15 20

108

Plot corresponding points according to table 1.
Graph 1: Cumulative Frequency Graph of less than type
ii) To plot the ogive of more than type, the lower class limit is plotted on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 andthe
cumulative frequency is represented on the𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. The curve so obtained gives cumulative
frequency distribution graph of more than type.
Question 22. Consider the same cumulative frequency distribution table, which gives the number of
participants in any level of essay writing competition according to their age. Plot the more than type
graph.
Table 2: Cumulative Frequency distribution table of more than type
Level of Age Group Number of

Essay (class interval) Age group participants Cumulative
(Frequency) Frequency
Level 1 10-30 More than 10 20 100
Level 2 15-30 32
Level 3 20-30 18
Level 4 25-30 30

109
Graph 2: Cumulative Frequency Graph of more than type
The median can be found out by drawing both types of cumulative frequency distribution curves on
the same graph. The value of 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒of the point of intersection of both the curves gives the
median of the given set of data and the class interval in which the median lies is the median class. For
the given table 1, the median can be calculated as shown:
Graph 3: Median using cumulative frequency graph
Note :Cumulative frequency distribution curve(or ogive) of more than type is not the reverse of
Cumulative frequency distribution curve(or ogive) of less than type

110

Question 23. The heights of 100 girls are given in the following table. Find median by drawing
ogive(s) and verify by using formula.
Height 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 170-180

No. of girls 12 26 40 12 6 4

112
X CBSE Mathematics – Statistics
1. A Batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his average by 3.
Find his average after 17 innings.
A) 36 B) 51 C) 39 D) 54
2. The difference between the maximum and the minimum value of observations in a data-set is
called:
A) Class interval C) Range
B) Frequency D) Deviation
3. Which of the following is the relation between mean, median and mode?
2
A) Median = Mode + [Mean + Mode]
3
2
B) Median = Mode + 3 [Mean – Mode]
2
C) Median = Mode - 3 [Mean + Mode]
2
D) Median = Mode - [Mean – Mode]
3
4. The abscissa of the point of intersection of the less than type and of the more than type 'ogive'
gives its:
A) Mean C) Mode
B) Median D) Mean, Median and Mode
5. The median and mode of a distribution are 20 and 18, and then the mean is:
A) 20 B) 21 C) 24 D) 26
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective.
6. What is the mean of a data set?

7. What is the advantage of using Assumed Mean Method over Direct Method?
8. When is it better to use the step deviation method?
9. Find the mean of the following data by assumed mean method.
Class 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 – 100
interval
Number of 2 3 7 6 6 6
students
10. Find mean by step deviation method.
Class 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 – 100
interval
Number of 2 3 7 6 6 6
students
11. Find the mean of the following data.
Classes 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 3 5 9 5 3
12. Is it possible for a data set to have more than one mode? What is it called?
13. What is a modal class? How do you find mode in a grouped data?
14. Find the mode of the given data: 7, 9, 11, 13, 9 13, 9, 9, 7, 8.
15. Find the value of f1 and f2 of the frequency, if the mean of the following frequency distribution
is 21.4 and the total frequency is 40.

113
X CBSE Mathematics – Statistics
Class-interval 0–8 8 – 16 16 – 24 24 – 32 32 – 40
Frequency 6 f1 10 f2 9
16. Find the median of the following data: 19, 25, 59, 48, 35, 31, 30, 32, 51. If 25 is replaced by 52
and 19 by 29, what will be the new median?
17. If the mean is 30 and mode is 24, then what is the median?
18. The following table shows the mark obtained by 100 students of class X in a school during a
particular academic session. Find the mode of this distribution.
Marks No. of students
Less than 10 7
Less than 20 21
Less than 30 34
Less than 40 46
Less than 50 66
Less than 60 77
Less than 70 92
Less than 80 100
19. Draw a ‘more than type’ ogive from the following data:
Weight (in 1 – 10 11 – 20 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 – 50 51 – 60 61 – 70 71 – 80
gm)
Frequency 3 8 22 14 10 6 5 2
20. Use graph paper for this question. The table below shows the distribution of marks joined by a
group of 100 students in a examination.
Marks less than 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No. of students 5 12 18 25 35 50 65 84 97 100
Plot these values and draw a smooth curve through the points. Estimate from the graph
the median marks.
Keys
1. C. 39 11. Mean = 25
2. C. Range 12. Yes, If 2 modes – bimodal, more than 2 –
3. B. Multimodal
4. B. Median 13. Recollect the definition of modal class
5. B. 21 14. Mode = 9
6. Recollect the definition of Mean 15. 𝑓1 = 7, 𝑓2 = 8.
7. Compare assumed mean method and Direct 16. Median = 32, new median = 35
Method 17. Median = 28
8. List the advantages of step deviation 18. ----
method 19. ----
9. Mean = 62 20. ----
10. Mean = 62

QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
115
X CBSE Mathematics - Quadratic Equations

proceed.
1. Introduction
We already learned about polynomials. We know that they are classified based on their
degrees. A polynomial of degree 1 is called _______________ polynomial. A polynomial of
degree ______ is called quadratic polynomial and it’s general form is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
When a polynomial is equated to zero or to any number, or in fact to any polynomial, it is

called an equation.
In general, we can write a polynomial equation as 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
a. Quadratic Equation
An equation of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers, 𝑎 ≠ 0
is called quadratic equation.
Question 1. “I am 10 cm shorter than my father”. Can you write this as an equation?
(i) My height is 158 cm, then what is my father’s height?
Question 2.In a ‘quadratic equation’, what does the word ‘quadratic’ mean?
Did you know?

The word “Quadratic” is derived from Latin
word “quadratus” which means “square”

116
• Misconception: We know that ‘quad’ refers to the number 4. However, the

highest power in a quadratic equation is 2. Shouldn’t this be 4?
• Clarification: Actually, the term quadratic is derived from the word
‘quadratus’ which means squared. In a quadratic equation, the variable 𝑥 is
squared to get 𝑥 2 .
Note: A term is distinguished on the basis of the exponent of the variable.
Question 3. In its simplest form, what is the minimum number of terms and maximum number of
terms can a quadratic equation have?
Question 4. Which of the following are quadratic equations?
(i) (𝑥 + 5)2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
(ii) (𝑥 2 + 1)2 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥
1
(iii) (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 8, (𝑥 ≠ 0)
(iv) (2𝑥 + 2)2 + 85 = 3𝑥 2
Question 5. Give examples of quadratic equations with irrational coefficients.

117

Question 6. Product of two consecutive numbers is 182. Represent the situation in the form of a
quadratic equation.
Question 7. Define roots of a quadratic equation.
Question 8. Determine the value of k for which the given value is a solution of the equation:
(i) 𝑘𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 3 = 0, 𝑥 = 2
1
(ii) 3𝑥2 + 2𝑘𝑥 – 3 = 0, 𝑥 = − 2
Note: Finding the roots of a quadratic equation is known as solving the quadratic equation.

118

Question 9. A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/hr
less, then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. Formulate the quadratic
equation in terms of the speed of the train.
2. Solving a Quadratic Equation by the Method of Factorisation
Steps to be followed :
➢ Clear all fractions and brackets, if necessary.

➢ Move all the terms to left hand side of the equation, write it in the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
➢ Factorize the product of 𝑎(coefficient of 𝑥 2 ) and constant term of the given quadratic
equation.
➢ Express the coefficients of middle term as the sum or difference of the factors obtained in the
above step.
➢ Split the middle term in two parts obtained in the above step.
➢ Factorize the quadratic equation obtained, by grouping method.
➢ Equate each factor to zero and solve.
We know that a quadratic polynomial can have at most two zeros. So, any quadratic
equation can have at most ________ roots.

119

Question 10. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization:
(i) 𝑥 2 – 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
(ii) 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 = 24
1
(iii) 2
𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
6
(iv) 𝑥−𝑥 =1
Question 11. Find the solution of quadratic equation by factorization method:

𝑥 𝑥+1 34 4 5
(i) 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥
= 15 (ii) 𝑥
- 3 = 2𝑥+3

120

Question 12. Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method:
(i) 𝑥 2 – 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 2 – 𝑏2 = 0
(ii) 𝑥 2 – 4𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = 0

121

3. Solving the Quadratic Equation By Method of Completion of Squares
We can convert any quadratic equation to the form (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 and then we can easily
find its roots.
Did you know?
The first reference to the solution of quadratic equations was found

in the Ahmes Papyrus written about 1650 B.C., certain quadratic equations
were solved by the Greeks, but their solutions were geometric. The first algebraic
solution of the general equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 showing the roots to
−𝑏 ±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
be 𝑥 = was given by Sridharacharya.
2𝑎
➢ Let the quadratic equation be 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. Make the coefficients of 𝑥 2 unity by

𝑏 𝑐
dividing throughout by it, if it is not unity.i.e, obtain 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
➢ Shift the constant term on RHS to get 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = −
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 2
➢ Add square of half of the coefficient of 𝑥 i.e, (2𝑎) on both sides to obtain
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑥2 + 2 ( ) 𝑥 + ( ) = ( ) −
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
➢ Write LHS as the perfect square of a binomial expression and simplify RHS to get
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(𝑥 + ) =
2𝑎 4𝑎2
➢ Take square root of both sides to get
𝑏 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(𝑥 + ) = ±√
2𝑎 4𝑎2
𝑏
➢ Obtain the values of 𝑥 by shifting the constant term on RHS.
2𝑎
Let us illustrate the above with an example.
Example: Solve the equation 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0 by the method of completing square

122
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 = 0
_____________________ [Dividing throughout by 2]

5 3
𝑥2 − 2 𝑥 = − 2 [Shifting the constant term on RHS]
5 5 2 5 2 3 1
𝑥 2 − 2 (4) 𝑥 + (4) = (4) − 2 [Adding (2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 ) on both sides]
5 2
(𝑥 − ) = _________________________
4
5 1
𝑥 − 4 = ±4
5 1
𝑥= ±
4 4
∴ 𝑥 = ________________ and 𝑥 = __________________

123

Question 13. Find the roots of the following quadratic equation, if they exist by the method of
completing square:
(i) 2𝑥2 – 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
(ii) 2𝑥2 + 𝑥 – 4 = 0
(iii) 4𝑥2 + 4√3𝑥 + 3 = 0

124

Question 14. Find the root of the equation 5𝑥2 – 6𝑥 – 2 = 0 by method of completing the square.
Question 15. Find the roots of the following equations:

1
(i) 𝑥 − 𝑥
= 3, 𝑥 ≠ 0
1 1 11
(ii) 𝑥+4
− 𝑥−7
= 30
,𝑥 ≠ = −4

125

126
4. Solving Quadratic Equation by using Formula or Nature of Roots
In some cases it is not convenient to solve the quadratic equation by factorisation method.
Quadratic equations which cannot be solved by factorisation method, can be solved by using
the quadratic formula.
Did you know?

This formula is popularly known as
Sridharacharya’s formula as it was first given by an
ancient Indain mathematician Sridharacharya
around 1025 A.D.
Consider the quadratic equation,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + ______ + ________ = 0 [Dividing through out by a]----------(1)
𝑏
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = ___________
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 1 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + (2𝑎) = − 𝑎
+ (2𝑎) [Adding (2𝑎) i.e. (2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑥) on both sides]
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 2 ( ) 𝑥 + _________ = − + 2
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 2
⇒ (𝑥 + 2𝑎) = ____________ ----------------(2)
√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒________ = ± [Taking square root of both sides and assuming
2𝑎
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0]
−𝑏 √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
⇒𝑥= ±
2𝑎 2𝑎
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
⇒𝑥=
2𝑎
∴ 𝑥 = ____________________________ or 𝑥 = __________________________________
Sridharacharya’s method for quadratic formula

127

Consider,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 = −𝑐
4𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑏𝑥 = −4𝑎𝑐 [Multiplying both sides by 4𝑎]
4𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 2 = −4𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏 2 [Adding 𝑏 2 to both sides]
(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 𝐷
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = ±√𝐷 [Taking square root]
2𝑎𝑥 = −𝑏 ± √𝐷
−𝑏 ±√𝐷
𝑥= 2𝑎
[Dividing both sides 2𝑎]
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∴𝑥=
2𝑎
a. Discriminant
For the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 , the expression 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is

known as discriminant and is denoted as ‘D’
b. Nature of roots of a quadratic equation
As we discussed early, For the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 the roots

are
2 2
−𝑏+√𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎
and 𝑥= 2𝑎
when 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0.
(i) Let the roots be 𝛼 and 𝛽 resp. So if 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, then the roots are real.
Also,
−𝑏 + √𝐷 −𝑏 − √𝐷 −𝑏 + √𝐷 + 𝑏 + √𝐷 2√𝐷 √𝐷
𝛼−𝛽 =( )−( )= = =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
⇒𝛼−𝛽 ≠0
⇒𝛼 ≠𝛽
⇒ If 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 0 then the equation has real and distinct (unequal)
roots.
(ii) If 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 then,

−𝑏 −𝑏
𝛼 = 2𝑎 and 𝛽 = 2𝑎 [Substituting D = 0 in the expression for 𝛼 and 𝛽]
⇒𝛼 = 𝛽
⇒ If 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 then the equation has real and equal roots.

128
−𝑏
Note : When both roots are equal, both are equal to
2𝑎
(iii) What if D is negative?
Let us consider the equation (2) in the proof of the quadratic formula.
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(𝑥 + ) =
2𝑎 4𝑎2
2
𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
If D < 0 then 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 ⇒ <0
4𝑎2
∴ LHS is positive and RHS is negative. So, there is no real value of 𝑥 satisfying
the above equation.
⇒ If 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 then the equation has no real roots.
Note: Equation will not have real roots if 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, because square root is not defined for
negative numbers in real number system.
Question 16. Find the nature of roots of 𝑥 2 – 5𝑥 – 2 = 0

129

Question 17. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 and hence find the
nature of roots.
Question 18. Solve the equation by using the formula: 2𝑥 2 + √5𝑥 − 5 = 0

130

1 1 1
Question 19. Solve the equation by using the formula: 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3 + 𝑥−4 = 0
Question20. Find the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − (𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 + 1) = 0

131

Question 21.If one root of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 8 = 0 is 4 while the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 has
equal roots, find b.
Question 22. Find the value of ‘k’, if the roots of (𝑘 − 3)𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 are equal.

132

5. Be more curious
The curve represented by a quadratic equation intersects the 𝑥-axis in at most two points.
Relation between discriminant and nature of roots along with graph of the equation is given
in the following table.
𝑎 is the coefficient of 𝑥 2 .
Food for thought: Take the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. In the case where 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏, 𝑐 ≠ 0, what
would the graph of the resulting equation be? Note that when 𝑎 = 0, the above equation reduces to a
linear equation in on variable.
a. Equations reducible to quadratic equations
Equations which are not in quadratic form can be reduced to quadratic form and can
be solved using the methods of solving quadratic equation.

133

2 1
Question 23. Solve 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
3 3
2
(Hint: substitute 𝑥 3 = 𝑦)
Question 24. Solve 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 + 9 = 0.
(Hint: 𝑥 4 can be written as (𝑥 2 )2 and the equation will have 4 roots since the degree is 4)

134

6. Problems
Quadratic equations help us to solve many day-to-day problems. Many situations can be
represented by quadratic equations and can be solved by applying the methods of solutions of
quadratic equations. While solving word problems, follow the steps given below.
• Consider the unknown variable as 𝑥

• Convert the statement in to an equation in terms of 𝑥 and solve it.
a. Problems based on numbers
Question 25.The sum of squares of two consecutive even numbers is 244. Find the numbers.
Question 26. The reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of two numbers is 6. The sum of numbers is 25.
Find the numbers.

135
b. Problems based on time and work
Question 27. Working together, Prathap and Dileep can paint their apartment in 2 days. Working
alone, Prathap can complete the job in 3 days less than Dileep. How long would it take each
person working alone?
c. Problems based on ages:
Question 28. A boy was asked his age: "If you add the square root of it to half of it, and then subtract
12, the answer will be nothing," replied the boy. What was his age?

136
Question 29. The product of Diya’s age (in years) five years ago with her age (in years) 9 years later
is 15. What is Diya’s present age?
Note: While solving quadratic equations involves age, roots having minus(-) sign are ignored since
age is always positive.
d. Problems based on Distance, Speed and Time
Question30. A girl goes to her friend’s house, which is at a distance of 12 km. She covers half of the
distance at a speed of 𝑥 km/hr and the remaining distance at a speed of (𝑥 + 2) km/hr. If she takes 2
hrs 30 min to cover the whole distance, find 𝑥.

137
Question 31. Siddarth is about to embark on a journey on a narrow country lane that covers 32km and
decides to go at x km/h. On second thoughts, he calculates that if he increases the speed by 4km/h, his
journey time can be cut down by 4 hrs. Find x.
Note : Speed, distance and time cannot be negative
e. Problems based on geometrical figures
Question 32. Two chords and a diameter form a triangle inside a circle. The radius is 5cm and one
chord is 2cm longer than the other one. Find the perimeter and the area of the triangle.

138
Question 33. A group of army cadets, consisting of 1066 men, form two squares in front of a garrison.
In the side of one square, there are 4 more men than the other. How many men are in each side of the
squares?
f. Problems on Cost Price and Sale Price
Question 34. A trader bought a pen for Rs. 𝑥 and sold it for Rs.16. If his loss was 𝑥%, find the cost
price of the pen.

139
Question 35. A group of boys went to a restaurants for a meal. When the bill for Rs175 was brought
by a waiter, two of the cheeky ones from the group just sneaked off before the bill was paid, which
resulted in the payment of extra Rs10 by each remaining individual. How many were in the group at
first?

141

1. Which of the following is a quadratic equation:
A. x + 2 = y C. x2 = 4
B. x3 + x2 + 2 = 0 D. x + x4 = 1
2. How many real roots are possible for a quadratic equation?
A. 2 C. 4
B. 1 D. None of these
3. Find a natural number whose square dimi nished by 84 is thrice the 8 more of given
number:
A. 21 B. 13 C. 11 D. 12
4. The roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 14x + 40 = 0 are :
A. (4, 10) C. (-4, 10)
B. (-4, -10) D. None of these
5. Find the number of real roots of the quadratic equation :x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
6. What are the conditions that should be satisfied for (𝑎2 – 4)𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 to be
quadratic equation?
7. Write a quadratic equation whose roots are √3 and − √3.
8. Find the value of 𝑚, if 𝑥 = 2 is a root of the quadratic equation 4𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 4 = 0
9. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 = 0. Find the value of 𝑎2 + 𝑏2.
10. The sum of two numbers is 27 and their product is 50. Find the numbers.
11. Find the roots of the equation 5𝑥2 − 6𝑥 − 2 = 0 by the method of completion of squares.
12. A boy was asked his age. He said, If you add the square root of my age to half of it and then
subtract 12, the answer is nothing. What was his age?
13. The length and width of a rectangular garden are 150m and 120m respectively. A footpath of
a regular width is added to the boundary of the garden. With this the total area becomes
2800m2 more than its original area. Find the width of the footpath.
14. The shortest side of a right-angled triangle is 6cm shorter than its hypotenuse. The difference
in the length of the other two sides is 3cm. If the shortest side is (𝑛 − 3), show that 2𝑛2 =
12𝑛. Hence find 𝑛.
15. Two resistors, when connected in series have a total resistance of 25Ω. If they are connected
in parallel, the total resistance reduces to 6Ω. Find the values of resistances.
16. A gardener sets 180 plants in rows. Each row contains the same number of plants. If there are
40 more plants in each row, the gardener would need 6 fewer rows. How many rows are
there?
17. Solve 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 42
18. Find the values of k for which the equation kx 2 − 6x − 2 has real roots.
19. Is it possible to have unreal roots for a quadratic equation that are equal? Why or why not?
1 1 1
20. Find the solutions to the equation – = .
𝑥 𝑥+4 3

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Keys
1. C. x 2 = 4
2. A. 2
3. D. 12
4. B. (-4,-10)
5. A. 0
6. a ≠ ∓2
7. x2 − 3 = 0
8. m = −10
9. a2 + b2 = 21
10. 25 and 2
3+√19 3−√19
11. x = 5
,x= 5
12. Boys age is 16 years
13. Width of the footpath = 5m
14. Hint : Apply pythagorus theorem, n = 12
15. Hint : When two resistors are connected in series their resultant resistance is sum of all individual
resistors and when the resistors are connected in parallel the algebraic sum of the inverses of the
individual resistances.
16. Number of rows is 9
17. x = −6 or x = 3
9
18. k ≥ − 2
19. No, As quadratic equation has unreal roots i.e., imaginary roots they will be conjugate of each
other. Try considering an example for verification.
20. 20. x = −6 or x = 2

ARITHMETIC
PROGRESSIONS
144
X CBSE Mathematics – Arithmetic Progressions

proceed.
1. Arithmetic Progressions
Question 1.Read the following statements and try figuring out what is common among them?
“Harry Potter and the Goblet of the fire” is the 4th book in the sequence of Harry Potter books.
“We are performing on a dance sequence for annual day celebration”.
In mathematics, the meaning of the sequence is same as in English. Instead of objects, events or
things, numbers are arranged in a particular pattern. So the sequence is a list of numbers that is
arranged in particular patterns.
Question 2. What can you conclude about the following figures?
Figure 13: Money
Figure 14: Polygons
Sequences, for which the general term can be expressed as a mathematical formula, are known as
progressions. Based on their pattern they are classified as an Arithmetic progression (AP),
Geometric progression (GP) and Harmonic progression (HP).

145
Question 3. Differentiate between sequence and progression.
Sequence Progression
Hint: 2,4,6,8,10…. is a progression and 2,3,5,7,11…. is a sequence.
Question 4. Give examples to support the statement ‘all progressions are sequences; all sequences are
not progressions’.
An arithmetic progression is the type of progression in which next term is obtained by adding a
fixed number to the preceding term.
This fixed number is called the common difference, 𝐝 of the AP. This can be positive, negative
or zero.
In general, an arithmetic progression can be represented as:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d … … a + (n − 2)d, a + (n − 1)d
Where, a is the first term, d is the common difference and n is the total number of terms.

146

Day-to-day applications of AP:
a. Building a ladder with sloping sides - the length of each rung would form an AP.
Figure 15: Ladder with sloping sides
b. In movie halls the first row has 10 seats the second has 12 seats and so on.
c. Fare of cabs.
Question 5. Can you give more examples of Arithmetic Progressions?
If an AP has finite number of terms, then it is called finite AP and if it has infinite number of
terms, then it is called infinite AP.
Question 6. A set S contains the following elements which form an AP: {7, 11, 15, 19, 23, x}.What is
the value of x = _________?
2. 𝐧𝐭𝐡 Term of an AP
If a is the first term, d is the common difference and n is the total number of terms, then nth
term of an AP is given as _______________.

147
Question 7. Can you arrive at the above formula?
Question 8.Find the 16th term of the AP: 2, 7, 12,……..
Question 9. The sum of the three numbers in an AP is 21 and the product of the first and third number
of the sequence is 45. What are the three numbers?
Helping Hand:
If you need to select an AP with-

3 terms, choose the terms as: 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
4 terms, choose the terms as: 𝑎– 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑
5 terms, choosethe terms as: 𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑
Observe that in case of an odd number of terms, the middle term is 𝑎 and the common difference
is 𝑑.Whereas, in case of an even number of terms the middle terms are a-d, a+d and the common
difference is 2d.

148

Question 10. Find the 6 term from the end of an AP 17, 14, 11,…….40.
th
Hint: Rewrite the given AP in reverse order, with last term as the first term.
The above example can be solved in two different ways. First method is, rewriting the given AP
in reverse order with last term as first term and following the usual procedure to find the nth term.
OR
Second method is, if l is the last term of the AP, then nth term from the end with common
difference d,nthterm from the end = l − (n − 1)d.
3. Sum of First 𝐧 Terms of an AP
Did you know?

what happened, when Gauss was asked to find out the sum of the numbers
from 1 to 100 when he was in elementary school? Gauss found the answer rather
quickly by discovering a pattern. His observation was as follows:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … + 98 + 99 + 100
Gauss noticed that if he was to split the numbers into two groups (1 to 50 and 51 to 100), he could
add them together vertically to get a sum of 101.
001 + 02 + 03 + 04 + 05 + … + 48 + 49 + 50
100 + 99 + 98 + 97 + 96 + … + 53 + 52 + 51
1 + 100 = 101
2 + 99 = 101
.
.
49 + 52 = 101
50 + 51 = 101
Gauss realized then that his final total would be 50(101) = 5050.

149
Did you know?

In an AP, the sum of the terms equidistant from beginning
and end is always the same and is equal to the sum of
first and last terms.
Question 11. Could you derive the formula for sum of n terms in an AP using the above logic?
Question 12.What is the sum of all 3 digit numbers that leave a remainder of 2 when divided by 3?

150

Question 13. The sum of the fourth and twelfth term of an arithmetic progression is 20. What is the
sum of the first 15 terms of the arithmetic progression?
Question 14. In an AP, 11th term is 5 and 5th term is 11. Find 16th term and common difference of the
AP.

151
Did you know?

If nth term is m and mth term is n in an AP, then (m + n)th term
of that AP is 0 and itscommon difference is ‘-1’.
Question 15. Can you arrive at the above result?
Question 16. Two cars start together in the same direction from the same place. The first goes with
uniform speed of 10 km/h. The second goes at a speed of 8 km/h in the first hour and increases
the speed by ½ km in each succeeding hour. After how many hours will the second car overtake
the first car if both cars go non-stop?
Question 17. The sum of n terms of an AP is written as Sn = pn + qn2 . Find the common difference
of the AP.

152
1 1
Question 18. The numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , … … … an are in AP. Show that + +
√ 1 √a2
a + √ 2 √a3
a +
1 1 n−1
+ ⋯…+ = .
√a3 +√a4 √an−1 +√an √a1 +√an
a. Arithmetic mean:
Question 19. What is mean (average)?
Arithmetic mean or average or mean is the sum of terms divided by number of terms in the
progression.
1
Mathematically, x̅ = N ∑N
i=1 xi
a+c
If a, b, c are in AP then b = 2
is the arithmetic mean of a and c.

153
Question 20. What is the value of k such that k + 1, 3k - 1, 4k + 1 are in AP?

Hint: Try applying the concept of arithmetic mean.
Question 21. The houses in a row are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value
of x such that the sum of the numbers of the houses preceding the house numbered x is equal to
the sum of the numbers of the houses following it. Find the value of x.
Hint: Sx-1 = S49-Sx
Question 22. Consider an AP 2, 4, 6, 8,………
Add, subtract, multiply and divide each term of the above AP by 2. You get 4 different sequences
in each case. Are they also arithmetic progressions? Try, you will be surprised with the answer.
Find d in each case, what is your observation?

154
Introduction to Geometric Progression and Harmonic Progression
A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where

each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number.
This fixed, non-zero number is called the common ratio.
For example, the sequence 3,9,27,81… Here, the common ratio is 3.
Question 23. If a rubber ball consistently bounces back ⅔ of the height from which it is dropped, what
progression is it forming?
Sequences of quantities, whose reciprocals are in arithmetic progression, are known to be in

1 1 1
Harmonic Progression. For example: 1, , , … ..
2 3 4
Famous sequences
Fibonacci Sequence: The most famous of all Mathematical sequences; it goes like this:
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89…
It begins with two 1s and the next number is formed by adding up the two numbers before it. (i.e.,
1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, and so on).
Why this sequence is so famous? You understand only if the sequence is presented visually. Visual
presentation shows a growth pattern in nature.
Figure 16: Visualisation of Fibonacci Figure 17: Visualisation of Fibonacci Figure 18: Growth pattern in nature
sequence sequence
Did you know this?

Even before Fibonacci introduced the above sequence, it
was discovered by an ancient mathematician,
Virahanka known as Virahanka numbers.

155
Triangular Number Sequence: 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55….
Figure 19: Triangular number sequence
Square Numbers Sequence: 1,4,9,16,25,36,49…
Question 24. Can you identify the next number in the given sequence?
1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, 13112221, ___________.
Hint:
• 1 is read off as "one 1" or 11.

• 11 is read off as "two 1s" or 21 and so on.

157
1. Which term of the AP: 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . , is 78?

a) 15 b) 16 c) 17 d) 14
th th
2. The 17 term of an AP exceeds its 10 term by 7. What is the common difference?
a) 1 b) 0 c) -1 d) 2
3. How many three digit numbers are divisible by 7?
a) 126 b) 127 c) 128 d) 129
4. Which term of the AP: 3, 15, 27, 39 ... will be 132 more than its 54th term
a) 60th term b) 68th term
b) 65th term d) 70th term
th
5. For what value of n, are the n terms of two APs : 63, 65, 67 .... and 3, 10, 17, ..equal?
a) 10 b) 12 c) 13 d) 15
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective
6. In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make an arithmetic
progression, and why?
1 th
(a) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes (4) of the air
remaining in the cylinder at a time.
(b) The cost of digging a well after every meter of digging, when it costs Rs. 150 for the first
meter and rises by Rs. 50 for each subsequent meter.
7. Write first four terms of the AP, when the first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’
are given as follows:
(a) a = -2; d=0
(b) a = 4; d = -3
(c) a= -1.25, d= -0.25
8. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and 16th term is 73.
9. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find
the first three terms of the AP.
10. Reshma saved Rs. 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly savings by Rs
1.75. If in the nth week, her weekly savings become Rs 20.75, find n.
11. Find the sums of the series given below:

21
(a) 7 + 2 + 14 +... + 84
(b) 34 + 32 + 30 +...+ 10
(c) (-5) + (-8) + (-11) + …. + (-230)
12. How many terms of the AP: 9, 17, 25, ... must be taken to give a sum of 636?
13. Show that a1, a2,....., an form an AP where an is defined as an = 3 + 4n

Also find the sum of the first 15 terms.

158
14. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers which are divisible by 6.
15. A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a
certain date as follows: Rs 200 for the first day, Rs 250 for the second day, Rs 300 for
the third day, etc., the penalty for each succeeding day being Rs 50 more than for the
preceding day. How much money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has
delayed the work by 30 days?
16. A sum of Rs 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their
overall academic performance. If each prize is Rs 20 less than its preceding prize money,
find the value of each of the prizes.
17. Find the 11th term from the last term (towards the first term) of the AP: 10, 7, 4, . . ., -
62.
18. Find the AP whose sum to n terms is 2n2 + n.
19. The sum of first 10 terms of an AP is four times the sum of its first 5 terms, then what
is the ratio of first term and common difference?
20. The sum of the first p, q, r terms of an AP are a, b, c, respectively.

Show that (q – r) + (r – p) + (p – q) = 0
Answer Keys
1. 16 7. -2,-2,-2,-2; 11. 1046.5; 286; -8930 17. -32

2. 1 4, 1, -2, -5; 12. 12 18. 3, 7, 11, 15..
3. 128 -1.25, -1.5, -1.75, -2 13. 525 19. 1:2
4. 65th term 8. 178 14. 4920
5. 13 9. -13, -8, -3 15. 27750
6. (b) 10. 10 16. 160,140,120,100,80,60,40

CIRCLES
160
X CBSE Mathematics – Circles

proceed.
1. Introduction
Activity: A 5 feet rope is attached to a metal stake that is driven into the ground. A dog is tied
to other end of that rope. What is the geometric shape formed by the dog when it moves
around in one direction if the rope does not slack at all ?
A __________ is a collection of all points in a plane which are equidistant from a fixed point.
(Centre of the cirle)
Question 1. Define centre of a circle.
Did you know?

The word circle is derived from Greek word
krikos meaning “ hoop “ or “ring”

161

Question 2. Define radius of the circle and try to find relationship between radius and diameter of the
circle.
Question 3. What is chord of a circle? Explain with figure
Did you know?

Circle has been known since before the beginning
of recorded history.
Question 4. According to Abhijit, diameter is also the longest chord of the circle. State whether he is
correct or not. Justify your answer.

162

Segment of a circle: The closed figure bounded by a chord and an arc of a circle is called segment of
the circle.
Figure 1: Segment of a circle
Sector of a circle: The closed figure bounded by two radii and one arc of a circle is called sector of
the circle.
Figure 2: Sector of a circle

Question 5. What are concentric circles?
Note: You require a centre and a radius to draw a circle. If the centre and radius are not definitely
mentioned, then we can draw an infinite number of circles. Again, if the centre is definitely
mentioned, but radius is not mentioned, then also infinite number of circles can be drawn and those
circles will be concentric circles.
Question 6. How many circles can be drawn passing through a definite point ?

163

Question 7. How many circles can be drawn passing through three definite points when they are non-
collinear ?
Question 8. ____________________ circles can be drawn through two points.
Note: It may not be possible to draw a circle through more than three points. If it is possible to draw,
then the points are called Concyclic.
Question 9. If the vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, then the quadrilateral is called a
______________________________ .
Did you know?

The circle is the basis for wheels, which with relative
inventions such as gears , makes of much of modern
machinery possible
2. Tangent to a circle
Question 10. Consider a road as a straight line and the tyre of bicycle as circle. What can you say
about the road with respect to tyre of bicycle?

164

Question 11. Define tangent of a circle.
Theorem 1. The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
Given: A circle with centre O. AB is a tangent to the circle at point P and OP is the radius of the
circle.
To prove: OP⊥AB .
Construction: Take a point Q other than P on the tangent AB. Join OQ
Proof: OP = OR ---------(i) [Since both are ________ of the same circle]

OQ > OR [Form the figure]
OQ > ______ [From (i) ]
Similarly, it can be shown that out of all the line segments which would be drawn from point
O to the tangent line AB, OP is the shortest.
We know that out of the line segments drawn a given point to a given line, the
perpendicular is the shortest.

165

⇒OP ⊥ AB [The shortest line segment, drawn from a given point to a
given line, is perpendicular to the line]
Note: 1. By above theorem, we can also conclude that at any point on a circle there can be one and
only one tangent.
2. The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also sometimes called the
‘normal’ to the circle at the point.
Question 12. How many tangents can a circle have?
Question 13. PQ is a diameter of a circle with centre O. Tangent drawn to the circle from points P and
Q are APB and CQD respectively. Prove that AB is parallel to CD.

166

Question 14. AB is chord of a circle with centre O. The tangent at the point B intersect AO produced
the point T. If BAT = 21°, find the measure of BTA.
Note: (i) There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying inside a circle.
(ii) There is one and only one tangent passing through a point lying on circle.
(iii) There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point lying outside circle.
Theorem 2. The lengths of tangent drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Given : A circle with centre O. PA and PB are two tangents drawn o this circle, from an exterior point
P
To prove: PA = PB
Proof: In ∆ AOP and ∆ BOP

167

OA = OB [ _______ of the same circle]
∠OAP = ∠OBP = ____° [ The radius and the tangent are perpendicular to each other]
OP = OP [Common]
∆ AOP ≅ ∆ BOP [ By _______ congruency]
PA = _______ [C.P.C.T]
Note: If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an exterior point then
(i) The tangents are equal
(ii) The tangents subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle
(iii) The tangents are equally inclined to the line joining the point and the centre of the
circle
Question 15. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the
smaller circle, is bisected at the point of contact.

168

Question 16. QR is a chord of a circle with centre O. Two tangent at the points Q and R intersect each
other at the point P. QM is a diameter of the circle. Prove that QPR = 2RQM.
Question 17. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other
at an angle of 60°, find the measure of AOP.

169

Question 18. Prove that a parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
Question 19. Prove that: If two circles touch each other, then the point of contact will lie on the line
joining the two centres.

170

Question 20. Two circles touch each other externally at O, PQ and RS are diameter of two circles and
they are parallel. Prove that P, O and S are collinear.

171

Helping Hand: Two or more than two points are said to be collinear if they lie on a single straight
line.
Did you know?

In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used
interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure,
or to the whole figure including its interior; in strict technical
usage, the circle is only the boundary and the whole
figure is called a disk.

173

1. Number of tangent that can be drawn through a point which is outside the circle is:
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0
2. The common point of the tangent and the circle is called
A. Golden point C. Point of intersection
B. Point of contact D. Degenerate point
3. A line through point of contact and passing through center of circle is known as:
A. Tangent C. Normal
B. Chord D. Segment
4. Number of tangents to a circle which are parallel to a secant is:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. If a line touches a circle at only one point, then it is known as :
A. Chord C. Tangent
B. Secant D. Arc
6. Find the circumference and area of the circle whose radius is 14 cm.
7. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 7 cm meets a line through centre O at a point Q

so that OQ = 25 cm. Find the length of PQ.
8. If radii of the two concentric circles are 15cm and 17 cm , then find the length of chord of one
circle which is tangent to one other.
9. If two tangents making an angle of 120° with each other, are drawn to a circle of radius 6cm,
then find the angle between the two radii, which are drawn to the tangents.
10. PQ is a chord of a circle and R is point on the minor arc. If PT is a tangent at point P such that
QPT = 60° then find PRQ.
11. If a tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5cm meets a line through the centre O at a
point Q such that OQ = 12 cm then find the length of PQ.

174

12. From a point P, two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle C (O,r) . If OP =2r , then what
is the type of ∆APB.
13. If the angle between two radii of a circle is 130° , then find the angle between the tangents at
the end of the radii.
14. If all the sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, show that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
15. Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through
the centre of the circle.
16. If quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle then prove that AB+CD=AD+BC.
17. PQ and PR are two tangents drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point P. Prove
that QPR = 2 OQR.
18. If PA and PB are tangents from an external point P to the circle with centre O, then find
AOP + OPA.
19. The incircle of a ∆ABC touches the sides BC, CA &AB at D, E and F respectively. If
AB=AC, prove that BD=CD.
20. Prove that the intercept of a tangent between two parallel tangents to a circle subtends a right
angle at the centre of the circle.

175

Keys
1. B. 2 9. 60°
2. B. Point of contact 10. PRQ = 120°
3. C. Normal 11. PQ = √119 = 10.9
4. B. 2 12. Use trigonometry to find OPA and

OPB.
5. C. Tangent
6. Circumference = 88 cm, Area = 616 cm2 13. 50°
7. PQ = 24 cm
8. AB = 16 cm
14. Hint : Use the thm, from an external point 17. Hint : Use the angle sum of property of
the tangents drawn to circle are equal in length. quadrilateral OQPR and Use the angle sum
of property of triangle for ∆OQR.
15. Hint : recollect the theorem 1 you have learnt. 18. AOP + OPA = 90°.
16. Hint : Use the thm, from an external point the 19. Hint : Use the thm, from an external
tangents drawn to circle are equal in length. point the tangents drawn to circle are equal
in length.
20. Hint : ∆CAO ~∆DAO.

CONSTRUCTIONS
177
X CBSE Mathematics – Constructions

proceed.
1. Introduction
Geometry is everywhere. Angles, shapes, lines, line segments, curves, and other aspects of
geometry are every single place you look, even on this page. Letters themselves are constructed of
lines, line segments, and curves! Take a minute and look around the room you are in, take note of
the curves, angles, lines and other aspects which create your environment. Notice that some are two
dimensional while others are three-dimensional. These man-made geometrical aspects please us
in an aesthetic way.
2. Dividing a Line Segment
Question 1. Write down the difference between a line and a line segment. Give rough sketches for both.
Line Line segment
a. Division of a Line Segment into Equal Parts
Question 2. Divide the line segment AB into 5 equal parts and complete the ‘steps of construction’.

178

Division of a Line Segment in Given Ratio
Steps of construction:
➢ Draw a line segment of 7 cm using ruler say AB
➢ At one edge(At A) of the line segment create an angle of convenient measurement and
draw a line AC
Question 3. A line segment of length 15 cm is divided in the ratio 2 : 3. What will be the length of each
line segment?
Solution:
Let, the length of each line segment be 2x and 3x.
Then, 2x+ 3x = _________
5x = _______
x = _______
Therefore, the lengths are ___________ and __________.
⃡ . We have to divide 𝑃𝑄
Consider a line 𝑃𝑄 ⃡ in a ratio 𝑚: 𝑛, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive
integers.
Let 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 1. So, we are dividing the line ⃡𝑃𝑄 in the ratio 3: 1.

179
Question 4. Construction of division of ⃡𝑃𝑄 is given below. Complete the steps of constructions.
Steps of construction
⃡ and a ray 𝑃𝑋 which makes acute angle with 𝑃𝑄

➢ Draw 𝑃𝑄 ⃡ .
➢ Now, locate 4(𝑚 + 𝑛 = 3 + 1) points A, 𝐵,𝐶 and 𝐷 such that 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷

using compass.
Since CR is parallel to DQ;
By basic proportionality theorem,
𝑃𝑅
=
𝑅𝑄
𝑃𝐶
By construction, 𝐶𝐷
= _________
Therefore,
𝑃𝑅
=
𝑅𝑄
Question 5. Draw a line segment of length 7.7 cm and divide it in the ratio 3:4. Measure the two parts
and justify the construction.

180
3. Constructing Similar Triangles
a. Similar Triangles
If Two triangles ∆ABC and ∆PQR are said to be similar, following two conditions are
satisfied:
1. The corresponding angles of the triangles are equal.
i.e.,
∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, ∠C = ∠R
and
2. Since, ∆ABC and ∆PQR are two similar triangles, their corresponding sides are in a
ratio or proportion.
That is,

181

AB AC
= =
PQ QR
We write ∆ABC and ∆PQR are similar as ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR
For example;
Consider the two triangles given in the figure,
If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, What is length of the side PR if AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm and PQ = 3

cm?
Since, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR
AB AC
=
PQ PR
8
=
3
____ × ___
PR = = ____ cm
____
b. Construction of Similar Triangles
Let’s see how to construct similar triangles.
Consider ∆ABC where BC = 6 cm, ∠B = 40° and ∠C = 60°. Draw a triangle similar to
∆ABC with a scale factor 2
Question 6. What is scale factor?

182
Here, a scale factor of 2 means that sides of the new triangle which is similar to ∆ABC are
twice the sides of ∆ABC.
Let ∆PQR be the new triangle.
QR =__________________ [Scale factor is 2]
∠Q =_________ and ∠R =____________
Question 7. Draw ∆PQR and complete the steps of construction.

183

184

➢ Draw QR of length 12 cm
5 7
Now, suppose the scale factor is a fraction, like 4, 8 etc or suppose we don’t know length of
the sides?
Then we won’t be able to construct similar triangles precisely.
The method to construct a similar triangle precisely is discussed here.

3
Question 8. Triangle which is similar to ∆ABC with scale factor is constructed below. Complete the
5
steps of construction and its justification.

185
➢ Draw a ray BX which makes acute angle with BC on the opposite side of vertex A.
➢ Locate 5 points on the ray BX and mark them as B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 such that BB1 =
B1 B2 = B2 B3 = B3 B4 = B4 B5.
➢
How can we verify that ∆ABC~∆A′BC′?
BC′
= [By construction]
C′ C
Therefore,
BC BC′ +C′C
BC′
= BC′
= ____________________
That gives,
BC′
BC
= ____________
And, since A′C′ is parallel to AC,
∠A′ C ′ B = ∠ACB [why? ___________________________]
∠ABC = ∠A′ BC ′ [why? ____________________________]
Therefore,
∆ABC~∆A′BC′

186

Helping hand: If you notice, while constructing a triangle similar to a given triangle whether
𝑝
scale factor (of the form 𝑞 ) is proper ( p<q) or improper(p>q), the denominator plays very
important role. In both cases the point which denotes denominator part is the point which
joined to the end point of the side.
Question 9. Construct a right angled triangle, in which sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 8cm
4
and 6cm. Then, construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given
3
triangle.

187

𝑝
Question 10. If the scale factor (𝑞 ) is proper, constructed triangle is larger than the given triangle
[True/False]
4. Drawing Tangents to a Circle
a. Tangent to a Circle
Tangent of a circle is a line which touches the circle exactly at one point. The point at which
tangent touches the circle is known as ‘point of contact’. Radius of the circle and tangent are
perpendicular to each other at the point of contact.
Question 11. Answer the following questions.
How many tangents can be drawn to a circle from a point within the circle? Justify
your answer.
(i) If a point on a circle is given, then we can draw only one tangent at this point. Justify the
statement.
(i) How many tangents can be drawn to circle from an exterior point?

188
b. Drawing Tangent to a Circle
(i) When centre of a circle is known.
Method : Join the centre of the circle and exterior point. Construct a perpendicular
bisector of this line segment. Draw a circle with midpoint of the line segment as
centre which intersect the original circle at two points. Join the two points to the
exterior point. These are the required tangents.
(ii) When centre of circle is not known.
Method: Draw two non parallel chords for the given circle. Construct
perpendicular bisector of both chords which intersect each other at a point. This is
the center of the circle. Further the same steps as in case 1 to be followed to get the
required tangents.

189
Question 12. Draw two tangents to a circle of radius 4cm from a point P at a distance of 7cm from its
centre.
(iii) When angle between tangents is given.
Method: If angle between tangents is given, then find the angle at the centre using
angle sum property of the quadrilateral

190
∠AOB + ∠OBP + ∠OAP + ∠APB = 3600 [Here ∠OBP = ∠OAP = 90°]
Draw a radius of the circle. At the edge of the center of the circle construct ∠AOB, extend it to meet
the circle at B. On the other edge construct 90°(∠OAP). At B construct 90°(∠OBP) Extend these to
meet at P.
Question 13. Construct a pair of tangents to a circle inclined at an angle of 450.

192
Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s.

1. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 5 : 7, first a ray AX is drawn so that ∠BAX is an
acute angle and then at equal distances, points are marked on the ray AX such that the
minimum number of these points is :
A) 12 B) 10 C) 11 D) 8
2. Which theorem criterion we are using in giving the justification of the division of a line
segment by usual method ?
A) Area theorem C) BPT
B) SSS criterion D) Pythagoras theorem
3. To draw a pair of tangents to a circle which are at right angles to each other, it is required to
draw tangents at end points of the two radii of the circle, which are inclined at an angle of:
A) 450 C) 600
0
B) 120 D) 900
4. To draw tangents to a circle of radius ‘p’ from a point on the concentric circle of radius ‘q’,
the first step is to find
A) Midpoint of q – p C) Midpoint of p
B) Midpoint of q + p d) Midpoint of q
8
5. To construct a triangle similar to a given ΔABC with its sides 5 of the corresponding sides
of ΔABC. Draw a ray BX such that ∠CBX is an acute angle and X is on the opposite side
of ∠A with respect to BC. The minimum number of points to be located at equal distances on
ray BX is:
A) 3 B) 13 C) 5 D) 8
Questions from 6 to 19 are Subjective questions.
6. Draw a line segment of length 6.5 cm and divide it in the ratio 3:5. Justify the construction.
7. Draw a line segment of length 7cm. Find a point P on it which divides it in the ratio 3:5.
4
8. To locate a point C on AB such that BC = × AC, at what ratio the line segment AB should
5
be divided?
9. Construct a ∆ABC similar to a given isosceles ∆PQR with QR=6 cm, PR = PQ = 5cm, such
6
that each of its sides are 7 of the corresponding sides of ∆PQR.
10. Construct a triangle ABC, in which AB = 5cm, ∠B = 60° and the altitude CD = 3cm. Then
4
construct another triangle whose sides are times of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC.
5
11. Construct a ∆ ABC with BC = 7cm, ∠B = 45° and ∠C = 60°. Then construct another triangle
3
whose sides are 5 times of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC.

193
12. Construct a triangle similar to a given ∆ ABC with AB = 4cm, BC = 6cm, and CA= 7.5cm such
5
that each of its sides is equal to 3 times of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC.
13. Two tangents are inclined at an angle of 70°, find the angle at the centre created by two radii.
14. Draw a circle of radius 4cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameters, each
15. Draw a circle of radius 5cm, draw a tangent to the circle making an angle of 60° with a line
passing through the centre.
16. Draw a line segment PQ of length 9cm. With P as centre, draw a circle of radius 4cm and taking
Q as centre draw another circle of radius 3.5 cm. From the centre of each circle, draw a tangent
to the other circle.
17. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Draw a pair of tangents to this circle which are inclined to each
other at an angle of 60°
18. Construct a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 7cm from a point on the concentric circle of
radius 13cm.
19. Draw two concentric circles C1 and C2 of radii 3cm and 5cm.Taking a point on outer circle
C2, construct the pair of tangents to the other. Measure the length of tangents and verify it by
actual calculation.
Answer Keys
1. 12 13. 110°
2. BPT
3. 90°
4. Mid-point of q
5. 8

HEIGHTS AND
DISTANCES
195
X CBSE Mathematics – Height and distances

proceed.
1. Applications of trigonometry
Do you know what is the height of Himalaya?
It is almost 9000 meters above the sea level, this is why The Himalayas act as a defense barrier
and have been protecting India from foreign invasions since early times.
But how could we measure such a huge distance?Let us try an activity.
Question 1. Draw a right angled triangle and mark the lengths which help to find the height of the
tower in the given figure.
Figure 1: Activity
Applications of Trigonometry in day-to-day life:
• Trigonometry is used in finding the heights of towers and mountains.

• It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans.
• It is used in finding the distance between celestial bodies.
• Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof slopes, ground surfaces and many
other aspects.
• It is used in navigation to find the distance of the shore from a point in the sea and many more.
2. Heights and Distances
a. Line of Sight
The line of sight is the line drawn from the _____ of an observer to a point on the
______ viewed by the observer.

196
Figure 2: Line of sight
b. Horizontal Line
The horizontal line is a line starting from the eye of an observer and is ________ to the ground.
Figure 3: Horizontal line
c. Angle of Elevation
The angle of elevation of a point viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal line provided the object being viewed is above the horizontal line or when we raise our
head to look at the object.
Figure 4: Angle of elevation
Helping Hand: Here is a cheat sheet which gives the Trigonometric ratios of some common
angles.

197
𝛉 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°
1 1 √3
2 √2 2
sin 𝛉 0 1
√3 1 1
2 √2 2
cos𝛉 1 0
1 √3
√3
tan 𝛉 0 1 Not defined
Question 2. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30m
away from the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
Helping hand: Tower is represented as height of the right angled triangle, line joining the
foot of tower and the observer is the base of the right angled triangle and the line joining the
ends of these two lines is the hypotenuse. This forms a right angled triangle which can be
used to apply trigonometric ratios and find the required side.

198

Question 3. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The inclination of the string
attached to the kite with respect to the horizontal line is 60°. Find the length of the string, assuming
that there is no slack in the string.
Question 4. A man standing on the bank of a river, observes that the angle subtended by a tree on the
opposite bank is 60°. When he retreats 20 m from the bank, he finds the angle to be 30°. Find the
height of the tree and the breadth of the river.
Helping hand: The angle of elevation increases as the observer moves towards the object.

199

Question 5.A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches the
ground making an angle 30° with it. The distance between the foot of the tree to the point where the
top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the tree.
Hint: Total height of the tree is equal to the sum of length of the broken part and the remaining part of
the tree.
d. Angle of Depression
The angle of depression of a point viewed is the angle formed by the ________________ with the
___________ line provided the object being viewed is below the horizontal line or when we
lower our head to look at the object.
Figure 5: Angle of depression

200

Question 6.The angle of depression of a ball on the ground from the top of a tower is 60°. If the ball is
100 m away from the building, find the height of the tower.
Question 7.A man is standing on the deck of a ship, which is 8m above water level. He observes the
angle of elevation of the top of a hill as 60°and angle of depression of the base of the hill as 30°.
Calculate the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill.

201

Question 8.Two crows A and B are sitting at a height of 15 m and 10 m on two different trees
vertically opposite to each other. They see food on the ground at an angle of depression 45 degree and
60 degree respectively. They start at the same time and fly at the same speed along the shortest path to
pick up the food. Which bird will succeed in it?
Question 9.From an airplane vertically above a straight horizontal plane, the angles of depression of
two consecutive kilometer stones on the opposite sides of the airplane are found to be α and β. Show
tan α tan β
that the height of the airplane is tan α+tan β .

202

Question 10. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points situated in the same line
and at distances p and q respectively from the foot of thetower, are complementary. Prove that the
height of the tower is √pq.
Question 11. Two stations due south of a leaning tower which leans towards the north are at distances
a and b from its foot. If α and β are the elevations of the top of the tower from these stations, prove
b cot α−acot β
that its inclination θ to the horizontal is given by cotθ = b−a

203

Question 12.The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 60m above a lake is 30° and the angle of
depression of the reflection of cloud in the lake is 60°. Find the height of the cloud.

205
1. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is √3: 1. The angle of elevation (in degrees) of the
sun
A) 300 C) 900
0
B) 60 D) 450
2. If the altitude of the sun is at 600, then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of
length 100 m is
A) 100 m C) 50 m
B) 100 √3 𝑚 D) 100 (√3 − 1)𝑚
3. From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of an object that is in level with the base of
the cliff is 30°. How far is the object from the base of the cliff?
A) 40 𝑚 C) 20 𝑚
40
B) 40 √3 𝑚 D) 𝑚
√3
4. The height of a tower is 100 m. When the angle of elevation of the sun changes from 30° to 45°,
the shadow of the tower becomes x meters less. The value of x is
A) 100 𝑚 C) 100(√3 − 1)𝑚
100
B) 100 √3 𝑚 D)
√3
5. From the top of a cliff 50m high the angle of elevation of a tower is found to be equal to the angle
of depression of the foot of the tower. The height of the tower is
A) 50 m C) 150 m
B) 100 m d) 200 M
6. The top of two poles of height 25m and 15m are connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle
of 30° with horizontal, then the length of the wire is
A) 25m C) 10 m
B) 15 m D) 20 m

206

Questions from 7 to 20 are Subjective
7. From a point P on a level ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30°. If the tower is
200 m high, find the distance of point P from the foot of the tower.
8. Find the angle of elevation of the sun, when the length of the shadow of a tree is equal to the
height of the tree.
9. An observer 2 m tall is 10√3 m away from a tower. The angle of elevation from his eye to the top
of the tower is 30°. What is the height of the tower?
10. The angles of elevation of the top of a rock from the top and foot of a 100m high tower are
respectively 30° and 45°. Find the height of the rock.
11. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60° and the foot of the ladder is 12.4 m
away from the wall. What is the length of the ladder?
12. A man on the top of a vertical observation tower, observers a car moving at a uniform speed
coming directly towards it. If it takes 8 minutes for the angle of depression to change from 30° to
45°, how soon after this will the car reach the observation tower?
13. On the same side of a tower, two objects are located. Observed from the top of the tower, their
angles of depression are 45° and 60°. If the height of the tower is 600 m, what is the distance
between the objects, approximately?
14. From a tower of 80 m high, the angle of depression of a car is 30°. How far is the car from the
tower?
15. From the top of a hill 100 m high, the angles of elevation and depression of the top and bottom of
a pole are 30° and 60° respectively. What is the height of the pole?
16. The shadow of a tower standing on a level ground is found to be 40 m longer when Sun’s altitude
is 30° than when it was 60°. Find the height of the tower.
17. An observer, 1.5m tall, is 28.5 m away from a tower 30 m high. Determine the angle of elevation
of the top of the tower from his eye.
18. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4m and 9m from the
base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the height of
the tower is 6m.
19. A simple pendulum of length 40 cm subtends 60° (w.r.t. vertical) at the vertex in one full
oscillation. What will be the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position of
the bob?

207

20. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point h meters above a lake is α and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is β. Prove that the height of the cloud is:
[h(tan β + tan α)]
tan β – tan α
Answer Keys
1) 60° 6) 20 m 11) 21.47 m 16) 20√3 m
2) 100√3 m 7) 200√3 m 12) 10.92 mins 17) 45°
3) 40√3 m 8) 45° 13) 253.58 m 19) 40 cm
4) 100(√3-1) m 9) 12m 14) 80√3 m
5) 100 m 10) 236.5m 15) 133.33m

PROBABILITY
209
X CBSE Mathematics – Probability

proceed.
1. Introduction and Definitions
You must have seen the above situation before every game like cricket or football starts.
What can you understand from the above image?
What is the probability of winning the toss by the player stands in the left side?
a. Definitions of Various Terms
(i) Experiment

210

Question1. Define Experiment. Give examples.
There are two types of experiments.
For example;
In tossing of a coin one is not sure if a head (H) or a tail (T) will be obtained. Therefore,
it is a Random experiment.
If we mark Tail(T) on both sides of a coin and it is tossed, then we always get the same
outcome assuming that it does not stand vertically. Therefore, it is a Deterministic experiment.
Question 2. From the examples given above, write the difference between ‘Random experiment’ and
‘Deterministic experiment’. Give more examples.
Random experiment Deterministic experiment
(ii) Trial
When we perform an experiment, it is called a trial of the experiment.
Question 3. Write down trials of the following experiments.
(a) A die is thrown 6 times.
(b) A coin is tossed 1000 times.

211

(c) Tossing of three coins simultaneously 50 times.
Note: If an experiment is repeated ‘n’ times, then we say that ‘n’ trials of the experiment have
taken place.
(iii) Elementary event
An outcome of a trial is an elementary event.
In tossing of a coin, the possible outcomes are _______ and ________.
If 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 are the two elementary events associated with the above experiment, then
𝐸1 =________________________________
𝐸2 =______________________________
Question 4.A die is rolled. Define the six elementary events associated with this experiment.
𝐸1 =
𝐸2 =
𝐸3 =
𝐸4 =
𝐸5 =
𝐸6 =
Hint: Think about the outcomes of the experiment.

212
Did you know?

The probability of living 110 years or more is about 1 in 7 million
Question 5. A box contains 2 white balls, 1 black ball, 2 red balls and a green ball. 2 balls are taken
randomly from the box. What are the events associated with the above experiment?
(iv) Compound event
A collection of two or more possible outcomes of a trial of a random experiment is called

a compound event.
Consider the experiment of tossing 2 coins simultaneously. If we define the event “Getting
exactly one tail”, then it is a collection of elementary events (outcomes) ‘TH’ and ‘HT’.
Therefore it is a compound event.
Similarly, 3 coins are tossed simultaneously. If we define the event “Getting at least two
heads”, then the elementary events (outcomes) in the compound event are found as follows.
Elementary events associated to the experiment are,
(𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, _____, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, ______, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, ________)
Let 𝐸 be the event “Getting atleast two heads”. Then,
𝐸 = __________________________________________

213
2. Theoretical Probability Formula
If we try to define probability mathematically, we can say that probability is used to

quantify the chances of occurrence of events.
In other words,
Number of trials in which the event happpened

P(E) =
Total number of trials
Did you know?

Athletes and coaches use probability to determine the best sports
strategies for games and competitions. A baseball coach evaluates a player's
batting average when placing him in the lineup.
Question 6. Find the chance of occurrence of prime numbers when you throw a die.
Hint: Probability of occurrence of each event is equally likely.
Did you know?

Probability plays an important role in analyzing
insurance policies to determine which plans are
best for you or your family and what deductible
amounts you need.

214
Let us take another example of die. We know that, when we throw a die, there are equal chances
that any of the six numbers can turn up. So, if you are asked, what are the chances of occurrence
of number ‘2’? By simple logic you can say that occurrence of ‘2’ is among one of the six
events. So, the probability of occurrence of ‘2’ will be ____
Similarly, the probability of occurrence of each of the faces will be ___ only.
Since, there are altogether 6 faces,

1
The probability of getting each face = .
6
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sum of all probabilities of getting each face = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = ____ = _____
Generalising, we can say that for any experiment, the sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events will be 1.
0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐸) ≤ 1
For example, probability of occurrence of number ‘7’ on throw of a dice is 0. Also, the
probability of occurrence of a natural number on throw of a dice is ‘1’.
Question 7. A die is thrown 200 times with the frequency for the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 as given in
the following table:
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 20 45 66 77 89 100
Find the probability of getting each outcome.
Note: The probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 ( 0 and 1 inclusive )

215
Question 8. Two dice are rolled. Then, what is the probability that the total score is a prime number?
Did you know?

According to probability, The probability of you being born was about 1 in 400
trillion.
Question 9. A jar contains 12 red balls, 4 blue balls and 4 green balls. What is the probability of getting
a green ball?
Question 10. If a coin is tossed two times, what is the probability of
(i) Getting head at least once?

(ii) Getting exactly one head?
(i)

216

(ii)
Note: Deck of Cards
A deck consists of 52 cards, which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each-
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠, 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠
Clubs and Spades are black in colour while Hearts and Diamonds are red in colour.
The cards in each suit are ace,king,queen,jack,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3 and 2.
King, Queen and Jacks are called Face cards.
Question11. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of drawing:
a. An Ace
b. ‘5’of Spades
c. ‘9’ of Black suit.
d. Red Face cards
e. All face cards

217
3. Geometrical Probability
Question 12. Suppose you drop a ball at random on the rectangular region shown in the figure. What
is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1m?
4. Complementary Events
Probability of occurrence of one event is equal to probability of non-occurrence of rest of the

events.
Say, an experiment consists of 5 events, A, B, C, D and E, which are equally likely to occur.
Then probability of occurrence of event A = __________
Also, probability that events B, C, D and E will not occur = __________, which means only
one event can occur, i.e. event A.
In general, for any event E,
𝑃(𝐸̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸)
𝐸̅ represents ‘not E’ and is called the complement of event E.

218

Question 13. There are 8 defective items in a sample of 24 items. One item is drawn at random. What
is the probability that it is a non-defective item?
Question 14. The probability that it will rain on a particular day is 0.76. The probability that it will
not rain on that day is ____________

220
1. Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at least one head and
one tail.
1 3
A) 4
C) 4
1
B) 2
D) None of these
2. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1 to 25 is not a prime
number.
8 3
A) 25
C) 5
9 16
B) 25
D) 25
3. From a set of 17 cards, numbered 1, 2,..., 17, one is drawn. What is the probability that the
number is multiple of 3 or 7?
5 8
A) 17
C) 17
7 3
B) 17
D) 17
4. There are 5 green, 6 black and 7 white balls in a bag. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
Find the probability that it is not white.
11 7
A) C)
18 18
12 6
B) 18
D) 18
5. Two dice are rolled. The probability that the total score is a prime number is:
1 1
A) 6
C) 2
5 7
B) 12
D) 9
Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions.
6. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose
product is even?
7. You spin a spinner that has 8 equal-sized sections numbered 1 to 8. Find the theoretical
probability of landing on the given section(s) of the spinner.

221
(i) Section 1 (ii) odd numbered section (iii) a section whose number is a power
of 2.
8. (i) A circle is inscribed in a square. A point inside the square is randomly selected.
What is the probability that the point is inside the circle as well?
(ii) If, instead, the square was inscribed in the circle, and a point inside the circle was
randomly selected, what is the probability that it is inside the square?
9. A student calculates that the probability of his winning the first prize in a lottery is 0.08. If
6000 tickets are sold, how many tickets has he bought?
10. Two friends were born in the year 2000. What is the probability that they have the
same birthday?
11. A jar contains 8 white marbles, 10 orange marbles, and some red marbles. If the
12. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. A lottery is drawn at random. What
is the probability of getting a prize?
13. Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at most two
heads?
14. If a coin is tossed two times, what is the probability of (i) getting head at least
once?
(ii) Getting exactly one head?
15. Each of letters in the word WILLING is on separate cards, face down on the table. If you pick
a card at random, what is the probability that its letter will be I or N?
16. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
17. You ask a friend to think of a number from 5 to 40. What is the probability that his number
will be multiple of 10?
18. Dhoni won a game off the last ball by scoring 2 4 2 2 4 6 in the last over when 20 runs were
required. If the scorecard for the last over was randomly rearranged, what is the probability
that he finished the game with a six?
19. What is the probability that a leap year, selected at random will contain (i) 53 Fridays (ii) 53
Mondays and 53 Tuesdays (iii) 53 Sundays and 53 Thursdays.
20. There are 10 songs on a playlist which you just started playing from the first track.
You've turned shuffle on. What is the probability that the second track will be played
next?

222
Keys
3 9
1. C. 16.
4 20
3 4 1
2. C. 5 17. 36
=9
7 1
3. B. 18.
17 6
11 2 1 1
4. A. 18 19. (i) 7 (ii) 7 (iii) 7
5 1
5. B. 12 20. 9
27 3
6. 36
=4
1 4 1 3
7. (i) 8 (ii) 8 = 2 (iii) 8
𝜋 2
8. (i) 4 (ii) 𝜋
9. 480 tickets.
1
10.
366
11. 6 Red marbles
10 2
12. 35
=7
7
13. 8
3 1
14. (i) (ii)
4 2
3
15. 7

CO-ORDINATE
GEOMETRY
224
X CBSE Mathematics – Co–ordinate Geometry

proceed.
1. Introduction
Analytical geometry is the study of geometry using algebraic methods.

The method of proving a theorem in geometry using construction method was very tedious. So
French mathematician Rene Descartes used algebra in geometry and developed the subject
called as Co-ordinate or Analytical geometry.
You have already studied that every ordered pair of real numbers can be represented by a point
in a plane with reference to two fixed lines, called co-ordinate axes.
The distance of a point from the y – axis is called its _______ coordinate.
The distance of a point from the x – axis is called its _______ coordinate.
The coordinates of a point on the x – axis are of form ______.
The coordinate of a point on the y – axis are of from _______.
Question 1. Draw two lines 𝑋’𝑂𝑋 and 𝑌’𝑂𝑌 at right angles. Denote the positive 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
negative 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Also name the quadrants with their sign conventions.

225
Question 2. Mark the following points on the co-ordinate system:
A (3,4), B (-3, 0) and C (-2,4), D (-5, -6), E (0, -3), F (-5,7)
Question 3. Name the quadrant in which the following will lie: A (0, -2), B (-1, -2), C (4, 2) and D (1, -
2)

226
2. Distance Formula
Question 4. A town G is located 12 km from east and 5 km north of the town F. How would you find
the distance from town A and B without actually measuring it?
Helping Hand: Use Pythagoras theorem
In the Question2, we have marked few points on the co-ordinate plane. In those can we find out
the distance between point A and point C?
Since both the points are at equal distance from 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 their distance can be calculated as
(-2units) + (3 units) = 5units.
Question 5. Similarly, can you calculate the distance between point D and point F?

227
In both the cases above, the points discussed are at same distance from either 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
What if the points are not at same distance from either 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 or 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?
In such cases we use distance formula to find the distance between the two points.
Let us derive the formula to find the distance between A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
Let the given points be A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
From the above figure,
AC = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 and BC = ______________________
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem for right angled triangle ABC
AB2 = _________________
= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
AB = _________________________
Note: The formula remains the same if the points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) are taken in different
quadrants. To prove the formula conveniently we have taken the two points in first quadrant.
Question 6. Find the distance between origin and point A (2, 3).

228
Note: The distance between a point A (x1, y1) and origin is √(0 − 𝑥1 )2 + (0 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦1 )2
Question 7. The point (5,4) lies on a circle. What is the length of the radius of this circle if the center is
located at (3,2)?
Question 8. The coordinates of rectangle ABCD are A (0,2), B (4,8), C (7,6) and D (3,0). Show that the
diagonals are equal in length.

229
Question 9. What point on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is at a distance of 5 units from the point (5, - 4)
Question 10. Find the value of 𝑎, if the distance between the two points: (4, −5), (−2, 𝑎) is √85 units.

230
Question 11. Say, a point P (𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from the points A(7,4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (5,3). Can you find the
relation between 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
Helping Hand: Use distance formula and write the expression of distance between them and equate
them.
3. Section Formula
Section formula is used to find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line joining of
two points in a given ratio.

231
Let A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) be two given points in the co-ordinate plane. Let P (x, y) be the point which
divides AB internally in the given ratio m1:m2
𝐴𝑃 𝑚1
i.e., =
𝑃𝐵 𝑚2
Draw AL, PM and BN ⊥s on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Thus AL, PM and BN are ǁ lines. Through P draw a
straight line parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Similarly draw AR parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
From figure,
AR = LM = OM – OL = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
PS = ____ = _______ = ______
PR = PM – RM = PM – AL = 𝑦 − 𝑦1
BS = _______ = _________ = ______
∆APR and ∆PBS are similar [Why?]
𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝑅 𝐴𝑃
∴ = = [Corresponding _________ of similar ∆s are in ____________]
𝑃𝑆 𝐵𝑆 𝑃𝐵

232

𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑃 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑚1
= ⇒ =
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝐵 𝑥2 −𝑥 𝑚2
⇒𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) = 𝑚1 (𝑥2 − 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑥1 = 𝑚1 𝑥2 − 𝑚1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑥 = _______________
⇒ 𝑥(𝑚2 + 𝑚1 ) = _______________
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1
∴𝑥=
𝑚1 +𝑚2
𝑃𝑅 𝐴𝑃
Similarly, = ⇒
𝐵𝑆 𝑃𝐵
𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1
∴ Co-ordinates of P are ( 1𝑚2 +𝑚2 , 𝑚 +𝑚 )
1 2 1 2
Helping Hand: Rule to remember the co-ordinates of P is,
➢ For x – coordinate of P, multiply m1 with x2 and m2 with x1as shown in the figure given below by
arrows and add the products. Divide the sum by 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 . Follow the same steps to get the y-
coordinate of P.

233
Note: If P divides the line segment AB externally then,
𝑚1 𝑥2 − 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 − 𝑚2 𝑦1
The co-ordinates of P are (
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
, 𝑚 −𝑚 )
1 2
Note: Section formula is helpful in coordinate geometry, for instance, it can be used to find out the
centroid, incenter and excenters of triangles.
If the ratio in which P divides AB is k : 1, then the coordinates of the point will be:
____________ , ___________
Question 12. A ( -3, 1) and B(3, -6), what are the coordinates of the point P = (𝑥, 𝑦) which internally
divides line segment AB in the ratio 1: 2?
a. Mid- point formula
We know that the co-ordinates of P which divides the line segment AB in the ratio 𝑚1 : 𝑚2
𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1
are ( 1𝑚2 +𝑚2 , 𝑚 +𝑚 ).
1 2 1 2
If P is the mid point of the line segment AB then, ratio will be 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 1: 1

234
Substituting this ratio in the section formula, we get
1. 𝑥2 + 1. 𝑥1 1. 𝑦2 + 1. 𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1
( , )= ( , )
1+1 1+1 2 2
b. Centroid of a triangle
Question 13. Define median and centroid of a triangle
Let A(x1, y1) , B (x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) be the given vertices of a triangle ABC. Let D be the mid-
point of BC, then the co-ordinates of D are,
_________________________________ [ By mid-point theorem]
Let G be the centroid of ∆ ABC, then G divides the median AD in the ratio 2:1. Then the co-ordinates
of G are
235

𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
1.𝑥1 +2. 2 3 1.𝑦1 +2. 2 3
2 2
( , )
1+2 1+2
i.e, __________________________________
Question 14. Two vertices of a ∆ABC are A(6,-2) and B(4, 3). If the co-ordinates of its centroid be (3, -
1), find the co-ordinates of the third vertex of the triangle.
Question 15. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(10,-6), B(2,-6) and C(-4,-2),
find the fourth vertex D.

236
a. Points of trisection
Let points P and Q lie on line segment AB and divide it into three equal parts.
i.e., AP = PQ = QB then P and Q are called points of trisection of AB.
Question 16. Find the co-ordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points
A(2,1) and B(5,-8).
Question 17. In ∆ABC, the midpoints of sides BC, CA and AB are (1, 0) , (3, 5) and (-2, 4)
respectively. Find the coordinates of the three vertices A, B and C.

237
Question 18. In what ratio does the point P( -3, 7) divide the line segment joining A(-5, 11) and B(4, -
7)?

238

Question 19. Point A(0, 5 ) and B (10, 13) are joined to form line segment AB. If the point P ( 𝑥, 𝑦)
divides AB in the ratio 3 : 1 externally , then what is 𝑥 + 𝑦?
Question 20. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(2, -
2) and B(-7, 4)

239

Question 21. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x
and y.
Question 22. Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3, 0), (4, 5), (– 1, 4) and (– 2, – 1) taken in
order.
1
(Hint: Area of rhombus = 2 product of its diagonal)

240
1. Area of triangles
1
In general, the area of a triangle can be calculated using the formula: × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 or
2
using Heron’s Formula.
As per Heron’s formula,
A = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where, 𝑠 = 2
and 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are the sides of the triangle.
Now, how will you calculate the area of the triangle if the coordinates of the vertices are given?
Say, the three vertices of the triangle are𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) .
Consider a ∆ABC, whose vertices are A(x1, y1), B(x2,y2) and C (x3,y3). Draw AP, BQ and CR
perpendicular from A, B and C resp. to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Clearly ABQP, APRC and BQRC are all
trapeziums.

241
Area of ∆ABC = area of trapezium ABQP + area of trapezium APRC - area of trapezium
BQRC
------------ (i)
1
We know that area of trapezium = 2 (sum of parallel sides) (distance between them)
1 1 1
Area of ∆ABC = (BQ + AP) QP + (AP + CR)PR - (BQ + CR)QR
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 2 (y2 + y1) (x1- x2) + 2 (y1 + y3) (x3 - x1) - 2 (y2 + y3) (x3- x2)
1
Area of ∆ABC = [x1(y2 - y3) + x2 (y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 - y2 )]
2
Helping Hand: Look carefully at the formula, start with first x-coordinate and then multiply it
with the difference of remaining two y-coordinates. Follow this cycle for remaining two terms
also.
Question 23. Find the area of a triangle, whose vertices are P (5, 3), Q (4, 6) and R (6,-3).

242
Question 24. Can you find the value of 𝑘 for which A (2, 4), B (5,𝑘) and C(6,-2) are collinear.
(Helping Hand: The points are collinear, if the area of the triangle formed by these points will be zero.)

243
Question 25. If A(–5, 7), B(– 4, –5), C(–1, –6) and D(4, 5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral, find the
area of the quadrilateral ABCD.

245
X CBSE Mathematics - Co-ordinate Geometry
1. The distance of point (2, 3) from origin is:

A. 12 unit C. √13 unit
B. 13 unit D. 5 unit
2. Find the relation between 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that the points (𝑥, 𝑦) is equidistant from the points (7, 1)
and (3, 5).
A. 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 2 C. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = -2
B. 𝑥 + 2 = -y D. None of these
3. Find the midpoint of the line joining the following point: (2, 3) and (4, 5 )
A. (3, 4) C. (2, 3)
B. (3, -4) D. None of these
4. The area of the triangle formed by (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b) is
A. a+b+c C. (a+b+c)2
B. abc D. 0
5. Find the mid-point of segment connecting the points (a, b) and (5a , -7b ).
A. 3a, -4b) C. (3a, -4b)
B. (2a, -3b) D. (-2a, 4b)
6. Find the point on the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 which is equidistance from the points A (4, 6) and B (-1, 3).
7. Determine if the following points are collinear or not: (5, -2) , (6, 4) and (7, -2).
8. Find the coordinate of the point M which divides the line segment A(2, 3) and B (5, 6) in the
ratio 2: 3.
9. State whether the given statement is correct or not: The triangle formed by joining the point
A( -3,0) , B( 0,0) and C( 0,2) is a right angle triangle
10. Find the centroid of the triangle XYZ whose vertices are X (3, - 5) Y (- 3, 4) and Z (9, - 2).
11. If the points A(2, 1) and B(1, -2) are equidistant from the point (𝑥 , 𝑦) , show that 𝑥 + 3𝑦 =0.
12. Find the ratio in which the point P (2, 𝑦) divides the line joining points A (-4, 3) and B (6, 3)
and hence find the value of 𝑦.
13. Show that the points A (1, 0), B (5, 3), C (2, 7) and D (-2, 4) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

246
X CBSE Mathematics - Co-ordinate Geometry
14. If the distances of A (𝑥, 𝑦) from P (𝑎 + 𝑏 , 𝑏𝑎) and Q (𝑎𝑏 , 𝑎 + 𝑏) are equal, prove that
𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦.
15. Show that the points (1, 1), (-2, 7) and (3, -3) are collinear.
16. Find the ratio in which the points (2, 5) divide the line segment joining the points (-1, 2) and
(4,7).
17. Find the centre of the circle passing through (5, -8), (2, -9) and (2, 1).
18. Find the value of a for which the area of the triangle formed by the points A(a, 2a), B(-2, 6) and
C(3, 1) is 10 square units.
19. ABC is a triangle whose vertices are A (2, -1), B (-4, 2) and C (2, 5). Find the length of the
median AD.
20. The three vertices of a parallelogram are (1, 1), (4, 4) and (4, 8). Find the fourth vertex.
Keys
1. C. √13
2. A. 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
3. A. (3, 4)
4. D. 0
5. A. (3a, -3b)
6. (-2, 0)
7. Hint : Prove that the area of the triangle is zero
16 21
8. ( , )
5 5
9. Yes, since AB2+BC2=AC2
10. (3, -1)
11. Let point be P(x,y) and show that AP = BP
12. Ratio is 3:2 and 𝑦 = 3.
13. Hint : Show that AB = CD and BC = AD.
14. Hint : Prove that AP = AQ
15. Hint : Prove that area = 0
16. Ratio is 3 : 2
17. (2, -4)
8
18. 𝑎 = (0, )
3
117
19. √ 4
20. Hint : Show that midpoint of AC = Midpoint of BD

AREAS RELATED
TO CIRCLES
248
X CBSE Mathematics - Areas Related to Circles

proceed.
1. Introduction
During Diwali, we all make rangoli at home. The above figure is a part of a rangoli in which the
unshaded part is to be coloured by red powder.
If area of the square is ‘A square units’ and area of a single circle is ‘B square units’ what is the area of
red coloured portion?
Area of square = __________
Area of a single circle = ________
Therefore, area of shaded portion = _________
Area of red coloured portion = ______________
Did you know?

In ancient Rome, circles were worshiped as
they were thought to be divine and holy.

249
2. Perimeter and Area of a Circle
If you cover a distance of 20m by running around a circle once, then 20m is the
_____________ or____________ of the circle.
There is a relation between circumference and diameter of a circle with radius 𝑟, which is,
𝜋 = _________________________
Circumference = ____________ × __________
Since d = 2r
Circumference = _________
Area of a circle with radius 𝑟 = ___________
Question 1. Find the area of a circle whose circumference is 44 cm.
Circumference, 2𝜋𝑟 = ______
𝑟 = ____________ = ______________
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 = _______________ = _______________𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚
Area enclosed by two concentric circles,
Area enclosed = Area of outer circle – Area of inner circle = ____________________

250
Did you know?

A circle has the shortest perimeter of all shapes with the same area.
Note: If two circles touch internally, then the distance between their centres is equal to the difference of
their radii, where R is the radius of the bigger circle and r is the radius of the smaller circle.
Question 2. Two circles touch externally. The sum of their areas is 116π cm2 and the distance between
their centres is 14 cm. Find the radii of the circles.
Helping hand: If two circles touch externally, then the distance between their centres is equal to the
sum of their radii, where R is the radius of the bigger circle and r is the radius of the smaller circle.

251
Question 3. A car has wheels which are 80 cm in diameter. How many complete revolutions does each
wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 kmph?
Helping hand: Distance moved by a rotating wheel in one revolution is equal to the circumference of
the wheel.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
The number of revolutions completed by a rotating wheel in one minute = 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
3. Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle
Question 4. (i) What is a chord of a circle?
(ii) What is an arc of a circle?

252

a. Area of a Sector
Question 5. What is a sector? Mark major sector and minor sector in the following figure.
The minor sector, OACB, has an angle less than 180° at the centre of the circle whereas the
major sector, OADB, has an angle more than 180° at the centre.
Two points, A and B, lying on a circle define two arcs. The shortest is called ‘minor arc’ and
the longer is called the ‘major arc’.

253

A minor arc, ACB, is an arc of a circle having measure less than or equal to 180° (π radians)
whereas a major arc, ADB, is an arc of a circle having measure greater than or equal to 180° (π
radians).
Let us consider a circle of radius r. Let AOB be a sector of the circle with angle of
sector, ∠AOB = θ.
𝜃
If the arc, ACB subtends an angle θ at the centre, then its arc length is 360 × 2πr
𝜃
= 360 × (Circumference of the circle)
𝜃
The area of the sector is × πr2
360
𝜃
= 360 × (Area of the circle)
Area of major sector = Area of the circle – Area of minor sector
Question 6. Quadrant of a circle is a sector of the circle with angle of sector ________.
Question 7. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 26 cm
sweeping through an angle of 115°. The total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades is ________.

254

Question 8. What is a segment? Write down which is major segment and minor segment in the
following figure.
b. Area of a segment
Consider a circle of radius r. Let O be the centre and AB be chord dividing the
circle into two segments ACB and ADB (figure).

255
Let the chord AB subtend ∠AOB = θ.
It is clear from the figure that the area of segment ACB = Area of sector OACB –
Area of ΔOAB
Area of sector OACB = ___________________

𝜃 𝜃
In ΔOAB, cos 2 = __________ and sin 2 = _________
𝜃 𝜃
OM = r cos 2 and AM = r sin 2
1
∴ Area of ΔOAB = 2 (AB × OM)
⇒ Area of ΔOAB = _____________________________

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
∴ Area of segment ACB = ( × πr2) – (r2 sin cos )
360 2 2
𝜃
Area of segment ACB = {(360 × π) –___________} r2
Area of major segment = Area of the circle – Area of minor segment.
Question 9. PQRS is a square of side 8 cm. The shaded part is the region common between the two
quadrants of circles of radius 8 cm. Find the area of the shaded region.

256

Question 10. XYZ is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semi-circle is drawn with YZ as
diameter, then the area of the shaded region.

257
4. Area of Combination of Plane Figures
Question 11. Three coins of radius 1 cm are placed on a table such that each of them touches the other
two. Find the area enclosed by the coins.
Question 12. Find the area of the shaded region in the figure, where a circle of radius 6 cm is drawn
with vertex A of an equilateral ΔABC of side 12 cm as centre.

258
Question 13. Sides of both the squares are 8cm and the quadrants in fig 1 are of radius 3.5cm. In fig 2,
the circle is of radius 3.5cm. Compare the area of shaded region in both the cases. What do you infer
from this?

259
Question 14. In the figure, all four outer circles are of same radius r, and then the radius of inner circle
is ________.
Question 15. Find the shaded area in the given figure. Radius of the two circles is 3.5 cm and 7cm
respectively. Angle made at the centre is 30°.

260
Question 16. In the adjoining figure find the shaded area.

262

1. The perimeter of a protractor (radius 𝑟) is
A. 𝜋𝑟 C. 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟
B. 𝜋 + 𝑟 D. 𝜋 + 2𝑟
2. The circumference of a circle exceeds its diameter by 120cm, then its radius is
A. 14 cm C. 42 cm
B. 56 cm D. 28 cm
3. The area of a square inscribed in a circle of diameter ‘d’ is

𝑑2 𝑑2 𝑑
A. 2
B. 4
C. 2 D. 𝑑2
4. If the perimeter of a circle is equal to that of a square, then the ratio of their areas is
A. 11:14 C. 7:22
B. 14 : 11 D. 22:7
5. If a line meets the circle in two distinct points, it is called

A. Secant C. Tangent
B. Chord D. Diameter
Questions from 6 to 18 are subjective questions.
6. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by 16.8 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
7. A wire when bent in the form of a square encloses an area of 242 sq. cm. If the same wire is
bent into the form of a circle, find the area of the circle.
8. The inner circumference of a circular track is 220 m. The track is 7m wide. Calculate the cost
of fencing along the outer circle at the rate of Rs 1.50 per metre.
9. A car travels 1 km distance in which each wheel makes 450 complete revolutions. Find the
diameter of the wheel.
10. The outer circumference of a circular race track is 528 m. The track is 14 m wide. Calculate the
cost of leveling the track at the rate of Rs 2 per sq. m.
11. The sum of the radii of two circles is 140 cm and the difference of their circumference is 88 cm.
Find the radii of the two circles.
12. The minute hand of a clock is 10 cm long. Find the area swept by the minute hand between 9
AM and 9:25 AM.

263
13. Find the length of a rope by which a cow must be tied in order that it may be able to graze an
area of 616 cm2.
14. Prove that the area of a circular path of uniform width h surrounding a circular region at radius
r is 𝜋h(2r + h).
15. A road which is 7 m wide surrounds a circular park whose circumference is 352 m. Find the
area of the road.
3
16. A path of 4 m width runs round a circular grassy plot whose circumference is 163 7 m. Find:
a) The area of the path
b) The cost of gravelling the path at the rate of Rs 1.50 per sq metre.
c) The cost of turning the plot at the rate of 45 paise per m2.
17. A pendulum swings through an angle of 60° and describes an arc of 4.4 cm in length. Find the
length of the pendulum.
18. In the below figure, ΔOAB is a right angled triangle with OA=4cm, OB=3cm. Arc OADC is
quadrant of a circle with radius 4cm. Find the shaded area
.
Answer Keys
1. 𝜋𝑟 + 2𝑟 6. 3.92 cm 11. 77 cm, 63 cm 17. 4.2 cm
2. 28 cm 7. 325.40 12. 130.95 cm2 18. 6.571 cm2
𝑑2
3. 2
8. Rs.396 13. 14 m
4. 14:11 9. 0.70 m 15. 2618 m2
5. Secant 10. Rs.13552 16. 352 m2, Rs.528, Rs. 75.40

SURFACE AREAS
AND VOLUMES
265
X CBSE Mathematics - Surface Areas and Volumes

proceed.
1. Basics
Question 1. Draw figures of cuboid, cube, cyclinder, cone and sphere.
Question 2. Match the following table which tells how these solid figures are formed.
Figures (to be created) How they are formed?
a. 6 squares joined together

Right circular cylinder
b. Two circles and a bended reactangle/A

Right circular cone rectangle rotated about one of its sides.
c. A circular disc rotated about its diameter.

Cube
d. A right triangle rotated about its base.

Sphere

266
Question 3. What is surface area?
Note: Unit of area is square units, which means area involves two lengths.
Question 4. Fill in the blanks.
(a) 1 𝑚2 = _________𝑐𝑚2
(b) 1 𝑐𝑚2 = __________𝑚2
(c) 15 𝑚2 = ________________𝑚2
Question 5. Differentiate between lateral surface area and total surface area.
Question 6. What is volume?
Note: Unit of volume is cubic units, which means volume involves three lengths. Volume can also be
given as area × height.

267
a. Cuboid
Question 7. Dimensions of a cuboid is represented as ____________ × ___________ × ___________
Question 8. Number of rectangular faces in a cuboid is _______
Question 9. Fill in the blanks:
a. Area of a rectangle = ________×__________

b. Number of rectangular faces in a cuboid is _______
c. So, Sum of areas of all rectangular faces = ________________
d. Sum of areas of all rectangular faces excluding top and bottom = ________________
e. An open cuboid with dimension 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ is given below. All the 6 faces are numbered from 1
to 6. Fill the blank spaces with the symbols.
Area of the face (1) = ________

268
Total surface area of the cuboid = Area of [(1) + (2) +(3) +(4) +(5) +(6)]
=__________________
=__________________
Also, Total surface area of a cuboid = Lateral surface area + 2 × Area of the base
Volume of Cuboid = ___________________
Question 10. Total surface area of a cuboid with dimension 3 𝑐𝑚 × 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 × 4 𝑐𝑚 is 94 𝑐𝑚2. Find the
value of 𝑥 and find its volume.
Hint: Form an equation in 𝑥 and solve.
Did you know?

Length of the diagonal of a cuboid is equal to √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2
[By Pythagoras theorem]

269

b. Cube
Length, breadth and height of a cube are same. Therefore, each face will have equal area.
Area of one face of a cube of side length 𝑎 units = ____ × _____ = _____
Total surface area of the cube = _______
Volume of a cube = __________________
Did you know?

The length of the longest rod that can be
placed in a rectangular box or room is equal to
its diagonal.
Question 11. Surface area of a cube is 150 𝑚2 . Find the side length of the cube and find its volume.

270
Question 12. A birthday gift(cuboidal in shape) is 55 cm long, 40 cm wide and 5 cm high. You have
one sheet of wrapping paper that is 75 cm by 100 cm. Is the paper large enough to wrap the gift?
Explain.
c. Right Circular Cylinder
Lateral or curved surface area of the cylinder
= Perimeter of the base circle × Height of the cylinder
= ___________ × _________
= __________
Total surface area of the cylinder = __________+_____________ = __________

Volume of cylinder = ___________________

271
Question 13. Mary is wrapping a can of paint as a gag gift for a friend. If the can is 11 cm high and has
a diameter of 7 cm, how many sq.cm of wrapping paper will she use in completely covering the can?
Question 14. A cylindrical tube needs to be painted on the inside as well as on the outside. It is open on
both ends. If the diameter of the tube is 18 cm, and it is 110 cm in length, what is the total surface area
of this tube which will be painted and find its volume?

272
d. Right Circular Cone
1
Lateral surface area = 2 × ____ × _____ = _____________
Total surface area of the cone = Lateral surface area + Area of the base
= ________+______ = ___________
By Pythagoras theorem,
Relation between ℎ, 𝑙 and 𝑟 is 𝑙 2 = _____ + _____
Volume of cone = _________________
Did you know?

Traffic cones can be found along highways and sidewalks
throughout the world. The traffic cone's circular base provides
stability to keep the cone upright.
Question 15. Find the total surface area of a cone, if its slant height is 21 m and diameter of its base is
24m.

273
Question 16. How many meters of cloth of 5m width will be required to make a conical tent, the radius
of whose base is 7 m and height is 24 m? What is the cost of the cloth required to make the tent if 1 m2
22
cloth costs Rs. 50.(Take 𝜋 = 7
)
e. Sphere
Surface area of a sphere whose radius is 𝑟 = __________
Surface area of the sphere in terms of diameter ‘𝑑’ = _________
Volume of sphere = _____________
Did you know?

The earth is approximately a sphere
(actually it is sphere slightly flattened at the poles).

274
22
Question 17. Find the radius of a sphere whose surface area is 616 cm2 and find its volume. ( π = 7
)
Did you know?

The surface area of the Earth is 510 million square
kilometers or 5.1 × 108 𝑘𝑚2 .
Question 18. The diameter of earth is 4 times that of moon. What is the ratio of their surface areas?

275
2. Surface Area of Combination of Solids
Now, we have learnt about various applications of the formulas for finding the surface area and
volume of basics solids but what if we have to calculate surface area and volume of shape like
a circular tent, a toy in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere etc.
While calculating total surface area of combined solids, we should calculate only the areas that
are visible to us.
For example, when a cone is surmounted by a hemisphere;
To find the total surface area of the combined solid, we just have to find out the curved surface
areas of hemisphere and cone, as the area of the curved surface of hemisphere and that of the
cone is only visible.
If 𝑟 is the radius of both cone and hemisphere,ℎ is the height of the cone. Surface area of the
combined solid is equal to:
Curved surface area of hemisphere + Curved surface area of cone = (2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙)

276
Question 19. The interior of a building is in the form of a right circular cylinder of diameter 4.2 m and
height 4 m surmounted by a cone. The vertical height of cone is 2.1m. Find the outer surface area and
volume of the building.

277
Question 20. A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The
diameter of the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the inner surface
area of the vessel.
Question 21. A circular tent is cylindrical upto a height of 3 m and conical above it. If the diameter of
the base is 105 m and the slant height of the conical part is 53 m, find the total canvas used in making
the tent.

278
Question 22. A hemisphere is scooped out from top and bottom of a solid cylinder of radius 14 cm and
height 12 cm. What is the total surface area of the remaining article?

279
3. Volume of combination of Solids
In the calculation of surface area , we have not added the surface areas of two constituents,
because some part of the surface area disappeared in the process of joining them. However, this
will not be the case when we calculate the volume. When we combine two solids the volume of
the resulting solid is sum of volumes of combined solids.
Question 23. The interior of a building is in the form of a right circular cylinder of diameter 4.2 m and
height 4 m surmounted by a cone. The vertical height of cone is 2.1 m. Find the outer surface area and
volume of the buildings.

280
Question 24. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being
equal to 1 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in terms of
pie.
Question 25. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find the
approximately how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with
two hemisphere ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm.

281
Question 26. A right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is full of ice-cream. The
ice-cream is to be filled in cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm having a hemisphere shape on the
top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled with ice-cream.
4. Conversion of solids from One shape to another
When we convert one shape to another shape, surface area changes but the volume is preserved.
Note: When a liquid is transferred completely from a vessel to another vessel having different
shape, volume of the liquid remains the same.

282
Question 27. A sphere of radius 5 cm is made of modeling clay. It is reshaped into a cone of height
which is equal to the radius of the sphere. Find the radius of base of the cone.
Question 28. A cuboid of dimensions 40𝑐𝑚 × 30𝑐𝑚 × 22𝑐𝑚 is completely filled by water. It is poured
into a cylinder of radius 30 cm which fills half of the cylinder. Find the height of the cylinder.
Hint: Volume of the cuboid is not equal to volume of the cylinder

283

Question 29. A metallic sphere of radius 5 cm is melted to form ′𝑛′ small spheres of radius 1 cm. What
is th value of 𝑛?
(Hint: Volume of the bigger sphere will be equal to n times the volume of smaller sphere)
5. Frustrum of Cone
Question 30. What is frustum of a cone? Draw a rough figure of it.
Did you know?

Frustum is a latin word which means
‘piece cut off’.

284

Question 31. How many circular bases does a frustum of cone have?
Question 32. Radii of the circular bases of frustum of a cone is 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 . What will happen if 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 ?
Hint: Think about the shapes we learned before
Note: Height and slant height of frustum of a cone are different.

285

In the cone given above, the frustum can be considered as the difference of two right circular
cones.
Let the larger cone has a height equal to h units, slant height as 𝑙 units and radius as r units be
named as cone 1. The smaller right circular cone be named as cone 2, whose height is given as h'
units, radius as r' units and the slant height as l' units.
The height of frustum is 𝐻 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 and its slant height is 𝐿 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
The volume of right circular cone 1= ____________
Similarly, volume of right circular cone 2 = ____________
Therefore, volume of the frustum of cone can be given as:
Volume of frustum of cone 𝑉 = ____________________
Volume of frustum, 𝑉 = _______________ − − − (1)
From the figure given above, in the ∆𝑂𝑂′ 𝐷 and ∆𝑂𝑃𝐵;
∠𝐷𝑂𝑂′ = ∠𝐵𝑂𝑃 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
⃡ ||𝐴𝐵
As 𝐶𝐷 ⃡ (Plane dividing the cone is parallel to the base)
⇒ ∠𝑂′𝐷𝑂 = ∠𝑃𝐵𝑂 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠)
Thus, ∆𝑂𝑂′ 𝐷~∆𝑂𝑃𝐷(By 𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦)
Hence, according to condition for similar triangles the ratio of corresponding sides must be
equal:
ℎ′ 𝑟′
⇒ = − − − (2)
ℎ 𝑟
Substituting this value in equation (1),
1 𝑟ℎ′
𝑉 = 𝜋 (𝑟 2 ( ′ ) − 𝑟′2 ℎ′ )
3 𝑟
1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟′3
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ′ ( ) − − − (3)
3 𝑟′
As it can be seen from fig 4,
ℎ = 𝐻 + ℎ′
Substituting this value in equation (2),

286

ℎ′ 𝑟′
′
=
𝐻+ℎ 𝑟
ℎ′ 𝑟′
⇒ =
𝐻 𝑟 − 𝑟′
′
𝑟′
⇒ ℎ = 𝐻( )
𝑟 − 𝑟′
Substituting this value of ℎ′ in equation (3), we get
1 𝑟′ 𝑟 3 − 𝑟′3
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐻) ( ) ( )
3 𝑟 − 𝑟′ 𝑟′
𝟏
⇒𝑽= 𝝅𝑯(𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓′𝒓 + 𝒓′𝟐 )
𝟑

287
Question33. Derive the formula of total surface area of frustum of cone.

288
Question 34. What is the total surface area of the frustum of cone having base radii 16 cm, 10 cm and
height 8 cm.
Question 35. The perimeter of the ends of a frustum is 48 cm and 36 cm. If the height of the frustum be
11 cm, find its volume.

290
1. Two cubes each of volume 8 cm3 are joined end to end, then the surface area of resulting
cuboid is :
A. 80 cm2 B. 64 cm2 C. 40 cm2 D. 8 cm2
2. A shuttle cock used for playing badminton has the shape of a combination of:
A. A cylinder and a sphere
B. A cylinder and a hemisphere
C. A cone and a sphere
D. A frustum of a cone and a hemisphere
3. The area of the square that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 8 cm is :

A. 256 B. 128 C. 64√2 D. 64
4. The total surface area of a solid hemisphere sphere of radius r is :

4
A. 4𝜋r2 B. 2𝜋r2 C. 3 𝜋r3 D. 3𝜋r2
5. If the surface area of a sphere is 616 cm2, then its diameter is:
A. 7 cm B. 14 cm C. 56 cm D. 28 cm
6. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the volume of the resulting cuboid.
7. A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of
the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the inner surface area
of the vessel.
8. A canvas tent is in the form of a cylinder of diameter 15 m and height 2.4 m, surmounted by a
cone of equal base and height 4 m. Find the cost of canvas required at Rs. 50 per square meter.
9. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being equal to 1
cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in terms of 𝜋.
10. A pen stand made of wood is in the shape of a cuboid with four conical depressions to hold
pens. The dimensions of the cuboid are 15 cm by 10 cm by 3.5 cm. The radius of each of the
depressions is 0.5 cm and the depth is 1.4 cm. Find the volume of wood in the entire stand.
11. A boiler is in the form of a cylinder 2 m long with hemispherical ends each of 2 m diameter.
Find the volume of their boiler.

291
12. The base radii of two circular cones of the same height are in the ratio of 3 : 5.Find the ratio of
their volumes.
13. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose edge is 9
cm.
14. A sphere of maximum volume is cut out from a solid hemisphere of radius 6 cm. What is the
volume of the cut out sphere?
15. A cone of height 24 cm and radius of base 6 cm is made up of modeling clay. A child reshapes
it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
16. The radius of spherical balloon increases from 8 cm to 12 cm. Find the ratio of the surface
areas of the balloon in two cases.
17. The ratio of the volumes of two spheres is 8 : 27. If r and R are the radii of sphere respectively,
then find the ratio of (R – r) : r
18. Rain water. Which falls on a flat rectangular surface of length 6 m and breadth 4m is
transferred into a cylindrical vessel of internal radius 20 cm? What will be the height of water
in the cylindrical vessel if a rainfall of 1 cm has fallen?
19. A farmer runs a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from the canal into a cylindrical tank in his
field which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If the water flows through the pipe ay the rate of
3 km /h, in how much time will the tank be filled?
20. A metallic right circular cone 20cm high and whose vertical angle is 90° is cut into two parts
at the middle point of its axis by a plane parallel to its base. If the frustum so obtained be
drawn into a wire of diameter 1/16 cm, find the length of the wire.

292
Keys
1. C. 40 cm2
2. D. A frustum of a cone and a hemisphere
3. B. 128 cm2
4. D. 3𝜋r2
5. B. 14 cm
6. 128 cm3
7. 572 cm2
8. Rs 15,675
9. Volume = 𝜋
10. Volume = 523.53 cm3
11. Volume = 8.38 m3
12. 9 : 25
13. Volume = 190.92 cm3
14. Volume = 113.14 cm3
15. 𝑟 = 6 𝑐𝑚
16. 4:9
17. 1:2
18. 192 cm2
19. 1 hr 40 min
20. 23893.33 m

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4

X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Question 1. What are real numbers?

Question 2. All real numbers are irrational numbers. [True/False] __________

2. Euclid’s Division Lemma

Hint: This is a direct application of Euclid’s division lemma.

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

(d) If a < b, what can be said about q and r?

Question 6. A positive integer 𝑎 is written as 𝑎 = 3𝑞 + 𝑟 and 𝑎 = 4𝑘 + 𝑟, where 𝑞, 𝑘 and 𝑟 are

(a) q = 4; k = 6 (b) q = 3; k = 4 (c) q = 6; k = 8 (d) q = 8; k = 6

Hint: Equate both equations.

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

a. Euclid’s division algorithm.

(b) If r = 0, d is the HCF of c and d. If r ≠ 0, apply the division lemma to d and r.

This algorithm works because HCF(c, d) = HCF(d, r).

Solution: 1650 = ______ × 1 + 803

803 = ______ × ____ + 11

HCF of 1650 and 847 is ______

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

(a) 3k + 1 (b) 4k + 2 (c) 5k + 1 (d) 5k + 4

Hint: Take divisor as 3, 4, 5 and their possible remainders.

3. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Question 13. Find the number of zeros at the end of 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1.

• Let a and b be two natural numbers, then their HCF × LCM = a × b

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Did you know?

Theorem 2: If a prime number 𝑝 divides 𝑎2 , where 𝑎 is a positive integer, then 𝑝 divides 𝑎 as

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

3. Revisiting irrational numbers

Question 16. Prove that √3 is irrational.

Question 17. Prove that 4 − √3 is irrational.

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Decimals like these are called terminating decimals.

Note: The power of 2 or 5 could be zero as well. To sum it up,

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

(a) x is a terminating decimal.

(b) x is a non-terminating repeating decimal.

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X CBSE Mathematics – Real numbers

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQ’s

1. Which of the following numbers has non-terminating decimal expansion?

Questions from 6 to 20 are subjective questions

6. What is the digit at units place of 99?

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X CBSE Mathematics – Polynomials

1. Introduction – Basics Revisited

Properties of Coefficients, Variables and Exponents

• A polynomial can have any number of variables in it.

2. Polynomials in one variable

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803 = __ × + 11