.. .

TURB:ULENT FLOWI.N PIPES

II·!. Introduction. 11·2. Loss of head due to friction in pipe flow-Darcy equation.
II- 3. Characteristics' 'of turbulent flow. 11-4. Shear stresses in turbuleht flow 1/·5.
Universal velocity distribution equation. J 1·6. Hydrodynamically smooth and rough
boundaries-velocity distribution for turbulent flow ili slnooth pipes-velocity
distribution for turbulent flow in rough pipes. J I· 7. Velocity distribution for both .
smooth and rough pipes. U '8. Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in smoothpipes
b~';;~we;-/aw. / r9.~esistance t 1flow cf '?:':1 in smooth an" rough pipes. HigJ.!i'Jl,.f~-
Objective Type Questions- Theuretical Questions-Unsolved Examples.

> 11·1. Introduction /

In a pipe, a laminarflow occurs when Reynolds number (Re) is less than 2000 and a turbulent flow
occurs when Re > 4000. In a turbulent flow, the fluid motion is irregular and chaotic and there is
complete mixing of fluid due to collision of fluid masses with one another. The fluid masses are
interchanged between adjacent layers. As the fluid masses'in adjacent laye'rs have different velocities,
interchange of fluid masses between the adjacent layers is accompanied by a transfer of momentum
which causes additional shear stresses of high magnitude between adjacent layers. The shear in
turbulentflow is main(v due to momentum transfer. The contribution of fliliq viscosity to total shear
is small and is usually neglected. In case of laminar flow, because of definite functional relationship
'between shear stre?sdue to viscosity and velocity' it has been possible to derive a mathematical
relationship for evaluation of energy dissipation or frictional head but such a simple relationship does
not exist 101 turbulent flow. However to solve somv L:t~le practical problems, efforts h~ve b.:e_~luade
to evolve semi-empirical theories of turbulence.
Fig. 11·1. shows the velocity distribution curves for laminar and turbulent flows in a pipe.'
'. - .

Following points are worth noting about turbulent flow:

(i)' The velocity distribution in tUrbulent flow is more uniform than in laminar flow.
-(ii) In turbulent flow the velocity gradients near the boundary shall be quite large resulting in
. / more shear.
(iii) In turbulent flow the ',flatness of
velocity distribution curve in the core
'region away from the wall is because
of the 11lixingof fluid layers' and
Laminar
~xchange of momentum between (parabolic)
./ them.
(iv) The velocity distribution which is Fig. 11.1. Velocitydistribution cu~es for laminarand
paraboloid in laminar flow, terids to turbulent flows in a pipe.
follow power law and logarithmic law
in turbulent flow.
 (v) Random orientation of fluid particles in a turbulent flow gives rise to additi~na] stresses,
called the Reynolds stresses.
(vi) Formation of eddies, mixing and curving of path lines in a turbulent flow results in much
greater frictional losses for the same rate of discharge, viscosity and pipe size.
The turbulent motion can be classified as follows:
.1.. Wall turbulence. It occurs in inunediate vicinity of solid surfaces and in the boundary layer
flows where the fluid has a negligible mean acceleration.
2 Free turbulence. It occurs injets, wakes, mixin,glayers etc.
3. Convective turbulence. It takes place where there is conversion of P.Einto K.E. Py the
process of mixing (e.g. the turbulent flow in the annular space between the concentric
rotating cylinder, conventional flow between parallel horizontal plates etc.).
11·2. Loss Of Head due to FrIction in Pipe Flow-Darcy Equation
In case of turbulent flow through pipes it has been observed through experiments that the
viscousfiiction effects associated with fluid are proportional to:
(i) The length of the pipe, L, I
(ii) The W~l te&perimeter, P, ann
(iii) V", where Vis the average velocity.offio\\' and n is an index varying from 1·5 to 2 (depending
on the material and nature of the pipe surface); for conunercial pipes = 2 (with turbulent flow).
Fig. I J.2. shows a horizontal pipe having steady flow. Considercontrol volume enclosed between
sections 1 and 2 of the pipe: .. .

-,+1I-------------~~---~-------~
'I
.. ':+- ,
-+:1 I
,'..-
.1
- P·1~----.,---~----·i..l-i+-
....•. 11 . 1 P2
-';1 . I
. I:+-
-.;:'L
I
1:'-
1

.....-
. :'
I

L ~I
Fig. 11.2. Forces on a control volume in a pipe flow.
PI = Intensity of pressure at section 1,
P2 = Intensity of pressure at section 2,
L = Length of the pipe, between sections I and 2,
D = Diameter of the pipe,
f = Non-dimensional factor (whose value depends upon the material and nature of
the pipe surface), and
hI = Loss of head due to friction.
Propelling force on the flowing fiui~ between the two sections is
A
= (PI - P2)
(where, A = area of cross-section ofthe pipe)
Frictional resistance force =1' PLV1
where, P = Wetted perimeter; and
V = Average flow velocity.
Under equilibrium conditions,
 Propelling force = Fricti,~nal resistance force
i.e. (PI - P2) A = f' PLVl ,
Dividing both sides by weight density lV, we have

PI- P2)A = f' PLV2

( W w

hl= f' (P) LV2 '

w A
2gf' /P) LV2 2gf" L V2'
or, hi = -;-lA 2g = -;- x m x 2g ...{11·1)

The ratio .iP is called the hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius~ denoted by m (or R).
.
2
, '( -L x -V
The ·term J h as d'ImenSlOns
. 0 fh fan d th us th e term -2gf'.' ISa non- d'lffienslona,
. 1quantity
.
m 2g w'
and let us replace it by another constant!
L V2
hl=fx-x-
m 2g

7t D2
-x
A 4 'D
m=-=----
P 7tD 4
Substituting this value in eqn. (11'1 (a», we get
, L V2 4jLV2
hi = f x D / 4 x 2g = D x 2g
(The factorfis known as Darcy coefficient offriction.)
Eqn. (11'2) is known as Darcy-Weisbach equation and it holdsgoodfor all types offlows provided
a proper value olfis chosen. . ' '
Sometimes eqn. (11'2) is written as:
LV2
h =lt .
I D x 2g
, where, J; is known as friction factor if; = 4f)
Expression for co..efflclent of friction In terms of shear stress:
Refer 11~2,
(PI - P2) A = Force due to shear stress, 'to
(where, 'to ::;I shear stress at the pipe wall)
I:: Shear stress (to) x surface area

= ~o x roDL

(PI - P2) : D2 = 'to x 1tDL

D
(PI - P2) -
,4
= 'to, L
4'tox L
(Pt- P2) =--
" "D "
Eqn.(1l·2) can be written as
 2
h = PI - P2 = 4jL V
,f w D X 2g
. 4fLV2
(PI -, P2) =D
,
2
X g
X w

Eqmnfrrgeqns. (11'3) and (11'4), we

~ get
.,
,
4toL 4jLV-
--=---xw
'DD x 2g
jV2 X W = jV2 X pg = fpV2
t o=---
2g 2g 2
f = 210
pV2
11·3. Characteristics of Turbulent Flow ~
The turbulent flow is characterised by random, irregular a?id haphazard movement of fluid
partic.es. it has been observed during experim.mtalion that at any fixed point in turbuknt t;eId, t~1e' '
velocity and consequently the pressure fluctuates with,time about a mean value.

~
Fig. 11.3. Variation ofu with time t at a point in turbulent flow.
Fig. 11·3 shows random velocity fluctuations at a point in turbulent flow.
The instantaneous velocity i.e. velocity' at any time at the given point can be expressed as:
u = ii + U' •••( 11'6)
where, u = Instantaneous velocity,
ii = Time average or temporal mean velocity, and
u' = Velocity fluctuation (fluctuating component).
Similarly, U = U + u',

w=wtw, - ,
and, p =p t p'
From the definition of average~velociti~s, we have
1 T' , 1 T _
T !Udt = ii; - JUdt = u'
T '
J o
1 T 1T
[ To
- JWdt = w; T Jpdl.= P
o
 1 T 1 T
...:
-T' Ju'dt = U = O',
I

T
- Iv
dt I = V = O'
I

"
o o ,
T '
1T
-I
To
w' dt = w' = 0; ~ Ip'dt
' T0
= p' =0

where, T= Large interval of time. ;.

,

Magnitude of turbulence = Arithmetic mean of root-mean square value of turbulent fluctuations,

in the three directions' ' -

=K?+;;+~2J
, Intensity of turbulence

3
V
where, if = Line average resultant velocity at the point.
For describing the turbulence fully, besides the intensity of turbulence, the average. size of the
eddy is also necessary which can be obtained from the curve of velocity variation with time (as shown
, , ,

in Fig. 11'3) by multiplying the average time interval, at which the curve crosses the mean value, with
the average velocity of flow. , '
11-4.Shear Stresses in Turbulent Flow
.In turbulent flow, as stated earlier, velocity fluctuations cause. momentum transport which results
in developing additional shear stresses of high magnitude between adjacent layers of the fluid. In
order to detennine the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress a number of semi-empirical theories
have been developed some of which are discussed below. '
11-4-1. Boussinesq's Theory
According to this theory (1877), the expression for the shear stress, 't, for the turbulent flvw can
be w:-itt~- as :
dii
't,=11'-' ...(11'12)
, dy
.where 11 (eta) is ~alled "eddy" viscosity, and ii is the temporal mean velocity in the dir~ction of
flow at a point at distance y from the solid boundary.

Similar to kinematic. viscosity v = ~ , the "eddy" kinematic viscosity E (Gre~k'epsilon') is also

p.
obtained by dividing eddy viscosity Tl, by the mass density of the fluid p, thus

e="p
When viscous action is 'also included, the total shear stress may be expressed as :
't = to + 't/
(where 'tu = shear stress due to viscosity)
du dii.
or, t= ~ dy + 11 dy ..·(ll.13)
The magnitude of" may vary from zero (if the flow is laminar) to several thousand times that of~.
As the values of 11 and E cannot be predicted, the Boussinesq's equation has a limited lIse.
 11'4'2. Reyl10lds Theory /
According to this theory (1886), the turbulent shear stress betWeentwo layers of a fluid at a small
distance apart is given as :
t = pu'u' ...(11'14)
whe~e u' and u' are the fluctuating components of velocity in the directions of x and y due to
turbulence. .
Since both u' and u' vary and subsequently 't also varies, therefore, to find the shear stress, the
time average is taken and eqn. (11~14) becomes . ,

11'4'3. Prandtl's Mixing Length Theory

According to Prandtl (1925), the mixing length (f) is defined as the average lateral distance
through which a small mass offluid.particles would move from one layer to the other adjacent layers
before acquiring the velocity of the new layer. He assumed that components u '·and u' are of the same
order and the velocity fluctuation in X-direction is related to the mixing length as
I

u' = I dl.
dy

-, , ~ -, , --lfl
uxu..,.uu- dU) l/I,dU)
-x - 2 (duJ2
- -'/ -
, " dy dy dy
Substituting the value of u' u' in eqn. (11'15), we get

-t=pl i (dU)2
dy ...(11'16)

When the viscous action is also included the total shear stress maybe expressed as :

-t = J.l -du + pI 2 (dU)2

-.
dy dy
Eqn. (11'17) is used for most of the turbulent flow problems for determining the shear stress
(viscous shear stress is negligib:e "~cept near the boundary). ' '
n·s. Universal Velocity Distribution Equation
Assuming the viscous shear stress to be negligible near the boundary the shear stress in turbulent

r
flow is siven by the eqn. (11'16).

I.e. T = p/2 ($
From this equation. we can obtain velocity distribution if the relation between I, the mixing
length and y is known. '
Also I ay (from the pipe wall) ...Prandtls hypothesis
or, /= ')..y
where, ')..= a constant of proportionality known as 'Karman universal comtant' (= 0'4),'
I

Substituting the values of / in eqn. (11'16); we get

tor t = p x (Ay)2 x (:J= PA2Yt;)'

Assuming that the turbulent she~r stress remains constant in the vicinity of wall, we have
t = TO ' (to = the bound,aryshear stress)
 TO = P A' y'(~;J
or, ~;=~yJ ~ = ~y) Uf ( ..
(ii)

[ where, U i = shear friction velocity or shear. velocity = J~]

or, du =u {~y) dy .. (iill

(uf is constant for a given case of turbulent flow)

Integrating the other equation, we get

U = U[ logey + C ...(11'18)

(where, C = COl1stantof integration)

Eqn. (11'1"8) shows that velocity distribution in turbulent flow is logarithmic in nature.'
The constant of integration C is detennined by the boundary condition.
At y = R (radius of the pipe), U = urnax
By substituting the above values in eqn. (11'18), we have
U .
U
max =1
A. log e R + C
uf
or C = Umax - T loge R

Substituting this value of C in eqn. (11'18), we get

. uf ' uf
u =\ -loge
A. . Y+
. Umax - -.loge
A.. R

. u· .
= Umax + -f: (loge Y ~. loge R)

or, u:: umai+

. U/
T log"
(Y)Ii
Taking A == 0,4, we get (Y) /

U = um~ + 2·5 uf log" ~. J ...

(11'19)

Eqn. (1 ~'19) is called Prandtl 's universal distribution equation. This equation is applicable to
smooth as well as rough boundaries. .
This equation (11'19) may be written in non·dimensional form

---= (R J
umax - U 2 .5 1og,-
uf . Y

= S· 75Iog" (; J
 i.e. unlal( - U = 5'75 10gJ(l(li) V ...
(11'20)
uf' ,Y
The difference (u nUl( - u) is known as the velocity- defect.
Example 11,1. In a pipe of 360 mm diameter having rurbulentjlow, the centre-line velocity is 7
mls alld thar at 60 1Jl11l from the pipe wall is 6 mls.. Caleulate the shearfriction velocity.

Solution. Radius of the pipe. = 360 = 180 nml = 0 ·18 m

, 2
Centre-line ve1ocity, unul( = 7 rnls
Velocity at 60 nun (i.e. distance y), u ='6 m1s
Shear velocity,.uf:, .",

Unlal( -, u, _-' 5 75]' oglo-

,( R)
uf Y
7-6
-- = 5·751og1o
(0.]8),'
-- = 2·7-1.5
uf 0·06
.. ...,/ u = 0·36 m1s (Ans.)
f
Example 11-2. A pipe of I 00 mm diameter is canying water. If the velocities at the pipe centre
(/lld 30 11l1l1fromthe pipe centre are 2.0 111lsand /.5 mls respectively andjlow in th~epipe is turbulent,
calculate the lrall shearing stress., (Madras Univeristy)
100 ' '
Solution. Given: R = - 2 = 50 Dml = 0.05 m; unux = 2.0 mls;
Velocity'at r = 30 nun or y = R - r = 50 - 30 = 20 rnm, u = 1.5 mls.
Wall shearing stress, 'to:

unlal( - U = 5.75 Jog1o (R)

uf ' . y
(where, uf= shear velocity)

Substituting the values, we get 2.0 - 1.5 = 5.75 Jog1o (0.05) = 2.288
uf 0.02

. _(2.0-1.5)_0218m1
uf - , -. ,s
2.288

or, 0.218 = ~ to ( •••p for water;' 1000 kg/mll

1000
or, , to = 47.524 N/m2 (Ans.)
t 1·6. Hydrodynamically Smooth and Rough Boundaries
Refer Fig. 11·4. If k is the average height of the irregula~ties of the surface of a boundary, then in
general, the boundary is said to be rough if value of k is high and smooth if k is low. However, for '
proper classification of smooth and rough boundaries, besides the boundary characteristics, the flow
and fluid characteristics need to be considered. '
 Turbulent boundary layer
Laminar sublayer

,;0:6' : ~.4.~mooth and rough boundaries

A~ shown in Fig. 11·4 when the average height k of the irregularities (projecting from its surface)
is much less than the thickness of the laminars sublayer & the flow outside the laminar sublayer is
I

turbulent; the eddies of various sizes prescnt, try to penetrate the laminar sub layer. These eddies
cannot reach the surface irregularities/projections due to greater thickness of the laminar sublayer
arl~tt.el:o..rrl::n¥a::iBcsasmooth boundary. As the Reynolds number (Re) increases the thickness
of the sublayer decreases (can eve~ become much less than k ),' the irregularities will then project
through the laminar sublayer and eventually the laminar sublayer is destroyed completely. Subsequently,
the eddies will come in contact with the surface irregularities and there will be a large amount of
energy loss. This type of boundary is known as hydrodynamically rough bo·undary.·
Through experiments Nikuradse f lund that the boundary behaves as;

(i) Hydrodynamically smooth bOI~ndary ...when (;,) <0· 25,

(ii) Hyllrdynamicall y rough boundary ..,wher (;,) > 6· 0, and

(iii) Boundary in transition ...when O· 25 < ( ;.) < 6· O.

. ufk
In terms of roughness Reynolds number -:
v
ufk
....
-<4,
v
ufk
... - > 100, and
v
••• U fk lies between 4 and 100.

Note: It may be noted that the ~hickness of laminar sublayer 0 is not a fixed quantity. It depends upon the
I

Reynolds number; it is just possible that a pipe may behave as smooth at low, Reynolds number and rough at
high Reynolds number. The height of roughness projection. however, remains constant.
11·6·1. Velocity Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Smooth Pipes
The velocity distribution for turbulent flow in_pipes in given by Eqn. 11·18 a~ :
 , uf
U :;: T loge Y + C
The peculiarity for this velocity distribution is that at the boundary, that is for y = 0, it gives
velocity U equal to - 00 (minus infinity). Thus it is only at a certain finite distance above the boundary
say Y = y', that the velocity will be zero"hence the above equation becomes

o. = ,A,.
uf
- loge Y' + C

' Uf I I

or, C= - -~ ogeY
Substituting the value of C in the above equation, we get
.,
" U
,
=
Uf
T loge Y - T
Uf
loge Y =
, Uf
T loge
(y)Y'
Substituting the value of A.= 0·4. we have '

u ; ::4 log, (;. ) ; 2·5 u, lo~, (:' )

~. = 2.5 x ~'310g10( y,)

uf Y
,-U = 5·7510glO. ('YJ
.-,
uf, Y-
It has been observed from Nikuradse's ~xperimental studies of turbulent flow in smooth pipes

that for turbulent flow in smooth pipes of any size Ihe value of the parameter ( u ~y) for y ; &. is
approximately 11·6 and for y = Y' it is approximately 0·108.
UfO',
·-=11·6 or
v
,
y
_uf_ = 0'108
v
y' = _O'_10_8v
uf
(=.£) 107

Su b·stltutmg . va 1ue 0 f' Y ( :;:0·108

. tne J.
U/ V. 10 eqn. 11.21 ,we get

.!.
uf
= 5·75 }oglo ( .. Y
0.108v
J
uf

=5·7510gI0
. . (u!'yJ'
--
0·108vv
:;:'5·7510g\0 (u!'yJ
- =5.75108\0(0.108)

or, ..!!- = 5· 75 log10 (Uf' YJ + 5·5 ...(1}·24)

uf . v
The eqn. (11'24) is known as Karman-Prandtl equation for the velocity distribution near
hydrodynamically smooth boundaries.. ..,
 11'6'2. Velocity Distrih·\tion for Thrbulent Flow in Rough Pip ••:
,As shown in Fig. 11-4(b), the thickness oflaminar sub layer is very small, the surface irregularities
are above the laminar sublayer and hence the laminar sublayer is completely destroyed. From the
experiments conducted by Nikuradse and others, using pipes artificially roughened by ,cemented
coatings of sand grains (irregularities/projections) of diameter k, it has been found that y' is directly

found proportional to k and y' = i..

30
Substituting thi\; value o£y' in eqn. (11'24), we get

.!!-= 5 -75 loglo

uf
(..L.-) =
k/30
5·75 [loglo (y I k) x 30]
.
= 5·75 loglo (ylk) + 5·75 10gloJO
U
- =5,75 loglo (y/k) + 8·5
uf
The eqn. (11'25) is known as Karman-Prandtl equation for the velocity distribution near
hydrodynamically rough boundaries.
, Example 11'3. The velocity afflow in a badly corroded 7·5 cm pipe isfouad u, increase 20 per-
cent as a pitot tube is moved from a point / cm from the wall to a point 2cm from th~ wall. Estimate
the height ofroughness elements. [Roorkee University]
Solution. The velocity distribution near the rough boundaries is given by,

.!!- = J.7510gI0(Y) + 8·5

, uf ,k
where, k = Average height of roughness elements, and
u :'= Shear friction velocity.
f
Let, u = the velo.city at a distance (y) of 1 em froin the pipe wall, and 1·2u = the velocity at a
distance of'Tcmfrom the pipe wall (given), ,

..!!- = 5·75 loglo (.!.)' + 8·5

uf k ,
1·2u = 5.75 lOgJo(3-)+ 8.5
uf ',k
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
I

1 (i).;
5.7510glO 8·5

1:2 = 5.7510glO(f) + 8.5

5· 7510glO(~)+ 8·5. = 1·2 [5.75 lOglOU)+ 8.5]

5· 751ogIO
,
G) + 8·5 =6·9IoglO U) + 10·2
-
5'751,oglo (2) - 5'751oglOk + 8,5= 6;910glo 1- 6-910glo k + 10·2
1-73- 5·7510glo k+ 8'~ =.0·': 6'9loglo k + 10·2
1-1510glOk::::-·0·03
, 0·03 '
)oglOiK:=- -- = - 0-0261
1015
"<~ == 0·942 em (Ans.)
 Example 11·4. A pipeline carrying water has sl..face protrusions of ~verage height of 0·. J.mm.
((the sh~ar stress developed is 8· 2 Nlm1 determine whether the pipe .i/oface acts as smooth. rough or
in transition. For 'water take p = 1000 kglmJ and kinematic viscosity v =: 0·0093 stokes.
[Bangalore University]
Solution. Average height of surface protrusions, k = 0,) 0 mm =: 0,): . 0- 3 m
Shear stress developed, to = 8·2 N/m2
Density of water, p = 1000 kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity, \' = 0·0093 stokes = 0·0093 x 10-:-4 m2/s
Shear ve)ocity is given by,

'iif~)TO
. P

uf = 8'2
-- = 0·0906 mls
~ 1000
p )':z~m~~s Reynolds m~mber is
ufk 0·0906 x (0·) x 10-3)
.=-= . = 9·74
v 0.0093 x 10- 4
U k I '. .

Since _._f - lies bern:een 4 and 100 the pipe surface behaves as ir..transition. (Ans.)
v
Example 11·5. /n a pipe of diameter 100 mm, can)ling lvate1; the velocities at tbe pipe centre
, alld 30 mm from the pipe centre are found to be 2:5 mls and 2.2 ml's respectively. Find the wall
\'!7Mrillgstress.

·
So IutlOn. Rd'
a IUS 0 f t h'e pIpe, R = -)00 = 50. mm = 0·05 m
2
Velocity at the centre, umax = 2-5 mis'
Velocity at 30 mm from the centre = 2.2 mls.
Wall shearing stress, 'to:
Using the e ~uation:
Umax -'u _ - 75.1
----). oglo- (R)
Iif . . y
. (where, uf='shear friction velocity)
\\hcl~~:. 2.2 m's at y = (R ~ 30) nun = (50 ~ 30) rom = 0·02 m

:4> 2·5 - 2.2 = 5:7510gI0(O.05) = 2.288

uf 0·02
0·3 .
01, - = 2·288 or u1=0·1311
uf
I

Now using~ the relation: .

IIf ~ fif. vie have

O'131l~J TO or ~=(O.131l)'=O.OI719
1000 1000 .
'to = 17·19 N/m2 (Ans.)
 Example 11·6. A smooth pipe of 80 mm diameter and 1000 m long is carrying water at the rate
vi 8 li/res/sec_ If the kinematic
. .
viscosity of water is 0·015 s•.·kes
.'
and the value of co-~fjicient of
0·0791 .
friction J is given by the relation f = 1/4 ' where Re is Reynolds number, c(llculate:
. (Re) .
(i) Loss ofhead,I .
(ii) Wall shearing stress,
(iii) Centre-line velocity;
(iv) Velocity and shear stress at 20 mm from the pipe wall, and.
(v) Thickness of laminar sublayer.
Solution. D.iameter
'. - ...
of the pipe, D = 80 mm = 0·08 m
Length of the pipe, L = 1000 m
Discharge, Q = 8 litres/sec. = 0·008 m3/s
Kinematic viscosity of water, v = 0·015 stokes .
= 0·015 x 10-4 m2/s
V=Q= 0-008 :- '.5(\ Tis
M~an velocity, A !: x (0.08)2
4

:. Reynolds number, Re = VD = 1·59x ?_.08~=,84800

v 0 .015 x 10- 4 . .

0·0791 0·0791
Co-efficient of friction, 1= 1/4 = 1/4 = 0·004635
(Re) (84800)
(i) Loss of head, h;
4f LV2 ·4 x 0-004635 x 1000 x 1-592
;hI= D x'2g = 0-08 x 2 x 9-81 = 29·98 m (Ans.)

(ii) . Wall shearing stress~to: .

 Umix = 0·0765 x 24·53 = ,1·876 ~/s (Ans.)
Velocity and shear stress at 20 nun (rom the pipe wall:
The shear stress ('t) at any point is given by,
ap r
t=--x-
. ax .2
where, r = distance from the centre of the pipe .
..~. Shear stress at pipe walJ.(where r = R),
.' 8p R
'to= - - x-
ex 2
Dividing (ii) by (iii), we get

. 't = 'to x-r

R
r,:: 4r - ./?O = 20 nun = 0·02
.
m

't = 5 ·86 x 0·02 == 2 ·93 N/m2 (Ans.)

0·04

~ = 5.·75log,0 (U!, YJ + 5·5

uf v .
uf= 0·0765 m1s and y = 0·2 m from the pipe wall

U = 5.7510 (0.0765 x 0.02) + 5.5 = 22.80

.. 0.0765 .. glo. 0.015xlO-4 .

or u = 1'744 m/s (Ans.)

(v) Thickness of laminar sublayer, 0' :
Thickness oflaminar sub layer is given by,
or == lJ· 6 V

Uf

'II· 6 x o· 015 x 10- 4 3

/ = , 0.765 x 10·nun = 0·227 mm (Ans.)

11·7.Common Equation for Velocity Distribution for both Smooth and ~ough Pipes
Refer Fig. 11,5. Consider an elementary circular ring of radius r and thickness dr as shown in Fig.
11·5. The distance of the ring from the pipe waU,
Pipe

~,
--~-
I 'P.

Fig. 11.5. Average velocity f~r turbulent flow.

y=R-r
 (where; R = radius of the pipe).
The discharge through the ring is given by
dQ = Area of the ring x velocity
= 21trdrx U
. R
.~.Total discharge, Q =
fdQ = Ju x 21tr . dr
o
(i) For smooth pipes: /
In the case of smoothpipes the velocity distribution is given by[Eqn. (11'24)] as

. ufU ~5.75 Jog1o -y- (ur YJ + 5·5

U (R -r. ) ];j:;.
:-1l.
U = 5·75 log10 f
[ y I . + 5·5 x\tf.
Sub~tituting the value of U in eqn. (11'/26), we get
. R [ uflR-r ).l
J
t.!'= 0 5·7510g10 / Y + J·..IJ14f "< 21tr· dr

- = -Q ~ - Q
:. A·}'
verage ve OClty, U
.. A 1tR2
- 1 R{ .. U (R - r) .]
u= 1tR2 tl5:7510g10 f y +5·5 ufx21tr·dr

After integration and simplification, we have

-D = 5·7510g
. .
I0-
ufR
+ 1·75
uf v
For rough pipes: /
In case of rough pipes, the velocity at any point in the turbulent flow is given by eqn. (11'25) as:

- U = 5·7510gI0(ylk) + 8·5 - 5·7510g10 (R-r'J

-- + 8·5
uf k
or, "= "+.75 )Og;o( R; ')+ 85]
Substituting the value of U in eqn. (11'26), we get

Q == luf[5~7510gl~(R
o
- r) + 8.5] 21tt· dr
\- k

. - Q 1 R-r -
- U
:. Average velOCIty, = -2 = -2 R-JUf [ 5· 7510g10(-)]
..-- + 8·5 21tr· dr
. 1tR 1tR ._ 0 ·..k -.
After integration and simplication. we have

D = 5.75 + 4.7510glO (R)

ufo k '
Fromeqns. (11'24) and (11'27) by subtraction, we have

-.U - -D, = [.5·7510g10 (u r y)

-- +.5·5 ] - [ 5·7510g - lO-
Uf R + 1.7.5 ]
uf uf v _' v
 U-
-- D·. = 3·75 - 5·75.logJO (UfR
-. x -. -. v)
~ . . ~ ~y

. = 3-75 - 5-7~ IOglO(R)

. .' .' y

'u-D
-- = 5·751oglo
; (y)- + 3·75
1I . R
f . .
Similarly, from eqns. (11'25) and (11'28), we get

.!!-- D =[5.7510gJO(Y)+8.5]-[5.7510gJO(RJ· +4.75].

Uf .uf . k . k

U -'U .
-u- = 5· 75loglo. R' + 3· 75
(y). ...(ii)
f . . .
As eqns. (i) and (if) are identical; the velocity distribution in both types of pipes is the same.
. . .

U - u= 5.75 loglO (2:'.) + 3.75

.... (11'29)
uf R·.
The corrpnon equation holds good for both types of pipes due to the reason that the velocity
distribution for the turbulent core is identical in both cases.
Example p '7. Fz)ld (hedi~tallF~fi:omthepipe; wapj,!("r!;zichthe local velocity is equal to the
.ih'erdge velocity for turbuleJ1.fj1¢w iqpip~$. ." ":'~'.,.:.
Solution. Local v.elocit~'at a·'poi~t~;.~~rage ~ei~dty'" . ...(Given)
i.e. u.== {j
. ~.,

;:.,':; .. Using the relatio~: .::.;..;

. U -"~ •.
. uf .
= .5'7510~!!,(;Y;)
i'
..:
R ..
..• ,,'
3-h ... :'
..

•. .s:751021O(~J+3-75:= 0
, ;

. 5.-1,5 IOglO{~)~-- 3.75; ..' ;'~ +

]oglo (;}s- ~:;~= - 0·652

 . 1 1
For: Re = 4000, -
,
=-
n 6\
Re = 1·1 x 105 1.=1.
'n 7
Re ~ 2 x 106 1. = _1
'n 10
Therefore, for 1. = 1., the velociiy distribution' law becomes
• n 7 .
J .. _u_ =. (L)lf7 i

...(11'31)
umall. R
Eqn. (11'31) is known as ~. thpower law of velocity distribut!onfor smooth pipes.

11·9.Resistance to Flow of Fluid in Smooth and Rough Pipes-

When II fluid flows through a pipe frictional resistance is offered to the motion of the fluid and the
. . 2
loss of head due to fricllon expressed by Darcy-Weisbach eql. ..••i<1, :'f - 4jLV . But the loss of
IS
, Dx 2g . .
head can be predicted correctly only if the friction co-efficient can be evaluated accurately. It can be
shown by dimensional analysis that the friction co-efficient f depends upon the Reynolds number

(PVD)
7 .
and the ratio kiD.

f=~
Re
The eqn. (11'33) shows that for laminar flow the friction coetlkientfvaries inversely with Re and

it is independent of (~ ) ratio. .
{b} Variation oP, for "turbulent flow":
For tile furry developed turbulent flow the friction coeflicient 'f is a function of Re or k/ D ratio or
. both. depending on whether the boundary is hydrodynamically smooth or rough or it is in transition.
(i) Variation of friction co-efficient 'j' 4'for smooth pipes":
The coefficient of friction :r
for turbulent flow in smooth pipes' is a function of Reynolds
number (Re) only, and is independent ofrelativefoughness kiD. The value of 'f for smooth
pipes for Re varying from 4000 to I x 10s is g~v~11by the following empirical relation
_. . " " ..
 0·0791
1= (Re)I/4
The value of'f for Re > 10s is obtained from eqn. ( LI· 27),
o',
-, = 5·75 10glO-
ufR
+ I·75
'
uf v
'I = 2to
py2
(where, Y = average velocity) ,
2to 2 2
f=--=-xUf
2
P [P 0
2
2
Uf
10
=--
2

or,
" '- V~rJ
uf= U
Substituting the value of uf in eqn. (11'27), we get

0'
- fi
I
= , 10
5·7510g
,v
(OR)
- --
2
R + 1·75
u-

'/112
2
,~=5·7510gI0
I
,v,
'(OR -'/112 ~J +1·75

Substituting R = DI2 and simplifying, we get

, ~ = 2.0310glO (OD ~4/J - 0·91

f
; '/41 v
OD
-=Re
v
I ' r;-;
(Ai = 2·0310glO(Re ,/4[) - 0·91 ...(11'35)
...;4f ' :
Eqn. (11'35) is valid upto Re =4 x 106,.:;::f "
, Karman-Prandtlresistance equation for turbulent flow in smooth pipes i~-given by
, ,I ' '
~4f = 2·0 10glO(Re ~4/) - 0·8 ...(11·36)
From Nikuradse's experimental measurements eqn. (11·36) has been found to be valid from
Re = 5 x 104 to Re as high as 4 x 107• The eqn. (II'36) can be solved by hit and trial method.
However the following empirical relationship given ~y Nikuradse for 'f can be useddirectly,

1=0,0008+ 0·05525 / ...(11'37)

, , (Re)o'237 , y
Variation of friction co-efficient 'f for "rough pipes":
For turbulent flow in rough pipes the friction co-efficienl 'f depends only ori relative roughness
, (kiD) and is independent of Reynolds number (Re). An expression for 'f is obtained as
follows: '
For turbulent flow in rough pipes the inean velocity [j of flow has been expressed by the
eqn. 11'28,
 -"D = 5· 7:; loglo (R)"
~ + 4· 75
Uj k
Uj=U
-[7
V2
- !!Tn. ;;5· 75 log"
U 112
(R I k) + 4· 75
"
On simplification, we get ..
1
r;-; = 2·03 log 10 (Rlk) + 1·68
v4f "
The experimental results obtained by Nikunidse follow closely the trend of the fol1()wingequation,
(instead of eqn. 11'38), """ .
1· ..
r;-; = 2·0 loglo(Rlk) + 1·74 ...(11'39)
v4f "
(iii) Value of friction factor for "commercial pipes":
Colebrook and White developed an empirical equation of the following form to predict the friction
factor for commercial pipes,

}.;. - 2·0 IOglOl(R) = 1·74 - 2·0 IOglO[l+ 18·7 (R/:i:-] ...(11'40)

.. vii k Re"f;
/ whereJ; (friction factor) = 4[(friction coefficient).
Example U,S. In a rough pipe of diameter 0·6 m and length 4500 m water isflowing at the
rate 010'6 m3/s. If the average height of roughness is 0·48 mm find the power required to maintain
thisflow.
Solution. Diameter of the pipe, D = 0·6 m
0·6
:. Radius, R =- = 0·3 m
2
Length of the pipe, L = 4500 m
Discharge, ; = 0·6 m3/s
Average height of roughness, k = 0'48" mm = 0'48 x 10- 3 m
Power required to maintain the flow, P:
Power required, P = wQhl ...(1)
4fLy2
where, h - ---
I- D x 2g
where, f= Co-efficient of friction.
Y = Average velocity of flow, and
w = Weight density of water (~ 9·81 kN/m3).
Let us first calculate the value of 'f.
For a rough pipe, the value of'f is given by

_1_" = 2.0 loglo (R) +1.74 ...[Eqn. (11'39)]

J4i .. " k

= 2·0 loglo ---- 0·3 3 ) + 1·74 = 7·331

" ( 0·48 x 10-
. . .~. \
 •
~4f =-. =0·1364
7·331
f==0{)()465
Q
v= ---= 0·6
-=2·122 mls·
2)
. (~ x D ~ x 0.62
4 4
..... h - 4jLV2 _ 4x 0·00465 x 4500 x (2.122)2 -32m
. Head lost In frIctIOn, f - D x 2g - 0.6 x 2 x 9.81 . -
Substituting the values in eqn. (i), we get .
v P == 9·81 x 0·6 x 32 = 188'35 kW (Ans.)
Example 11'9. Thefrictionfor turbulentflo" •...through rough pipes call bfi!determined by Kaman-
Prandtl equation
1 . .
" fl= 21og/o (Ro / k) + 1·74
where.f= friction factor, Ro == pipe radius and k = average roughness.
Two rese11Joirs with a surface level difference of 20 metres are to be connected by 1 metre
diameter pipe 6 km long ..
(i) What will be t~e discharge when a cast:-imn pipe ofroughness k = 0) mm is used?
(ii) What will be th1epercentage increase in discharge if the cast-iron pipe is replaced by a steel
pipe of roughness k = 0·/ mm ?
Neglect an local losses. . [AM IE] .
Solution. Difference in levels. h = 20 m
Diameter of the pipe, D == 1 m
:. Radius, Ro = 0·5 m
Length of the pipe; L = 6 Ian == 6 x 1000 = 6000 m
.Roughness of C.I. pipe, k = O'3 mm = 003 x 10- 3 m
Roughness of steel pipe, k = 0·1 mm = 0·1 x 10- J m
(i) Discharge with C.I. pipe, QC.I.:

H~ 2 IDS" (Ro! k) + \·74 .... (Given)

.. = 2 log 10 [0'51(0'3 x 10-3)] + 1·74 = 8'1837

f=( 1 )2 =0.0149
8·1837
Head loss due to friction,
jLV2
h..=--
r Dx2g
[where, f= friction factor (= 4 x fnc,tion coefficient)]
2
20 = 0·0149 x 6000 x V
lxlx9·81
or, V= 2·095 nv's
:. Discharge through C.I. pipe,
Qc.r. = (it/4)x 12~_2'095 = 1-645 m3/s(Ans.)
 (ii) Percentage increase in discharge:,
For steel pipe; k == 0·1 x 10-3 m, Ro = 0·5 m
Substituting the values is eqn. (i), we get
1 ',
.J7 = 210glO[0-5/(0'1 x 10-3)1 + 1·74 = 9·1379 orf== 0·0119

HeadJost due to friction,

2
20 = .jLV
, . Dx 2g

20' =0'0119 x 6000 xV?

J x 2 x9·8!.
;
V=2'344m's
,"'

:. Discharge through steelpipe" ,

\ \.. Qs"=1t/4 x,,' 1 x 2'344~ i·841
2
,
3
m /s
:. o/~age increase is discharg'e ' , , ", '

" = Qs:'"' QC.I·x 100 = 1·841-1: 645 ~ 100 = 11~91% (ADs.)

, Qo.'" 1·645" ' "
Example 11·10. A smooth pipeline ojioo mm diameter carri~s 2.27 n;~per minute ofwate,'at.
20 0
e with kinematic viscosity of 0.009 stokes, calculate:
(i) Friction factor: (ii) Maximum velocity;
(iii) Shear stress at the boundary. (Palljab University)
.
Solution. Given: R = -100,' = 50 mm =. 005 m; Q = -2.27 = 0.037 8 m3Is;
2 ,60
v = 0.0098 stokes = 0.0098 cm2/s = 0.0098><10:' 4 m2/s
.
Average ve Ioelty
u- = -- Q = 0.03780;0378
:: 2 ' = '8 'm/
2 = 4. 1 s '
Area x 0.05
1tR , 1t

:. Reynolds number, Re = aD' = 4.81 x 0.1 ' = 4.91 x 105 ,

0.0098 x 10-4
V ,
5
The flow is turbulent as Re > 10 ;' Hence forsmooth pipe, the'coefficient of friction 'j' is obtained
,from the equation.

-b
vf
4
= '2.0 10gl0 (Re~4f)
" ,
- 0.8 ' .:~[Eqn: (11'36)]
. ~ " .
1 5
"
~4f = 2.0 logI0.(4.9 x 10 X ~4f) - 0.8

=,2.0 [Iog;o (4.91 x 105) + 10glO ~4 / ] - 0.8

= 2.0 [5.6911 + l~glO ~4f] - 0.8

= 2 x 5.6911 + 2 logl~ ~4f
,
- 0.8'
.
= 11.382 + loglo (J4f)2 . "
-0.8 = 10.582 + 10glO(4J)
. .
1 ' " "
~4f - loglo (4/1.::: 10.582 __ :..(;)
 (I) V-iCtiODfactor,.r.:
Friction factor J; = 4 x coefficient of friction = 4f
Substituting the value of '41 in (i), we get
1·
f7" - 10gIO (.fJ) = 10.582
vii .
Solving by hit and trial method, we getJ; = 0.013 (Ans.)
(ii) Maximum velocity, "mal

f= f' = 0.013 = 0;00325

4 4 '

u
/
,,~·tJJ7
~2
= 4.81.JO.00325 = 0.1'94 ~s
2'
X

For smooth pipe, the velocity at any point is given by:

U r·
= Ul•.5.7510gI0 (U/XYIv) + 5.5 ] ...[Eqn. (11'24)]

.The velocity will be maximum at the centre of the pipe where Y = R = 0.05 m i.e. radius of
the pipe. Hence the above equation becomes as : '

u"'" = u 1[5.75 10g IO ( Uf: R) + 5.5]

. 0.0098 x 10
J
= 0.194 [5.75 log 10 ( 0.194 x O.O~ + 5.5] = 5.524 m/s (Ans.),
.
(iii) Shear stress at the boundary, to:
~ 2 to
U/=- or (u/) =-
p " P
To ~ P (u)2 = 1000 x (0.194)2 = 37.64 N/m1 (Ans.)
Example 11·11. In a pipe of diameter 300 mm the centre-line velocity and the velocity at apoint
JOO'mMfrom the centre, as measured by pitot tUDe.are 2·4 m/s and 2·0 m/s respectively. Assuming
the flow in the pipe to be turbulent, find:
(i) . Discharge through the pipe. (ii) Co-efficient offriction, and
(iii) Height o/roughness projections.
Solution. Diameter of the pipe, D = 300 nun = 0·3 m
0·3
:. Radius, R = - = 0·15 m
. 2
Centre-line velocity, umax = 2·4 m/s
Velocity at r = 100 nun or y = 150 - 100= 50 rom, u = 2·0 m1s
(i) Discharge through the pipe, Q: '

Umax - U = 5.75 loglo (RJ

u!' y .
(where It/is shear velocity)
Substituting the values, we get
2·4-2·0
----= 5·7510g10 (0.15)
-, = "2·743
u/ . . 0·05 ..:
u(= 0·146 m1s
 Using the equation:

U - U = 5.75 10gI0(l.) + 3·75, we have

. ur . R .
At Y = R, u = ~max

Umax
---
- U =. 5· 75 10g
'(R) IO - + 3· 75 = 5· 75 x 0 + 3· 75 = 3· 75
,
ur, R
umalt = 2·4 m/s and u'I = 0·146 nv's

2·4-U =3.75
0·146
U=2·4-0·146 x 3'75 = 1·85 nv's
:. Discharge, Q = Area
average velocity
x
= 1tt4 x 0'32 x 1·85:: 0'1307 m3ts(Ans.)
(ii) ·Co-efficient of friction, 'I:

Uf=UJf
O· ~46 = 1· 85 f7
d' V2
ff..= 0·146 = 0.0789
V2 1·85
.. f= 0'0124 (Ans.)
Height of roughness projections, k:
1
We know that ~4f = 2·0 10gIO (Rt k) + 1· 74

. 1 =2.010gI0(0.15)+1.74·
~4 >. J·0124 k

4-49 = 2-0 log10 (0;5) + (-74

1oglO (0.15)_4.49-1.74_1375
- - - .
k 2 .
0·15 = 23.71
k
or, k = 0·00633 m or 6·33 mm (Ans.)
Example U·12. A rough plastic pipe 500 mm in diameter and 300 m in length carrying water
with a velocity of 3 'mls. has an absolute roughness of O'2 ~ mm and a kinematic viscosity of O'9
centis tokes.
(i) Is thejlow turbulent or laminar? (ii) What is the head lost infriction?

For laminar jlow. f = 64

, Re
I R
For turbulentjlow. r;= 210g/o - + J ·74
. "f k .. ,
if= friction factor)
 Solution. Diame.~r of the pipe, D = 5:)8 mm = 0·5 m
Length of the pipe, L = 300 m
Velocity of water, V = 3 m/s
Absolute roughness, k = O·25mm = O'25 x 10- 3 m
Kinematic viscosity, v = 0,9 ccntistokes :::0·9 x 10-6 m2/s.
(i) Is the flow turbulent or laminar?

Reynolds number offlo~, Re = VD = 3 x 0.5 =}. 667 X i06

. v 0.9 X 10-6
Since Re > 2000, therefore, the flow is turbulent. (Ans.)
(ii) Head losUn friction:
Friction factor (f) for turbulent flow in rough pipes is given by:
1 R
-= 210glO- + 1·74
7 </-, " .
vJ
k
0.25
= 210g ---- -{ 1 74.: "·74
100.25 x 10-3

; =(_1_)2 = 0:0167'
. 7·74
Head lost in friction,
. 2 2
h :: flY = 0·0167 x 300 x 3 = 4.59 m (Ans.)
f D x 2g· O· 5 x 2 x 9· 81
Example. 11·13. In a smooth pipe of diameter O'5 m and length J 000 m water isflowing at the
rate of 0·05 m3/s. Assuming the kinematic viscosity of water as 0·02 stokes~find:
(i) Head lost due to friction.
(ii) Wall shear stress,
(iii) Centre-line velocity, and
(iv) Thickness of laminar sublayer.
SolutLo. Diameter of smooth pipe, D= 0,5 m

:. R a d'IUS, R= 0·5 =0.25m

. 2
Length of the pipe, L = 1000 m
Discharge through the pipe, Q = 0·05 m3/s
Kinematic viscosity of water, v = 0'02 ,x 10-4 m2/s
-
Average velocity, V =- Q = 0·05
,'- = 0·2546 . m/s
Area ~ x (0'5)2
4

:. Reynolds number, Re = Vx D = V x D = 0·2546 x 0·5 = 6.365 x 104

v v 0·02 X 10-4
Since Re > 4000, the flow is turbulent.
0·0791
We know that, f = I •••[Eqn. (11'34)]
(Re)1 4

= 0·0791 =.: 0.00498

(6·365 x 1O~J1/4 .
 (i) 'Head lost due to fricL,n, hr:

4jLV2 4jLl/ 4 x 0·00498 x 1000 x (0· 2546)2

hJ= Dx2g- Dx2g = 0·5x2x9·81
= 0'1316 m (Ans.) .
(ii) WalJ shear stress, 'to:
. -2
fpv2 fpU
:to = -. -2- = -2- ...
[Eqn. 11·5 (a)]

= 0·00498 x 1000 x (10'2546)2 = 0.1614 N/m2 (ADS.)

, . 2 ,
(iii) Centre-line velocity, umu:

'We know that, ',.!- = 5· 75 10gI0(UJY) + 5·5 ,..[Eqn. (11'24)]

uJ' v,
Y=R '.
u=u max .
\

Umax = 5.75IOg10(U!'
'UJ v,
fi) + 5.5
uf- - fio -
.
-
.P
- ,0·1614
1000
-- 0 .0·127 m/ s

Substituting the.yalues in the above eqn., we get,

~~x = 5.7510 (0.0127 x 0'25) + 5.5 = 23.9

0·0127 g,o 0.02 x 10-4
or, umax = 0·303 m/s (Ans.)
(iv) " Thkkness of laminar su~layer, 0':
We know that, 0' = II· 6 x v
, uf
11·6 x 0·02 x 10-4 " ,
= 0.0127 = 0·001826 m = 1'826 mm (Ans.)
Example 11'14. Waterisflowing ill a rough pipe of O'5 m diameter and 800 m length at the rate
of O'5 mJ Is. Assuming the average height of roughness as 0·/5 mm, determine:
(i) Co-efficient offriction,
(Ii) Wallshear stress, and
(iii) Centre-line velocity and velocity at a distance of 200 mmfrom the pipe wall.
Solution •.Diameter of the pipe~ D = ,0'5 m~
. Radius, R = 0·5=
0·25 m
2
Length of the pipe, L = 800 m
Discharge, Q = 0·5 'm3/s ,
Average height of roughlness, k = 0·015 min = 0'015 x 10-3 ~
(i) Ce-.eln.cieet oUr/dian,/:
Using the equation:
-- 1 = 2·0 )oglo:-(R)' +rJ·74
~ k, " '
 or, ~ = 2.010gI0(
0-25 3 + 1·74 = 10· 184 J
v4f· 0·015 x 10- .
1 . .
~4f = -- = 0-0982
. 10·184 .
f= 0-00241 (Ans.)
(ii) Wall shear stress, 'to:
. jpv2
TO=--
2
V = Discharge = 0·5 = 2.546 m/s
Area . -x
7t 0 .52 .
4 .
2 , ..
. 0·00241 x 1000 x (2·546) ·7 81 NI 2, )
TO=-----2----=· m (Ans.

For rough pipe: .!!- = 5·75 loglo ( YJ + 8·5

ul \k.
At y=R , u=u max

Un,\ilX = 5·75 IOg10( RJ + 8·5

ul k

uf to
p
= 'J = J
7 ·81 = 0·0884 mls
1000
Substituting the values of u1'Rand k in eqn. (i), we get

umax . 7 I ( 0·25 8 2
-0.-0-88-4= 5· 5 oglO 0.015 x 10-3' + -5 = 3 ·77
J
, ,

•• Umax = 0·0884 x 32·77 = 2·897 m1s (Ans.)

Velocity at a distance of200 mm from the pipe wall, u:

For a rough oipe: ~ = 5· 7510g10

• ul
(y)k + 8·5

where, u
~ 1=0'0884 m's'(Y = 2~.n; = OJ'2 m and k = 0·0 15 x 1O-~m
:.' --=5·7510gI0 ---- +8·5=32·22
0;08~4 :0·015 x 10-3 .

or, u=0'OO884 x 32·22 = 2·848 m/s (Ans.)

Example 11'15. Hydrodynamically smooth pipe carries water at the rate of 300 lis at 20° C (p
= 1000 kglmJ, v = J(r6 m21s) with a head loss of 3 m in /00 m length of pipe. Determine the pipe
. 0.22/ . f x L x V2 pVD
dIameter. Use f = 0.0032 + 0237 equation for f, where hf = ---- and Re = -- .
, (Re) - D x 2g , \.l
(A.M.I.E. Summer, 2000)
Solution. Given: Q= 300 lis = OJ m3/s; p = 1000 kglm3; v= iO-6 m2/s; hl=3 m; ,',
0.221
L = 100m; Friction factor,f=0.0032 + (Re)O,237,' '
 Diameter of the pipe, L .
. ILV2
h =---
I D x 2g
2
3= J.x 100 x V or [= 0.5886D
Dx2x9.81 V2
Q=A x V
. 1t 2
0.3 = -4 x D x V .or D2 V = 0.382

V = 0.382
D2
0.221
[ = 0.0032 + 0237
(Re) .

0.58~6D = 0.0032 + . 0~221

V.l C1 .: .'" '< 1 (\6~0.237

0.5886D = 0.0032 + 0.221

2
(0.3821 D )2 [0.382
-·-2-xDxlO
6]°·237 .
D .
s
0.588bD
---2-
= 0 .0032 +. 0.221
0237
.
6
. (0.382). ( OJ 82 X 10 ) .

D
or, 4.034VS =0.0032 +0.0105 xDO.237
or, 4.034 OS - 0.0105 DO.237 - 0.0032 = 0
Solving by hit and trial method, we get
D = 0.308 m (Ans.)
Example 11·16. Design the diameter 01a steel pipe to carry water having kinematic viscosity v
= ICF6m21s wim a mean velocity of I mls. The head los" IS to be limited to 5 m per 100 m length o[
pipe. Consider the equivalent sand roughness height of pipe. ks = 45 x I CF4 em. Assume that the
Darcy-Weisbachfriction co-efficient over the whole range of turbulent flow can be expressed as
6
1= 0.00)5[1 + (20 x 103 ~ + 10 JI/3J
.. . D Re
where. D = Diameter of pipe and Re :: Reynolds number. (Panjab University)
Solution. Given.' v = 10-6 m2/s; U = 1 mls; hl= 5 m in a length 100 m (L); .
k=45 x 10-4 cm=45 x 10~m

6
Fricti~n factor, , I = 0.0055 [1 + (20 x 103 '2. + 10 ),13]
D Re)
Diameter of the steel pipe, D: .
. . . 4jlX/
Usmg Darcy- Welsbach equatiOn: h f = D x 2g . we have

. hi x D x 2g 'S' x Dx 2 x ~.81
f = _2
A , I T
= .
<1-if li)() v 12
= 0.2452 D
 · pUD UD he D 6
Reynolds numbert Re =-- =.- = -- =10 D
I.l V 10-6
Substituting the values in (i)t we get

0.2452D = 0.0055 1 + .20 x 103 x 45

-6 + ~ 6 J1/3].
10
[ (.,.
x
.. D 10 D

0.2452D = [1 + (0.9 + .!.)1/3]

0.0055 ,D D

44.58D++C:J"] or . (44.58D- 1) ~ c:r

ort (44.58D - 1)3 = 1; ...
(ii)

ort D(44·58D-l)3=1.9
Solving by hit and trial method, we get D = 0.0854 m (Ans.)
Example 11'17. Water flows through a horizontal conical pipe, 2 m Ipng and having a diameter
of 200 mm at the inlet and J 50 mm at the discharge end. A constant discharge of 0·4 m3is flows
through the pipe. Starting from first principles determine the loss of head du(? to pipe friction. Take
friction factor = 0·04. [UPSC Exams, Hydraulic and Hydraulic roIcs]
Conical pipe -

r-
d. Q---'
•.-.-+_ .,
, . ----
d,
e~-----
I
.J
:-:,=-.,0
I

i., /4
Fig. 11.6
Solution. Diameter at the inlet, d, = 200 rrun= 0·2 m
D»~ Co .auhe outlet, d2 = 150 rom = 0'15 m
Length of the pipe, L = 2 m
Discharge through the pipe, Q = 0·04 m3/s
Friction factor,.r. = 0·04
l.e: »0$ JiTo$l aCTive the expression for loss of head due to friction in a tapering pipe as fonows:
The Oarcy- Weisbach equation in differential form can be written as:
2
dh = Jj . dx .V
/ d x'2g
where, 1; =- Friction factor, and
Y = Velocity of flow (at the section considered)
Refer Fig. I I '6. From the geometry of the cone we can writ~