Experiment No.

Title
To Perform Step Drilling Operation on CNC Machining Center.
Objective
 To perform step drilling

Apparatus
CNC Machining Center, Work piece , Cutting tool, Cutting Environment

Figure 1: CNC Machining Center

Theory
Drilling
Drilling is a cutting process in which a drill bit is used to cut or enlarge a hole in a
solid material. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit
is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting
off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.

Process
Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the
presence of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the
hole usually has helical feed marks.[1]
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the workpiece by creating
low residual stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and
disturbed material on the newly formed surface. This causes the workpiece to become more
susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation
may be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.
Step Drilling
Step drilling is a form of trailing in which the process is done in steps. It is done to
protect the tool from wearing out and workpiece from getting too hot. Unlike drilling in
which a hole is made in only on go step drilling divides it into parts. First a small part is
drilled and tool goes back up again it comes down and drill a bit more the process continues
until a hole is made.
Types of drilling
In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand and
evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a variety of drill styles that
each serve a different purpose.
Spot Drilling: The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for
drilling the final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the workpiece because it is
only used to guide the beginning of the next drilling process.
Center Drilling: Centre drill is A two-fluted tool consisting of a twist drill with a 60°
countersink; used to drill countersink center holes in a workpiece to be mounted between
centers for turning or grinding.
Deep Hole Drilling: Deep hole drilling is defined as drilling a hole of depth greater than
ten times the diameter of the hole.[2] These types of holes require special equipment to
maintain the straightness and tolerances.
There are some other types of drilling which are done according to the
requirements.
Difference between G codes and M codes:
G Code: is a Geometric Code, which is used for make a geometry/profile of a component
having cylinder/bar in CNC Lathe or Rectangular Plates in CNC Milling and CNC WEDM.

M code: is a Machine Code or Miscellaneous Code, which is used for machine functions
in all CNC machines. i.e. Coolant on/off, Spindle Speed on/off, tool change, machine stop
permanent/temporary etc.

Procedure
1. First of all, power on the CNC machining center and adjust the position on origin.
2. clamp the workpiece and tool on the spindle.
3. Set the position of workpiece where we want to start the drilling operation.
4. Use the G and M codes and create a program and then press cycle start.
5. The program that we used for this operation is given below:
For step drilling:
G90 G80 G17 G56 G17;
G00 X0 Y0 Z0;
M03 S796;
G83 Z-13.0 R1.0 Q1.0 F20;
G00 Z110;
M05;
M30;
Results
We did step drilling using CNC machine and G and M codes. The process went
smoothly and a hole was made successfully during drilling.
Comments
The experiment was done successfully. The students should also be allowed to do
the experiment under supervision. Students should follow the rules of lab as there were
some disturbances.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling
[2] https://www.wisc-online.com/LearningContent/mtl8502/MLT8502.htm