THEOREMS

CHAPTER 10

The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.

Diagram:

Given: Circle (O,r) with tangent AB at P.

To prove: OP ┴ AB.

Construction: OQ is joined cutting the circle at R.

Proof: OP = OR [radii of the same circle]

OQ = OR + RQ
OQ = OP + RQ [˙.˙ OR = OP]
 OQ > OP
 OP < OQ

Thus, OP is shorter than any other line segment joining O to any other point on AB.

Hence, OP ┴ AB
Proved .

The lengths of tangents drown from an external point to a circle are equal.

Diagram:

Given: Circle (O,r) with tangents AP and BP drawn to the circle.

To prove: PA = PB

Construction: OA, OB and OP are joined.

Proof: Since tangent at any point on the circle is perpendicular to the radius through
the point of contact,
. ˙. OA ┴ AP and OB ┴ BP

 ∟OAP = ∟OBP = 90°

Ame/
In Δ OAP and Δ OBP,
∟OAP = ∟OBP [each 90°]
Hypotenuses OP = OP [common]
OA = OB [radii of the same circle]

By RHS congruency, ΔOAP = ΔOBP

.˙. PA = PB [CPCTC]

Hence, proved.

CHAPTER 6

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides. [Pythagoras’ Theorem]~

Diagram:

Given: Right Δ ABC right angled at B

To prove: AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2

Construction: BD ┴ AC is drawn.

Proof: In Δ ABC and Δ ADB

∟A = ∟A [Common]
∟ABC = ∟ADB [each 90°]

By AA similarity,
.˙. ΔABC ~ ∟ΔADB
AB AC
 =
AD AB
 𝐴𝐵 2 = AC × AD ------> (1)
Similarly,
By AA similarity,
ΔABC ~ ΔBDC
BC AC
 =
DC BC
 𝐵𝐶 2 = AC × DC ------> (2)

Adding equations (1) and (2), we have:

𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = AC × AD + AC × DC
 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = AC (AD + DC)
 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = AC (AC) [˙.˙ AD+DC=AC]
 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 .
2 2 2

Hence, proved.

Ame/
Ame/