Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms

Palestinian and Jordanian

When I say ‘Palestinian’ and ‘Jordanian’, what I mean is the dialect of a representative average
speaker of an urban Jerusalemite or Ammani dialect. Both Palestine and Jordan are dialectally
diverse areas, and their capital cities also have internal linguistic diversity. This is perhaps especially
true of Amman, whose distinct modern dialect is a relatively recent development produced by
generations of close interaction between the various dialects of displaced Palestinians from across
Palestine proper and of the older population. Any attempt to give a comprehensive list of all possible
variations occurring even within these two cities would be messy and probably counterproductive
for a learner.

Both Palestinian and Jordanian fall within the broader Southern Levantine dialect group* as well as in
the Levantine group as a whole, and in fact it is notable how similar the two dialects are to one
another. This applies particularly to verb conjugation: although individual verbs might have different
vowellings (and thus fall under different patterns) in one or the other city, the patterns and
processes remain largely constant throughout. The two capitals differ more on minor nuances of
usage (triggers of the subjunctive etc) which are beyond the scope of a list of verb charts, although
I’ve written about them a bit elsewhere.

It’s worth noting that Southern Levantine is in many ways more conservative than North Levantine,
sharing more with fuSHa in certain respects. The most relevant of these for verb conjugation are the
preservation of distinct u and i in stressed syllables and the affixes 2a- (for first person) and -at (for
third person singular feminine). In other ways, of course – the multiple negators for example – it is
as innovative as Syrian or Lebanese or more so.

For the purposes of avoiding clutter, the pronunciation of ‫ ق‬given in transliterations where it is not
pronounced as in fuSHa is a glottal stop (written 2) rather than any of the alternatives. As any
beginning student of Arabic knows, how ‫ ق‬is pronounced carries all sorts of complicated nuances,
and this is particularly true in Jordan, where men learning Arabic may be expected to pronounce it as
g at least some of the time. The glottal stop pronunciation is also common in Jordan, however, and
amending this problem should be a simple matter for anyone who wants to use g instead.

These tables were assembled with extensive and indispensable help from Elias Shakkour, a native
speaker of Palestinian Arabic. Without his assistance they would have been startlingly inaccurate
and left anyone modelling their Arabic on them sounding suspiciously Syrian.

*
This group, depending on how it’s defined, also includes the dialects of significant portions of southern Syria
(Houran and Sweida as well as some rural dialects further north). Most of what is written here applies to those
dialects, perhaps more than what I’ve already written about Syrian elsewhere.
General notes
In Southern Levantine the helping vowel used in verbs is typically i/e, with e appearing in final
unstressed syllables and i elsewhere. I’ve written these in superscript, following the way the Syrian
helping vowel is often transcribed elsewhere. These vowels are distinguished by the fact that they
cannot be stressed and are typically inserted to break up consonant clusters:

‫ كتبت‬katabet ‘I wrote’
‫ اتصلت‬ttaSalet ‘I phoned up’

Under certain circumstances* where a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant cluster and a u or
an i, the u or i may be dropped and the consonant cluster rearranged with the addition of a helping
vowel. Where these forms occur I’ve given them as the default, but the process is typically optional –
i.e. both forms occur in the pairs given below:

‫ اكتبو‬i-ktib-o > ‫ اكتبو‬i-kitb-o ‘write (m.) it!’

‫ تكتبي‬tu-ktub-i† > ‫ تكتبي‬tu-kutb-i ‘you (f.) write’

This process in form I verbs produces the only case (in verbs) where the helping vowel is not e/i but
o/u.‡ This is triggered by the vowel o in the present tense stem. As with the examples given above,
both forms occur:

‫ اكتبي‬u-ktub-i > ‫ اكتبي‬u-kutb-i ‘write (f.)!’

‫ بتكتبو‬b-tu-ktub-u > ‫ بتكتبو‬b-tukutb-u ‘you write (pl.)

The third person prefix yi- (or in form I yu-) contracts to -i- when the b- of the non-subjunctive is
added. This is optional, but probably more common than the alternative forms (byi- etc):

‫ يكتب‬yi-kteb > ‫ بكتب‬b-i-kteb

‫ يكتبو‬yi-kitb-u > ‫ بكتبو‬b-i-kitb-u
‫ يكتب‬yu-ktob > ‫ يكتب‬b-u-ktob
‫ يكتبو‬yu-kutb-u > ‫ بكتبو‬b-u-kutb-u

Although I’ve given mni- (or in form I occasionally mnu-) as the default form for the combination of
b- and the ni- of first person plural, a form without the assimilation of b- to m- also occurs – that is,
both of the following are possible:

‫ بنكتب‬b-nu-ktob > ‫ منكتب‬m-nu-ktob

Note that unlike Syrian (but like fuSHa) the first person present prefix is always 2a-/ba-, which is
never dropped or shortened, and the third person feminine past suffix is -at.

*
Specifically, when the following sequence of consonants and vowels exists: VCCiCV or VCCuCV (e.g. yuktubo).
This allows contraction first to VCCCV (yuktbo) and then the addition of an epenthetic to break up the cluster,
u/i u
producing VC CCV (yuk tbo). It isn’t necessary to memorise this rule, obviously.
†
Note that both yuktob and yikteb occur in Palestinian as present tense vowellings of katab ‘to write’.
‡
The distribution of o and u is exactly the same as that of e and i (i.e. o only appears in final unstressed
syllables). However, there are no ‘pure’ verbal forms that require insertion of o rather than u, and it only
appears as a helping vowel in the occasional maSdar in this document.
Shortening of long vowels

One significant difference between southern Levantine and northern Levantine is the tendency to
shorten unstressed long vowels, which is much more limited in Damascus and Beirut than it is in
Jerusalem or Amman. This is a slightly idiosyncratic process which is sometimes optional and difficult
to sum up nicely, but as a general rule any shift of stress away from a long, open syllable (i.e one that
doesn’t end in a consonant) results in it being shortened.* This applies more to participle forms or
verbs with additional suffixes added than to the pure verb forms themselves, although there are a
few examples in actual verb paradigms.

‫ صوصى‬SooSa ‘he chirped’ > ‫ صوصيتي‬SoSeeti ‘you (f.) chirped’

‫ أداوي‬2adaawi ‘I treat’ > ‫ داويت‬daweet ‘I treated’

In cases like the following, in the original word the stressed syllable is closed, but the addition of a
suffix beginning with a vowel means that the consonant shifts to the next syllable along with the
stress, leaving the original long syllable open and susceptible to shortening:

‫ بطيقو‬biTii2u ‘they can stand’ > ‫ بطيقوش‬biTi2uush ‘they can’t stand’

‫ بكاتب‬bakaateb ‘I dictate’ > ‫ بكاتبهم‬bakatibhom ‘I dictate to them’
‫ مختار‬mikhtaar ‘has chosen’ > ‫ مختارين‬mikhtariin ‘have chosen’
‫ كاتبة‬kaatbe ‘has written (f.)’ > ‫ كاتبتها‬katibtha ‘she has written it’

Negation

Southern Levantine has three major verbal negators: maa, ma-...-sh and -sh. Maa and ma-...-sh are
largely interchangeable.† -sh on the other hand can only occur with present tense forms. -sh,
whether with ma- or on its own, triggers all the changes we generally expect from suffixes:

‫ بعرف‬ba3raf ‘I know’ > ‫ بعرفش‬ba3rafesh ‘I don’t know’

‫ بتعرفي‬bti3rafi ‘you (f.) know’ > ‫ بتعرفيش‬bti3rafiish ‘you don’t know’

Note that the combinations -ak-sh and -ek-sh may produce the irregular -kaash and -kiish:

‫ بعرفك‬bi3rafak ‘he knows you’ > ‫ بعرفكاش‬bi3rafkaash ‘he doesn’t know you’
‫ بعرفكش‬bi3rafakesh
‫ بشوفك‬bashuufek ‘I see you’ > ‫ بشوفكيش‬bashuufkiish ‘I don’t see you’
‫ بشوفكش‬bashufekesh

Ma- triggers no unexpected changes to the beginning of the word:

‫ أعرف‬2a3raf ‘that I know’ > ‫ ماعرفش‬ma2a3rafesh ‘that I don’t know’

‫ بتكتب‬btuktub ‘you write’ > ‫ مبتكتبش‬mabtuktubesh ‘you don’t write’

*
The only exception is apparently faa3al-at plus a suffix beginning with a vowel – ‫ مارستو‬maarasat-o ‘she
practised it’, according to Issam Abu-Salim (1985). Shortening in closed syllables also happens
optionally/sporadically.
†
Some constructions trigger one or the other, however. An example is 3umri maa ‘never’, which is more or
less a fixed expression: ‫ عمري ما شفتو‬3umri maa shufto ‘I’ve never seen him’ and not *3umri mashuftoosh.
Form I
Form I verbs in Palestinian have a few additional complications over those in Syrian. The imperative
is formed more or less as in fuSHa (with the prefixes i- and u-), with the choice of vowel depending
on the stem vowel: an u in the stem triggers u in the prefix, while an a or i in the stem triggers i. This
is also mirrored, unlike in Syrian, by the normal personal prefixes in the present:

‫ اكتب‬u-ktob ‘write!’ ‫ يكتب‬yu-ktob ‘he writes’

‫ امسك‬i-msek ‘grab!’ ‫ يمسك‬yi-msek ‘he grabs’
‫ اتعب‬i-t3ab ‘tire [yourself] out!’ ‫ يتعب‬yi-t3ab ‘he tires himself out’

Form I verbs are not associated with any one particular meaning and have a range of possible
vowellings. For ‘sound verbs’ (no semivowels in their root) there are several alternative past (fa3al,
fi3el) and present (yif3el, yuf3ol, yif3al) vowellings. Fi3el-yif3al and fa3al-yuf3ol/yif3el are the most
common combinations, but all combinations occur. All possible present and past vowellings (though
not all possible combinations) are shown by the following examples:

‫ كتب‬katab
‘write’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ كاتب‬kaateb ‫ مكتوب‬maktuub
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ كتابة‬kitaabe N/A
Imperative:
‫اكتب اكتبي اكتبو‬
uktob ukutbi ukutbu
Present Past
Ana 2aktob baktob ‫اأكتب بكتب‬ katabet ‫كتبت‬
Inta* tuktob btuktob ‫تكتب بتكتب‬ katab te
‫كتبت‬
Inti tukutbi btukutbi ‫تكتبي بتكتبي‬ katabti ‫كتبتي‬
Huwwe yuktob buktob ‫يكتب بكتب‬ katab ‫كتب‬
Hiyye tuktob btuktob ‫تكتب بتكتب‬ katbat ‫كتبت‬
I7na* nuktob mnuktob ‫نكتب منكتب‬ katabna ‫كتبنا‬
Intu tukutbu btukutbu ‫تكتبو بتكتبو‬ katabtu ‫كتبتو‬
Humme* u u
yuk tbu buk tbu ‫يكتبو بكتبو‬ katabu ‫كتبو‬

*
All of inta, i7na and humme have common alternative forms in Palestine but not in Jordan (inte, ni7na, and
hinne).
Note that the first i of the past tense forms of fi3el verbs is dropped when not stressed:

‫ مسك‬misek
‘to hold, catch’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ ماسك‬maasek ‫ ممسوك‬mamsuuk
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ مسك‬masek ‫ مسكة‬maske
Imperative:
‫امسك امسكي امسكو‬
imsek imeski imesku
Present Past
e
Ana 2amsek bamsek ‫امسك بمسك‬ msik t ‫مسكت‬
Inta timsek btimsek ‫تمسك بتمسك‬ msiket ‫مسكت‬
e e
Inti tim ski, btim ski ‫ تمسكي بتمسكي‬msikti ‫مسكتي‬
Huwwe yimsek bimsek ‫يمسك بمسك‬ misek ‫مسك‬
Hiyye timsek btimsek ‫تمسك بتمسك‬ miskat ‫مسكت‬
I7na nimsek mnimsek ‫نمسك منمسك‬ msikna ‫مسكنا‬
e e
Intu tim sku btim sku ‫تمسكو بتمسكو‬ msiktu ‫مسكتو‬
Humme yimesku bimesku ‫يمسكو بمسكو‬ misku ‫مسكو‬

‫ تعب‬ti3eb
‘get tired’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ تعبان‬ta3baan -
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تعب‬ta3ab N/A
Imperative:
‫اتعب اتعبي اتعبو‬
it3ab it3abi it3abu
Present Past
e
Ana 2at3ab bat3ab ‫اتعب بتعب‬ t3ib t ‫تعبت‬
Inta tit3ab btit3ab ‫تتعب بتتعب‬ t3ibet ‫تعبت‬
Inti tit3abi btit3abi ‫تتعبي بتتعبي‬ t3ibti ‫تعبتي‬
Huwwe yit3ab bit3ab ‫يتعب بتعب‬ ti3eb ‫تعب‬
Hiyye tit3ab btit3ab ‫تتعب بتتعب‬ ti3bat ‫تعبت‬
I7na nit3ab mnit3ab ‫نتعب منتعب‬ t3ibna ‫تعبنا‬
Intu tit3abu btit3abu ‫تتعبو بتتعبو‬ t3ibtu ‫تعبتو‬
Humme yit3abu bit3abu ‫يتعبو بتعبو‬ ti3bu ‫تعبو‬
So-called ‘assimilating verbs’ (those with a semi-vowel as their initial root consonant) do not
necessarily assimilate.* The following set of forms for wiSel show that in the present it conjugates
more or less exactly like a sound verb:

‫ وصل‬wiSel
‘arrive’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ واصل‬waaSel N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ وصول‬wSuul ‫ وصلة‬waSle
Imperative:
‫اوصل اوصلي اوصلو‬
iwSal iwSali iwSalu
Present Past
e
Ana 2awSal bawSal ‫اوصل بوصل‬ wSil t ‫وصلت‬
Inta tiwSal btiwSal ‫توصل بتوصل‬ wSilet ‫وصلت‬
Inti tiwSali btiwSali ‫توصلي بتوصلي‬ wSilti ‫وصلتي‬
Huwwe yiwSal biwSal ‫يوصل بوصل‬ wiSel ‫وصل‬
Hiyye tiwSal btiwSal ‫توصل بتوصل‬ wiSlat ‫وصلت‬
I7na niwSal mniwSal ‫نوصل منوصل‬ wSilna ‫وصلنا‬
Intu tiwSal btiwSali ‫توصلو بتوصلو‬ wSiltu ‫وصلتو‬
Humme yiwSalu biwSalu ‫يوصلو بوصلو‬ wiSlu ‫وصلو‬

The two verbs with initial hamza, 2akhad and 2akal, have a number of irregularities. The active
participle takes an m-, and all but one of the present forms have a long oo:†

‫ اخد‬2akhad
‘to take’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ ماخد‬maakhed ‫ مأخود‬ma2khuud
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ اخد‬2akhed ‫ اخدة‬2akhde
Imperative:
‫ خود خدي خدو‬khood khudi khudu
Present Past
Ana 2aakhod baakhod ‫آخد باخد‬ 2akhadet ‫اخدت‬
e
Inta tookhod btookhod ‫توخد بتوخد‬ 2akhad t ‫اخدت‬
Inti tookhdi btookhdi ‫توخدي بتوخدي‬ 2akhadti ‫اخدتي‬
Huwwe yookhod b(y)ookhod ‫يوخد بوخد‬ 2akhad ‫اخد‬
Hiyye tookhod btookhod ‫توخد بتوخد‬ 2akhdat ‫اخدت‬
I7na nookhod mnookhod ‫نوخد منوخد‬ 2akhadna ‫اخدنا‬
Intu tookhdu btookhdu ‫توخدو بتوخدو‬ 2akhadtu ‫اخدتو‬
Humme yookhdu bookhdu ‫يوخدو بيوخدو‬ 2akhadu ‫اخدو‬

*
An alternative set of forms does exist where w is dropped: baSal, btiSal etc.
†
There are at least two other common conjugations for this verb. One is the same as the Syrian form, with a
stable -aa- in all forms (baakhod, btaakhod, byaakhod...). Another has oo, but the stem vowel is e (baakhed,
btookhed...). The conjugation given here is the most common, however.
Form I hollow verbs (verbs with a semivowel for their middle root consonant) have almost as many
possible forms as their sound equivalents. As in fuSHa, three possible present vowellings exist (yfiil,
yfuul, yfaal) and two past vowellings (faal-fulet and faal-filet) exist. The past vowellings u/i largely
correspond to the present vowellings uu/ii.

‫ جاب‬jaab
‘to bring’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ جايب‬jaayeb ‫ مجيوب‬majyuub
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ جيبان‬jayabaan N/A
Imperative:
‫جيب جيبي جيبو‬
jiib jiibi jiibu
Present Past
e
Ana 2ajiib bajiib ‫أجيب بجيب‬ jib t ‫جبت‬
Inta tjiib bitjiib ‫تجيب بتجيب‬ jibet ‫جبت‬
Inti tjiibi bitjiibi ‫تجيبي بتجيبي‬ jibti ‫جبتي‬
Huwwe yjiib bijiib ‫يجيب بجيب‬ jaab ‫جاب‬
Hiyye tjiib bitjiib ‫تجيب بتجيب‬ jaabat ‫جابت‬
I7na njiib minjiib ‫نجيب منجيب‬ jibna ‫جبنا‬
Intu tjiibu bitjiibu ‫تجيبو بتجيبو‬ jibtu ‫جبتو‬
Humme yjiibu bijiibu ‫يجيبو بجيبو‬ jaabu ‫جابو‬

‫ داق‬daa2
‘to taste’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ دايق‬daaye2 ‫ مديوق‬madyuu2
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ دوق‬doo2 N/A
Imperative:
‫دوق دوقي دوقو‬
duu2 duu2i duu2u
Present Past
Ana 2aduu2 baduu2 ‫أدوق بدوق‬ du2et ‫دقت‬
Inta tduu2 bitduu2 ‫تدوق بتدوق‬ du2et ‫دقت‬
Inti tduu2i bitduu2i ‫تدوقي بتدوقي‬ du2ti ‫دقتي‬
Huwwe yduu2 biduu2 ‫يدوق بدوق‬ daa2 ‫داق‬
Hiyye tduu2 bitduu2 ‫تدوق بتدوق‬ daa2at ‫داقت‬
I7na nduu2 minduu2 ‫ندوق مندوق‬ du2na ‫دقنا‬
Intu tduu2u bitduu2u ‫تدوقو بتدوقو‬ du2tu ‫دقتو‬
Humme yduu2u biduu2u ‫يدوقو بدوقو‬ daa2u ‫داقو‬
 ‫ نام‬naam
‘to sleep’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ نايم‬naayem N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ نوم‬noom ‫ نومة‬noome
Imperative:
‫نام نامي نامو‬
naam naami naamu
Present Past
e
Ana 2anaam banaam ‫أنام بنام‬ nim t ‫نمت‬
Inta tnaam bitnaam ‫تنام بتنام‬ nimet ‫نمت‬
Inti tnaami bitnaami ‫تنامي بتنامي‬ nimti ‫نمتي‬
Huwwe ynaam binaam ‫ينام بنام‬ naam ‫نام‬
Hiyye tnaam bitnaam ‫تنام بتنام‬ naamat ‫نامت‬
I7na nnaam minnaam ‫ننام مننام‬ nimna ‫نمنا‬
Intu tnaamu bitnaamu ‫تنامو بتنامو‬ nimtu ‫نمتو‬
Humme ynaamu binaamu ‫ينامو بنامو‬ naamu ‫نامو‬

Weak verbs (those with a final semivowel root consonant) have two possible present vowellings
(yif3a, yif3i) and two past vowellings (fa3a fi3i). By far the most common combinations are fa3a-
yif3i, fi3i-yif3a, but there are some common exceptions (biki-yibki ‘cry’, mishi-yimshi ‘walk’).

‫ نسي‬nisi
‘forget’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ ناسي‬naasi ‫ منسي‬mansi
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ نسيان‬nisyaan ‫ نسوة‬naswe
Imperative:
‫انسى انسي انسو‬
insa insi insu
Present Past
Ana 2ansa bansa ‫انسى بنسى‬ nsiit ‫نسيت‬
Inta tinsa btinsa ‫تنسى بتنسى‬ nsiit ‫نسيت‬
Inti tinsi btinsi ‫تنسي بنتسي‬ nsiiti ‫نسيتي‬
Huwwe yinsa binsa ‫ينسى بنسى‬ nisi ‫نسي‬
Hiyye tinsa btinsa ‫تنسى بتنسى‬ nisyat ‫نسيت‬
I7na ninsa mninsa ‫ننسى مننسى‬ nsiina ‫نسينا‬
Intu tinsu btinsu ‫تنسو بتنسو‬ nsiitu ‫نسيتو‬
Humme yinsu binsu ‫ينسو بنسو‬ nisyu ‫نسيو‬
 ‫ طفى‬Tafa
‘turn off’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ طافي‬Taafi ‫ مطفي‬maTfi
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ طفي‬Tafy ‫ طفية‬Tafye
Imperative:
‫اطفي اطفي اطفو‬
iTfi iTfi iTfu
Present Past
Ana 2aTfi baTfi ‫اطفي بطفي‬ Tafeet ‫طفيت‬
Inta tiTfi btiTfi ‫تطفي بتطفي‬ Tafeet ‫طفيت‬
Inti tiTfi btiTfi ‫تطفي بتطفي‬ Tafeeti ‫طفيتي‬
Huwwe yiTfi biTfi ‫يطفي بطفي‬ Tafa ‫طفى‬
Hiyye tiTfi btiTfi ‫تطفي بتطفي‬ Tafat ‫طفت‬
I7na niTfi mniTfi ‫نطفي منطفي‬ Tafeena ‫طفينا‬
Intu tiTfu btiTfu ‫تطفو بتطفو‬ Tafeetu ‫طفيتو‬
Humme yiTfu biTfu ‫يطفو بطفو‬ Tafu ‫طفو‬

Doubled verbs (those with identical second and third root consonants) only have one possible set of
vowellings, fa33-yfi33. In dialects without the merger of e and o to i, there are two possible present
vowellings (yfi33, yfu33). In both cases, doubled verbs are more straightforward than in fuSHa.

‫ مد‬madd
‘stretch out’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مادد‬maaded ‫ ممدود‬mamduud
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ مد‬madd ‫ مدة‬madde
Imperative:
‫مد مدي مدو‬
midd middi middu
Present Past
Ana 2amidd bamidd ‫أمد بمد‬ maddeet ‫مديت‬
Inta tmidd bitmidd ‫تمد بتمد‬ maddeet ‫مديت‬
Inti tmiddi bitmiddi ‫تمدي بتمدي‬ maddeeti ‫مديتي‬
Huwwe ymidd bimidd ‫يمد بمد‬ madd ‫مد‬
Hiyye tmidd bitmidd ‫تمد بتمد‬ maddat ‫مدت‬
I7na nmidd minmidd ‫نمد منمد‬ maddeena ‫مدينا‬
Intu tmiddu bitmiddu ‫تمدو بتمدو‬ maddeetu ‫مديتو‬
Humme ymiddu bimiddu ‫يمدو بمدو‬ maddu ‫مدو‬
 ‫ دق‬da22
‘hit, tap’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ داقق‬daa2e2 (or daa22) ‫ مدقوق‬mad2uu2
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ دق‬da22 ‫ دقة‬da22a
Imperative:
‫دق دقي دقو‬
du22 du22i du22u
Present Past
Ana 2adu22 badu22 ‫أدق بدق‬ da22eet ‫دقيت‬
Inta tdu22 bitdu22 ‫تدق بتدق‬ da22eet ‫دقيت‬
Inti tdu22i bitdu22i ‫تدقي بتدقي‬ da22eeti ‫دقيتي‬
Huwwe ydu22 bidu22 ‫يدق بدق‬ da22 ‫دق‬
Hiyye tdu22 bitdu22 ‫تدق بتدق‬ da22at ‫دقت‬
I7na ndu22 mindu22 ‫ندق مندق‬ da22eena ‫دقينا‬
Intu tdu22u bitdu22u ‫تدقو بتدقو‬ da22eetu ‫دقيتو‬
Humme ydu22 bidu22u ‫يدقو بدقو‬ da22u ‫دقو‬

‫ اعطى‬a3Ta ‘give’ is generally strange. The past is regular, but the present forms retain the a.*

‫ أعطى‬a3Ta
‘give’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ معطي‬ma3Ti N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ عطا‬3aTa ‫عطوة‬3aTwe
Imperative:
‫أعطي أعطي أعطو‬
a3Ti a3Ti a3Tu
Present Past
Ana 2a3Ti ba3Ti ‫اعطي بعطي‬ a3Teet ‫أعطيت‬
Inta ta3Ti bta3Ti ‫تعطي بتعطي‬ a3Teet ‫أعطيت‬
Inti ta3Ti bta3Ti ‫تعطي بتعطي‬ a3Teeti ‫أعطيتي‬
Huwwe ya3Ti ba3Ti ‫يعطي بعطي‬ a3Ta ‫أعطى‬
Hiyye ta3Ti bti3Ti ‫تعطي بتعطي‬ a3Tat ‫أعطت‬
I7na na3Ti mna3Ti ‫نعطي منعطي‬ a3Teena ‫أعطينا‬
Intu ta3Tu bta3Tu ‫تعطو بتعطو‬ a3Teetu ‫أعطيتو‬
Humme ya3Tu ba3Tu ‫يعطو بعطو‬ a3Tu ‫أعطو‬

*
An alternative conjugation with regular i in the present and imperative also exists: bti3Ti, i3Tiini etc.
Aja* ‘come’ is very irregular. In the past it has two sets of forms, one with the prefix a- one without
it. The active participle is jaay (which is used for the masculine and the feminine). There is no actual
imperative: forms based on ta3aal- or ta3- stand in.

‫ اجى‬2aja
‘to come’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ جاي‬jaay, ‫ جايين‬jaayyiin N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ جيان‬jayaan ‫ جينة‬jeene
Imperative:
‫ تعال تعالي تعالو‬ta3aal ta3aali ta3aalu
Present Past
Ana 2aaji baaji ‫اجي باجي‬ (2a)jiit ‫جيت اجيت‬
Inta tiiji btiiji ‫تيجي بتيجي‬ (2a)jiit ‫جيت اجيت‬
Inti tiiji btiiji ‫تيجي بتيجي‬ (2a)jiiti ‫جيتي اجيتي‬
Huwwe yiiji biiji ‫ييجي بيجي‬ 2aja ‫اجى‬

Hiyye tiiji btiiji ‫تيجي بتيجي‬ 2ajat ‫اجت‬

I7na niiji mniiji ‫نيجي منيجي‬ (2a)jiina ‫جينا اجينا‬
Intu tiiju btiiju ‫تيجو بتيجو‬ (2a)jiitu ‫جيتو اجيتو‬
Humme yiju biju ‫ييجو بيجو‬ 2aju ‫اجو‬

*
The more north-Levantine like ija also exists.
Form II

‫ ز ّبط‬zabbaT
‘sort out’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مزبط‬mzabbeT ‫ مزبط‬mzabbaT
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تزبيط‬tazbiiT ‫ تزبيطة‬tazbiiTe
Imperative:
‫زبط زبطي زبطو‬
zabbeT zabbTi zabbTu
Present Past
Ana 2azabbeT bazabbeT ‫أزبط بزبط‬ zabbaTet ‫زبطت‬
e
Inta tzabbeT bitzabbeT ‫تزبط بتزبط‬ zabbaT t ‫زبطت‬
Inti tzabbTi bitzabbTi ‫تزبطي بتزبطي‬ zabbaTTi ‫زبطتي‬
Huwwe yzabbeT bizabbeT ‫يزبط بزبط‬ zabbaT ‫زبط‬
Hiyye tzabbeT bitzabbeT ‫تزبط بتزبط‬ zabbaTat ‫زبطت‬
I7na nzabbeT minzabbeT ‫نزبط منزبط‬ zabbaTna ‫زبطنا‬
Intu tzabbTu bitzabbTu ‫تزبطو بتزبطو‬ zabbaTTu ‫زبطنا‬
Humme yzabbTu bizabbTu ‫يزبطو بزبطو‬ zabbaTu ‫زبطو‬

‫ عبّى‬3abba
‘fill’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ معبي‬m3abbi ‫ معبى‬m3abba
‫ معباي‬m3abbaay (f)
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تعباي‬ti3baay N/A
Imperative:
‫عبي عبي عبو‬
3abbi 3abbi 3abbu
Present Past
Ana 2a3abbi ba3abbi ‫أعبي بعبي‬ 3abbeet ‫عبيت‬
Inta t3abbi bit3abbi ‫تعبي بتعبي‬ 3abbeet ‫عبيت‬
Inti t3abbi bit3abbi ‫تعبي بتعبي‬ 3abbeeti ‫عبيتي‬
Huwwe y3abbi bi3abbi ‫يعبو بعبو‬ 3abba ‫عبى‬
Hiyye t3abbi bit3abbi ‫تعبي بتعبي‬ 3abbat ‫عبت‬
I7na n3abbi min3abbi ‫نعبي منعبي‬ 3abbeena ‫عبينا‬
Intu t3abbu bit3abbu ‫تعبو بتعبو‬ 3abbeetu ‫عبيتو‬
Humme y3abbu bi3abbu ‫يعبو بعبو‬ 3abbu ‫عبو‬
Form III

‫ جاكر‬jaakar
‘spite’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مجاكر‬mjaaker ‫ مجاكر‬mjaakar
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ مجاكرة‬mjaakara N/A
Imperative:
‫جاكر جاكري جاكرو‬
jaaker jaakri jaakru
Present Past
Ana 2ajaaker bajaaker ‫أجاكر بجاكر‬ jaakaret ‫جاكرت‬
e
Inta tjaaker bitjaaker ‫تجاكر بتجاكر‬ jaakar t ‫جاكرت‬
Inti tjaakri bitjaakri ‫ تجاكري بتجاكري‬jaakarti ‫جاكرتي‬
Huwwe yjaaker bijaaker ‫يجاكر بجاكر‬ jaakar ‫جاكر‬
Hiyye tjaaker bitjaaker ‫تجاكر بتجاكر‬ jaakarat ‫جاكرت‬
I7na njaaker minjaaker ‫نجاكر منجاكر‬ jaakarna ‫جاكرنا‬
Intu tjaakru bitjaakru ‫تجاكرو بتجاكرو‬ jaakartu ‫جاكرتو‬
Humme yjaakru bijaakru ‫يجاكرو بجاكرو‬ jaakaru ‫جاكرو‬

‫ داوى‬daawa
‘to doctor’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مداوي‬mdaawi ‫ مداوى‬mdaawa
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫داوي داوي داوو‬
daawi daawi daawu
Present Past
Ana 2adaawi badaawi ‫أداوي بداوي‬ daaweet ‫داويت‬
Inta tdaawi bitdaawi ‫تداوي بتداوي‬ daaweet ‫داويت‬
Inti tdaawi bitdaawi ‫تداوي بتداوي‬ daaweeti ‫داويتي‬
Huwwe ydaawi bidaawi ‫يداوي بداوي‬ daawa ‫داوى‬
Hiyye tdaawi bitdaawi ‫تداوي بتداوي‬ daawat ‫داوت‬
I7na ndaawi mindaawi ‫نداوي منداوي‬ daaweena ‫داوينا‬
Intu tdaawu bitdaawu ‫تداوو بتداوو‬ daaweetu ‫داويتو‬
Humme ydaawu bidaawu ‫يداوي بداوو‬ daawu ‫داوو‬
Form V

‫ تعلم‬t3allam
‘learn’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متعلم‬mit3allem N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تعلم‬ta3allom N/A
Imperative:
‫تعلم تعلمي تعلمو‬
t3allam t3allami t3allamu
Present Past
Ana 2at3allam bat3allam ‫اتعلم بتعلم‬ t3allamet ‫تعلمت‬
e
Inta tit3allam btit3allam ‫تتعلم بتتعلم‬ t3allam t ‫تعلمت‬
Inti tit3allami btit3allami ‫تتعلمي بتتعلمي‬ t3allamti ‫تعلمتي‬
Huwwe yit3allam bit3allam ‫يتعلم بتعلم‬ t3allam ‫تعلم‬
Hiyye tit3allam btit3allam ‫تتعلم بتتعلم‬ t3allamat ‫تعلمت‬
I7na nit3allam mnit3allam ‫نتعلم منتعلم‬ t3allamna ‫تعلمنا‬
Intu tit3allamu btit3allamu ‫تتعلمو بتتعلمو‬ t3allamtu ‫تعلمتو‬
Humme yit3allamu bit3allamu ‫يتعلمو بتعلمو‬ t3allamu ‫تعلمو‬

‫ تخبى‬tkhabba
‘hide, be hidden’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متخبي‬mitkhabbi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تخبي‬tkhibbi N/A
Imperative:
‫تخبى تخبي تخبو‬
tkhabba tkhabbi tkhabbu
Present Past
Ana 2atkhabba batkhabba ‫اتخبى بتخبى‬ tkhabbeet ‫تخبيت‬
Inta titkhabba btitkhabba ‫تتخبى بتتخبى‬ tkhabbeet ‫تخبيت‬
Inti titkhabbi btitkhabbi ‫بتتخبي‬ ‫تتخبي‬ tkhabbeeti ‫تخبيتي‬
Huwwe yitkhabba bitkhabba ‫يتخبى بتخبى‬ tkhabba ‫تخبى‬
Hiyye titkhabba btitkhabba ‫بتتخبى‬ ‫تتخبى‬ tkhabbat ‫تخبت‬
I7na nitkhabba mnitkhabba ‫نتخبى منتخبى‬ tkhabbeena ‫تخبينا‬
Intu titkhabbu btitkhabbu ‫تتخبو بتتخبو‬ tkhabbeetu ‫تخبيتو‬
Humme yitkhabbu bitkhabbu ‫يتخبو بتخبو‬ tkhabbu ‫تخبو‬
Form VI

‫ تجاوب‬tjaawab
‘to engage with’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متجاوب‬mitjaaweb N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تجاوب‬tajaawob N/A
Imperative:
‫تجاوب تجاوبي تجاوبو‬
tjaawab tjaawabi tjaawabu
Present Past
e
Ana 2atjaawab batjaawab ‫ اتجاوب بتجاوب‬tjaawab t ‫تجاوبت‬
Inta titjaawab btitjaawab ‫ تتجاوب بتتجاوب‬tjaawabet ‫تجاوبت‬
Inti titjaawabi btitjaawabi ‫تتجاوبي‬ tjaawabti ‫تجاوبتي‬
‫بتتجاوبي‬
Huwwe yitjaawab bitjaawab ‫ يتجاوب بتجاوب‬tjaawab ‫تجاوب‬
Hiyye titjaawab btitjaawab ‫ تتجاوب بتتجاوب‬tjaawabat ‫تجاوبت‬
I7na nitjaawab mnitjaawab ‫نتجاوب‬ tjaawabna ‫تجاوبنا‬
‫منتجاوب‬
Intu titjaawabu ‫ تتجاوبو بتتجاوبو‬tjaawabtu ‫تجاوبتو‬
btitjaawabu
Humme yitjaawabu ‫ يتجاوبو بتجاوبو‬tjaawabu ‫تجاوبو‬
bitjaawabu

‫ تداوى‬t7aaka
‘to be treated’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متداوي‬mitdaawi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ تداوي‬tadaawi N/A
Imperative:
‫تداوى تداوي تداوو‬
tdaawa tdaawi tdaawu
Present Past
Ana 2atdaawa batdaawa ‫اتداوى بتداوى‬ tdaaweet ‫تداويت‬
Inta titdaawa btitdaawa ‫تتداوى بتتداوى‬ tdaaweet ‫تداويت‬
Inti titdaawi btitdaawi ‫تتداوي بتتداوي‬ tdaaweeti ‫تداويتي‬
Huwwe yitdaawa bitdaawa ‫يتداوى بتداوى‬ tdaawa ‫تداوى‬
Hiyye titdaawa btitdaawa ‫تتداوى بتتداوى‬ tdaawat ‫تداوت‬
I7na nitdaawa mnitdaawa ‫ نتداوى منتداوى‬tdaaweena ‫تداوينا‬
Intu titdaawu btitdaawu ‫تتداوو بتتداوو‬ tdaaweetu ‫تداويتو‬
Humme yitdaawu bitdaawu ‫يتداوو بتداوو‬ tdaawu ‫تداوو‬
Form VII
Most form VIIs have some variation on the past vowelling infa3al (infaal, infa3a) and a present
vowelling which is a variation on either yinfi3el (yinfi3i) or less commonly yinfa3al (yinfa3a, yinfaal).
The present tense forms with i are one of the few cases in which Jordanian and Palestinian differ.

Although the stress (and what we might call the underlying forms before vowel deletion) is the
same, the typical Jordanian present tense forms (given first in the tables below) lack the vowel
deletion and insertion of a helping vowel characteristic of the Palestinian forms (given second).

While the forms remain stable in Jordanian, in Palestinian the middle vowel is deleted when
unstressed.* When the addition of suffixes triggers a stress shift, however, this vowel is preserved.
This produces pairs like the following:

‫ تنمسك‬tinimsek ‘you (sg.) are caught’ > ‫ تنمسكو‬tinmisku ‘you (pl.) are caught’

Note that in defective verbs of this type, there is no final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a
stress shift, meaning that stress and the dropping of the vowel both happen in all forms for this sort
of verb:

‫ ينطوي‬yiniTwi ‘it is folded’ > ‫ ينطوو‬yiniTwu ‘they are folded’

‫ انمسك‬nmasak
‘be held, caught’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫منمسك‬ N/A
minmisek/minimsek
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫انمسك انمسكي انمسكو‬
inimsek/inmisek inmiski inmisku
Present Past
Ana 2anmisek banmisek ‫انمسك بنمسك‬ nmasaket ‫انمسكت‬
2animsek banimsek
Inta tinmisek btinmisek ‫تنمسك بتنمسك‬ nmasaket ‫انمسكت‬
i i
tin msek btin msek
Inti tinmiski btinmiski ‫ تنمسكي بتنمسكي‬nmasakti ‫انمسكتي‬
Huwwe yinmisek binmisek ‫ينمسك بنمسك‬ nmasak ‫انمسك‬
i i
yin msek bin msek
Hiyye tinmisek btinmisek ‫تنمسك بتنمسك‬ nmaskat ‫انمسكت‬
tinimsek btinimsek
I7na ninmisek bninmisek ‫ننمسك مننمسك‬ nmasakna ‫انمسكنا‬
ninimsek mninimsek
Intu tinmisku btinmisku ‫ تنمسكو بتنمسكو‬nmasaktu ‫انمسكتو‬
Humme yinmisku binmisku ‫ينمسكو بنمسكو‬ nmasaku ‫انمسكو‬

*
The stress of these forms is regular, unlike in Syrian (where it typically is on the middle syllable regardless of
whether it is followed by a consonant cluster or not – in violation of normal stress rules).
 ‫ انشاف‬nshaaf
‘be seen
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ منشاف‬minshaaf N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫انشاف انشافي انشافو‬
nshaaf nshaafi nshaafu
Present Past
e
Ana 2anshaaf banshaaf ‫انشاف بنشاف‬ nshaf t ‫انشفت‬
Inta tinshaaf btinshaaf ‫تنشاف بتنشاف‬ nshafet ‫انشفت‬
Inti tinshaafi btinshaafi ‫تنشافي بنتشافي‬ nshafti ‫انشفتي‬
Huwwe yinshaaf binshaaf ‫ينشاف بنشاف‬ nshaaf ‫انشاف‬
Hiyye tinshaaf btinshaaf ‫تنشاف بتنشاف‬ nshaafat ‫انشافت‬
I7na ninshaaf mninshaaf ‫ننشاف مننشاف‬ nshafna ‫انشفنا‬
Intu tinshaafu btinshaafu ‫تنشافو بتنشافو‬ nshaftu ‫انشفتو‬
Humme yinshaafu binshaafu ‫ينشافو بنشافو‬ nshaafu ‫انشافو‬

‫ انعطى‬n3aTa
‘be given’
Active Participle Passive Participle
i
‫ منعطي‬min 3Ti N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫انعطى انعطي انعطو‬
in3aTa in3aTi in3aTu
Present Past
Ana 2an3aTa ban3aTa ‫انعطى بنعطى‬ n3aTeet ‫انعطيت‬
Inta tin3aTa btin3aTa ‫تنعطى بتنعطى‬ n3aTeet ‫انعطيت‬
Inti tin3aTi btin3aTi ‫تنعطي بتنعطي‬ n3aTeeti ‫انعطيتي‬
Huwwe yin3aTa bin3aTa ‫ينعطى بنعطى‬ in3aTa ‫انعطى‬
Hiyye tin3aTa btin3aTa ‫تنعطى بتنعطى‬ in3aTat ‫انعطت‬
I7na nin3aTa mnin3aTa ‫ننعطى مننعطى‬ n3aTeena ‫انعطنا‬
Intu tin3aTu btin3aTu ‫تنعطو بتنعطو‬ n3aTeetu ‫انعطيتو‬
Humme yin3aTu bin3aTu ‫ينعطو بنعطو‬ n3aTu ‫انعطو‬
 ‫ انعطى‬nTawa
‘be folded’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ منطوي‬minTiwi/miniTwi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫انطوي انطوي انطوو‬
inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwu/iniTwu
Present Past
Ana 2anTiwi banTiwi ‫انطوى بنطوى‬ nTaweet ‫انطويت‬
i i
2an Twi ban Twi
Inta tinTiwi btinTiwi ‫تنطوى بتنطوى‬ nTaweet ‫انطويت‬
i i
Inti tin Twi/tin Twi ‫تنطوي بتنطوي‬ nTaweeti ‫انطويتي‬
Huwwe yinTiwi binTiwi ‫ينطوى بنطوى‬ nTawa ‫انطوى‬
i i
yin Twi/bin Twi
Hiyye tinTiwi btinTiwi ‫تنطوى بتنطوى‬ nTawat ‫انطوت‬
tiniTwi/tiniTwi
I7na ninTiwi mninTiwi ‫ ننطوى مننطوى‬nTaweena ‫انطونا‬
niniTwi/bniniTwi
Intu tinTiwu btinTiwu ‫تنطوو بتنطوو‬ nTaweetu ‫انطويتو‬
Humme yinTiwu binTiwu ‫ينطوو بنطوو‬ nTawu ‫انطوو‬

‫ انكب‬nkabb
‘be thrown away’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ منكب‬minkabb N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫انكب انكبي انكبو‬
nkabb nkabbi nkabbu
Present Past
Ana 2ankabb bankabb ‫انكب بنكب‬ nkabbeet ‫انكبيت‬
Inta tinkabb btinkabb ‫تنكب بتنكب‬ nkabbeet ‫انكبيت‬
Inti tinkabbi btinkabbi ‫تنكبي بتنكبي‬ nkabbeeti ‫انكبيتي‬
Huwwe yinkabb binkabb ‫نكب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ينكب‬ nkabb ‫انكب‬
Hiyye tinkabb btinkabb ‫تنكب بتنكب‬ nkabbat ‫انكبت‬
I7na ninkabb mninkabb ‫ننكب مننكب‬ nkabbeena ‫انكبينا‬
Intu tinkabbu btinkabbu ‫تنكبو بتنكبو‬ nkabbeetu ‫انكبيتو‬
Humme yinkabbu binkabbu ‫ينكبو بنكبو‬ nkabbu ‫انكبو‬
Form VIII
As with form VIIs on the similarly-structured pattern yinfi3el, form VIIIs differ between Jordanian and
Palestinian based on their treatment of the middle vowel i. In Jordanian this is stable, but in
Palestinian it is deleted when not stressed, producing pairs like the following:

‫ يشتغل‬yishtghel ‘he works’ ‫ يشتغلو‬yishtighlu ‘they work’

Likewise in defective verbs, where the absence of a final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a
stress shift when suffixes are added means there is no middle vowel in any of the forms:

‫ يشتري‬yishtri ‘he buys’ ‫ يشترو‬yishtru ‘they buy’

‫ اشتغل‬shtaghal
‘work’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫مشتغل‬ N/A
mishtighel
mishtghel
MaSdar Noun of Instance
o
‫ شغل‬shugh l ‫ شغلة‬shaghle
Imperative:
‫اشتغل اشتغلي اشتغلو‬
ishtghel ishtighli ishtghlu
Present Past
e
Ana 2ashtghel bashtghel ‫اشتغل بشتغل‬ shtaghal t ‫اشتغلت‬
2ashtighel bashtighel
Inta tishtghel btishtghel ‫تشتغل بتشتغل‬ shtaghalet ‫اشتغلت‬
tishtighel btishtighel
Inti tishtighli btishtighli ‫ تشتغلي بتشتغلي‬shtaghalti ‫اشتغلتي‬
Huwwe yishtghel bishtghel ‫يشتغل بشتغل‬ shtaghal ‫اشتغل‬
yishtighel bishtighel
Hiyye tishtghel btishtghel ‫تشتغل بتشتغل‬ shtaghlat ‫اشتغلت‬
tishteghel btishteghel
I7na nishtghel mnishtghel ‫نشتغل منشتغل‬ shtaghalna ‫اشتغلنا‬
nishtighel mnishtighel
Intu tishtighlu btishtighlu ‫تشتغلو بتشتغلو‬ shtaghaltu ‫اشتغلتو‬
Humme yishtighlu bishtighlu ‫يشتغلو بشتغلو‬ shtaghalu ‫اشتغلو‬
 ‫ ارتاح‬rtaa7
‘rest’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مرتاح‬mirtaa7 N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫ارتاح ارتاحي ارتاحو‬
rtaa7 rtaa7i rtaa7u
Present Past
Ana 2artaa7 bartaa7 ‫ارتاح برتاح‬ rta7et ‫ارتحت‬
e
Inta tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ‫ترتاح بترتاح‬ rta7 t ‫ارتحت‬
Inti tirtaa7i btirtaa7i ‫ ترتاحي بترتاحي‬rta7ti ‫ارتحتي‬
Huwwe yirtaa7 birtaa7 ‫يرتاح برتاح‬ rtaa7 ‫ارتاح‬
Hiyye tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ‫ترتاح بترتاح‬ rtaa7at ‫ارتاحت‬
I7na nirtaa7 mnirtaa7 ‫نرتاح منرتاح‬ rta7na ‫ارتحنا‬
Intu tirtaa7u btirtaa7u ‫ترتاحو بترتاحو‬ rta7tu ‫ارتحتو‬
Humme yirtaa7u birtaa7u ‫يرتاحو برتاحو‬ rtaa7u ‫ارتاحو‬

‫ التقى‬lta2a
‘meet’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ ملتقي‬milt2i N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ التقاء‬iltiqaa2 N/A
Imperative:
‫التقي التقي التقو‬
ilt2i ilt2i ilt2u
Present Past
Ana 2alt2i balt2i ‫التقي بلتقي‬ lta2eet ‫التقيت‬
2alti2i balti2i
Inta tilt2i btilt2i ‫تلتقي بتلتقي‬ lta2eet ‫التقيت‬
tilti2i btilti2i
Inti tilt2i btilt2i ‫تلتقي بتلتقي‬ lta2eeti ‫التقيتي‬
tilti2i btilti2i
Huwwe yilt2i bilt2i ‫يلتقي بلتقي‬ ilta2a ‫التقى‬
yilti2i bilti2i
Hiyye tilt2i btilt2i ‫تلتقي بتلتقي‬ ilta2at ‫التقت‬
tilti2i btilti2i
I7na nilt2i mnilt2i ‫نلتقي منلتقي‬ lta2eena ‫التقينا‬
nilti2i bnilti2i
Intu tilt2u btilt2u ‫تلتقو بتلتقو‬ lta2eetu ‫التقيتو‬
tilti2u btilti2u
Humme yilt2u bilt2u ‫يلتقو بلتقو‬ ilta2u ‫التقو‬
yilti2u bilti2u
 ‫ اضطر‬DTarr
‘be obliged to’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مضطر‬miDTarr N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ اضطرار‬iDTiraar N/A
Imperative:
‫اضطر اضطري اضطرو‬
DTarr DTarri DTarru
Present Past
Ana 2aDTarr baDTarr ‫اضطر بضطر‬ DTarreet ‫اضطريت‬
Inta tiDTarr btiDTarr ‫تضطر بتضطر‬ DTarreet ‫اضطريت‬
Inti tiDTarri btiDTarri ‫تضطري بتضطري‬ DTarreeti ‫اضطريتي‬
Huwwe yiDTarr biDTarr ‫يضطر بضطر‬ DTarr ‫اضطر‬
Hiyye tiDTarr btiDTarr ‫تضطر بتضطر‬ DTarrat ‫اضطرت‬
I7na niDTarr mniDTarr ‫نضطر منضطر‬ DTarreena ‫اضطرينا‬
Intu btiDTarru btiDTarru ‫تضطرو بتضطرو‬ DTarreetu ‫اضطريتو‬
Humme yiDTarru biDTarru ‫يضطرو بضطرو‬ DTarru ‫اضطرو‬

Form IX

‫ اسود‬swadd
‘turn black’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مسود‬miswadd N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫اسود اسودي اسودو‬
swadd swaddi swaddu
Present Past
Ana 2aSwadd baSwadd ‫اسود بسود‬ swaddeet ‫اسوديت‬
Inta tiSwadd btiSwadd ‫تسود بتسود‬ swaddeet ‫اسوديت‬
Inti tiSwadd btiSwadd ‫تسود بتسود‬ swaddeeti ‫اسوديتي‬
Huwwe yiSwadd biSwadd ‫يسود بسود‬ swadd ‫اسود‬
Hiyye tiSwadd btiSwadd ‫تسود بتسود‬ swaddat ‫اسودت‬
I7na niSwadd mniSwadd ‫نسود منسود‬ swaddeena ‫اسودينا‬
Intu btiSwaddu btiSwaddu ‫تسودو بتسودو‬ swaddeetu ‫اسوديتو‬
Humme yiSwaddu biSwaddu ‫يسودو يسودو‬ swaddu ‫اسودو‬
Form X

‫ استغرب‬staghrab
‘find strange, be surprised’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مستغرب‬mistaghreb N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ استغراب‬istighraab N/A
Imperative:
‫استغرب استغربي استغربو‬
staghreb staghirbi staghirbu
Present Past
Ana 2astaghreb bastaghreb ‫استغرب بستغرب‬ staghrabet ‫استغربت‬
e
Inta tistaghreb btistaghreb ‫ تستغرب بتستغرب‬staghrab t ‫استغربت‬
Inti tistaghirbi btistaghirbi ‫ تستغرب بتستغرب‬staghrabti ‫استغربتي‬
Huwwe yistaghreb bistaghreb ‫يستغرب بستغرب‬ staghrab ‫استغرب‬
Hiyye tistaghreb btistaghreb ‫ تستغرب بتستغرب‬staghrabat ‫استغربت‬
I7na nistaghreb mnistaghreb ‫ نستغرب منستغرب‬staghrabna ‫استغربنا‬
Intu btistaghirbu btistaghirbu ‫ تستغربو بتستغربو‬staghrabtu ‫استغربتو‬
i i
Humme yistagh rbu bistagh rbu ‫يستغربو بستغربو‬ staghrabu ‫استغربو‬

‫ استقال‬staqaal
‘resign’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مستقيل‬mistaqiil N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ استقالة‬istiqaale N/A
Imperative:
‫استقيل استقيلي استقيلو‬
staqiil staqiili staqiilu
Present Past
Ana 2astaqiiil bastaqiiil ‫استقيل بستقيل‬ staqalet ‫استقلت‬
e
Inta tistaqiiil btistaqiiil ‫تستقيل بتستقيل‬ staqal t ‫استقلت‬
Inti tistaqiiil btistaqiiil ‫تستقيل بتستقيل‬ staqalti ‫استقلتي‬
Huwwe yistaqiiil bistaqiiil ‫يستقيل بستقيل‬ staqaal ‫استقال‬
Hiyye tistaqiiil btistaqiiil ‫تستقيل بتستقيل‬ staqaalat ‫استقالت‬
I7na nistaqiiil mnistaqiiil ‫نستقيل منستقيل‬ staqalna ‫استقلنا‬
Intu btistaqiiilu btistaqiiilu ‫تستقيلو بتستقيلو‬ staqaltu ‫اضطريتو‬
Humme yistaqiiilu bistaqiiilu ‫يستقيلو بستقيلو‬ staqaalu ‫اضطرو‬
 ‫ استولى‬stawla
‘take over’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مستولي‬mistawli N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ استيالء‬istilaa2 N/A
Imperative:
‫استولي استولي استلولو‬
stawli stawli stawlu
Present Past
Ana 2astawli bastawli ‫استولي بستولي‬ stawleet ‫استوليت‬
Inta tistawli btistawli ‫ تستولي بتستولي‬stawleet ‫استوليت‬
Inti tistawli btistawli ‫تستولييبتستولي‬ stawleeti ‫استوليتي‬
Huwwe yistawli bistawli ‫يستولي بستولي‬ stawla ‫استولى‬
Hiyye tistawli btistawli ‫ تستولي بتستولي‬stawlat ‫استولت‬
I7na nistawli mnistawli ‫ نستولي منستولي‬stawleena ‫استولينا‬
Intu tistawlu btistawlu ‫تستولو بتستولو‬ stawleetu ‫استوليتو‬
Humme yistawlu bistawlu ‫يستولو بستولو‬ stawlu ‫استولو‬

‫ استغل‬staghall
‘exploit’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مستغل‬mistghill N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ استغالل‬istighlaal N/A
Imperative:
‫استغل استغلي استغلو‬
stghill stghilli stghillu
Present Past
Ana 2astghill bastghill ‫استغل بستغل‬ staghalleet ‫استغليت‬
Inta tistghill btistghill ‫تستغل بتستغل‬ staghalleet ‫استغليت‬
Inti tistghilli btistghilli ‫ تستغلي بتستغلي‬staghalleeti ‫استغليتي‬
Huwwe yistghill bistghill ‫يستغل بستغل‬ staghall ‫استغل‬
Hiyye tistghill btistghill ‫تستغل بتستغل‬ staghallat ‫استغلت‬
I7na nistghill mnistghill ‫نستغل منستغل‬ staghalleena ‫استغلينا‬
Intu tistghillu btistghillu ‫تستغلو بتستغلو‬ staghalleetu ‫استغليتو‬
Humme yistghillu bistghillu ‫يستغلو بستغلو‬ staghallu ‫استغلو‬
Quadriliteral verbs

‫ زقزق‬za2za2
‘squeak’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مزقزق‬mza2ze2 N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ زقزقة‬za2za2a N/A
Imperative:
‫زقزق زقزقي زقزقو‬
za2ze2 za2iz2i za2iz2u
Present Past
Ana 2aza2ze2 baza2ze2 ‫أزقزق بزقزق‬ za2za2et ‫زقزقت‬
e
Inta tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 ‫تزقزق بتزقزق‬ za2za2 t ‫زقزقت‬
Inti tza2iz2i bitza2iz2i ‫ تزقزقي بتزقزقي‬za2za2Ti ‫زقزقتي‬
Huwwe yza2ze2 biza2ze2 ‫يزقزق بزقزق‬ za2za2 ‫زقزق‬
Hiyye tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 ‫تزقزق بتزقزق‬ za2za2at ‫زقزقت‬
I7na nza2ze2 minza2ze2 ‫نزقزق منزقزق‬ za2za2na ‫زقزقنا‬
Intu tza2iz2u bitza2iz2u ‫ تزقزقو بتزقزقو‬za2za2Tu ‫زقزقنا‬
i i
Humme yza2 z2u biza2 z2u ‫يزقزقو بزقزقو‬ za2za2u ‫زقزقو‬

‫ تدحدل‬tda7dal
‘roll’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متدحدل‬mitda7del N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ دحدلة‬da7dale N/A
Imperative:
‫تدحدل تدحدلي تدحدلو‬
tda7dal tda7dali tda7dalu
Present Past
Ana 2atda7dal batda7dal ‫أتدحدل بتدحدل‬ tda7dalet ‫تدحدلت‬
e
Inta titda7dal btitda7dal ‫تتدحدل بتتدحدل‬ tda7dal t ‫تدحدلت‬
Inti titda7dali btitda7dali ‫تتدحدلي بتتدحدلي‬ tda7dalTi ‫تدحدلتي‬
Huwwe yitda7dal bitda7dal ‫يتدحدل بتدحدل‬ tda7dal ‫تدحدل‬
Hiyye titda7dal btitda7dal ‫تتدحدل بتتدحدل‬ tda7dalat ‫تدحدلت‬
I7na nitda7dal mnitda7dal ‫نتدحدل منتدحدل‬ tda7dalna ‫تدحدلنا‬
Intu titda7dalu btitda7dalu ‫تتدحدلو بتتدحدلو‬ tda7dalTu ‫تدحدلنا‬
Humme yitda7dalu bitda7dalu ‫يتدحدلو بتدحدلو‬ tda7dalu ‫تدحدلو‬
 ‫ طعمى‬Ta3ma
‘feed’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مطعمي‬mTa3mi ‫ مطعمى‬mTa3ma
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫طعمي طعمي طعمو‬
Ta3mi Ta3mi Ta3mu
Present Past
Ana 2aTa3mi baTa3mi ‫أطعمي بطعمي‬ Ta3meet ‫طعميت‬
Inta tTa3mi bitTa3mi ‫تطعمي بتطعمي‬ Ta3meet ‫طعميت‬
Inti tTa3mi bitTa3mi ‫تطعمي بتطعمي‬ Ta3meeti ‫طعميتي‬
Huwwe yTa3mi biTa3mi ‫يطعمي بطعمي‬ Ta3ma ‫طعمى‬
Hiyye tTa3mi bitTa3mi ‫تطعمي بتطعمي‬ Ta3mat ‫طعمت‬
I7na nTa3mi minTa3mi ‫نطعمي منطعمي‬ Ta3meena ‫طعمينا‬
Intu tTa3mu bitTa3mu ‫تطعمو بتطعمو‬ Ta3meetu ‫طعميتو‬
Humme yTa3mu biTa3mu ‫يطعمو بطعمو‬ Ta3mu ‫طعمو‬

‫ تفرشى‬tfarsha
‘be brushed’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متفرشي‬mitfarshi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫تفرشى تفرشي تفرشو‬
tfarsha tfarshi tfarshu
Present Past
Ana 2atfarsha batfarsha ‫اتفرشى بتفرشى‬ tfarsheet ‫تفرشيت‬
Inta titfarsha btitfarsha ‫تتفرشى بتتفرشى‬ tfarsheet ‫تفرشيت‬
Inti titfarshi btitfarshi ‫تتفرشي بتتفرشي‬ tfarsheeti ‫تفرشيتي‬
Huwwe yitfarsha bitfarsha ‫يتفرشى بتفرشى‬ tfarsha ‫تفرشى‬
Hiyye titfarsha btitfarsha ‫تتفرشى بتتفرشى‬ tfarshat ‫تفرشت‬
I7na nitfarsha mnitfarsha ‫نتفرشى منتفرشى‬ tfarsheena ‫تفرشينا‬
Intu titfarshu btitfarshu ‫تتفرشو بتتفرشو‬ tfarsheetu ‫تفرشيتو‬
Humme yitfarshu bitfarshu ‫يتفرشو بتفرشو‬ tfarshu ‫تفرشو‬
 ‫ دوزن‬doozan
‘tune’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مدوزن‬mdoozen ‫ مدوزن‬mdoozan
MaSdar Noun of Instance
‫ دوزنة‬doozane N/A
Imperative:
‫دوزن دوزني دوزنو‬
doozen doozni dooznu
Present Past
Ana 2adoozen badoozen ‫أدوزن بدوزن‬ doozanet ‫دوزنت‬
e
Inta tdoozen bitdoozen ‫تدوزن بتدوزن‬ doozan t ‫دوزنت‬
Inti tdoozni bitdoozni ‫تدوزني بتدوزني‬ doozanti ‫دوزنتي‬
Huwwe ydoozen bidoozen ‫يدوزن بدوزن‬ doozan ‫دوزن‬
Hiyye tdoozen bitdoozen ‫تدوزن بتدوزن‬ doozanat ‫دوزنت‬
I7na ndoozen mindoozen ‫ندوزن مندوزن‬ doozanna ‫دوزننا‬
Intu tdooznu bitdooznu ‫تدوزنو بتدوزنو‬ doozantu ‫دوزننا‬
Humme ydooznu bidooznu ‫يدوزنو بدوزنو‬ doozanu ‫دوزنو‬

‫ تدوزن‬tdoozan
‘be tuned’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ متدوزن‬mitdoozen N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫تدوزن تدوزني تدوزنو‬
tdoozan tdoozani tdoozanu
Present Past
Ana 2atdoozan batdoozan ‫تدوزن بتدوزن‬ tdoozanet ‫تدوزنت‬
e
Inta titdoozan btitdoozan ‫بتتدوزن‬ ‫تتدوزن‬ tdoozan t ‫تدوزنت‬
Inti titdoozani btitdoozani ‫تتدوزني بتتدوزني‬ tdoozanti ‫تدوزنتي‬
Huwwe yitdoozan bitdoozan ‫يتدوزن بتدوزن‬ tdoozan ‫تدوزن‬
Hiyye titdoozan btitdoozan ‫تتدوزن بتتدوزن‬ tdoozanat ‫تدوزنت‬
I7na nitdoozan mnitdoozan ‫نتدوزن منتدوزن‬ tdoozanna ‫تدوزننا‬
Intu titdoozanu btitdoozanu ‫تتدوزنو بتتدوزنو‬ tdoozantu ‫تدوزننا‬
Humme yitdoozanu bitdoozanu ‫يتدوزنو بتدوزنو‬ tdoozanu ‫تدوزنو‬
 ‫ صوصى‬SooSa
‘chirp’
Active Participle Passive Participle
‫ مصوصي‬mSooSi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
‫صوصي صوصي صوصو‬
SooSi SooSi SooSu
Present Past
Ana 2aSooSi baSooSi ‫أصوصي بصوصي‬ SoSeet ‫صوصيت‬
Inta tSooSi bitSooSi ‫تصوصي بتصوصي‬ SoSeet ‫صوصيت‬
Inti tSooSi bitSooSi ‫تصوصي بتصوصي‬ SoSeeti ‫صوصيتي‬
Huwwe ySooSi biSooSi ‫يصوص بصوص‬ SooSa ‫صوصى‬
Hiyye tSooSi bitSooSi ‫تصوصي بتصوصي‬ SooSat ‫صوصت‬
I7na nSooSi minSooSi ‫نصوصي منصوصي‬ SoSeena ‫صوصينا‬
Intu tSooSu bitSooSu ‫تصوصو بتصوصو‬ SoSeetu ‫صوصيتو‬
Humme ySooSu biSooSu ‫يصوصو بصوصو‬ SooSu ‫صوصو‬