7)Thermal Properties of Matter

*Heat: Form of energy transeferred between two or more systems or a system and its
surroundinsgs by virtue of temperature difference
*Temeperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of a body
-units of heat: joule, calorie
1 calorie = 4.18 joules
-Teamperature is measured using a thermometer
-Basis of thermometer:
-volume of liquid varies with temperature
-mercury and alchohol are commonly used
-Mercury does not stick to glass
-It is visble clearly
-Reference points for measuring temp.
1)Ice point- freezing point -0c or 32f
2)Steam point- boiling point-100c or 212f

*Ideal gas equation:

-P
-v
-T
PV= nRT

*Absolute zero: Minimum absolute temperature of an ideal gas: -273.15C or 0 k

Low density obey certain laws:

1)Boyle's law: Pv=constant
2)Charle's law: V/T = constant

*Thermal Expansion:
-It is the phenomenom of increase in dimension of a body due to increase in its
temperature
-When heated, particles get random and thus usually maintain a greater average
seperation

- Examples in Expansion in solids:

-ring
-Examples in Expansion in Liquids:
-water level
Examples in Expansion in gases:
-balloon

*Different types of Thermal expansion

1) Linear expansion: Expansion in length due to increase in temperature ==> dL/L

Coeff of linear expansion: Degree of linear expansion divided by chamge in temp
(dL/L)/dT = al

2) Area Expansion: Expansionin area due to increase in temperature ==>

(dA/A)/dT = aa

3)Volumetric Expansion: Expansion in volume due to increase in temperature ==>

(dV/V)/dT= av

*Behavior of water: (Exception)

-Water expands when cooled between 4C and 0C
-Before 4C water start forming hydrogen bonds and hence start coming closer but as
the temperature is further reduced they start forming hexagonal crystal lattice and
expand
*Relation between av and al
- 3 dl/ Ldt

* Thermal Stress:
-Mechanical stress induced in a body when some or all of its parts are not free to
expand or contract in response to changes in temperature

*Specific heat capacity: The property of a substance for which the amount of heat
energy required to increase the temperautre of substance by 1 unit per kg
-depends on the nature of substance
-temperature
- If specific heat capacity is in terms of moles, then it is known as molar
specific heat capacity
-Cp or Cv are molar heat capacity which can be achieved by keeping either constant
pressure or volume

* Calorimeter:
-Measurement of heat
-heat Transfer takes place from higher temperature to the body at lower temperature
provided no heat is lost to the atmosphere
-heat lost by 1 body=heat gained by body 2
specific heat of water= 4.18 * 10^8

*Change of State:
-Transition from one state of matter to another
-Solid to liquid is known as melting
-liquid to solid is known as fusion
-Solid and liquid states coexist in thermal equilibrium during the change of states
from solid to liquid

* Melting point is when solid and liquid states coexist is termed as melting point
-Melting point at standard atmospheric pressure is known normal melting point

*Boiling point is when liquid and vapor phase co-exist

-As pressure increases boiling point also increases

-Example of sublimation - dry ice, iodine

*Latent Heat: The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance undergoing a

change of state, also called heat of transformation
L=Q/m

-Latent heat of fusion:

-Latent heat for a solid liquid state change

-Latent heat of Vaporization

-Latent heat for a liquid gas state change

*Heat Transfer: Transfer of heat enery from one system to another or within the
same system by a virtue of difference in temperature
1)Conduction
2)Convection
3)Radiaion

*Conduction: Transfer of heat between parts of the body beacuse of temperature

difference due to molecular collisions without the moecules travelling themselves
-Thermal conductivity: solids>liquids>gases
h=( KA ( Ta-Tb ) ) / L
Thermal conductivity defines how rapidly a substance will conduct heat, greater K
greater conductor

*Convection: Transfer of heat by actual motion of matter

Possible only in fluids
2 types:
1)natural: Gravity, wind, warming of land and sea
2)forced: forced air heating systems in home

*Radiation: Transfer of heat between bodies seperated by a distance in vaccuum

-no medium is required
-Energy radiated by electomagnetic waves is known as Radiant energy
-heat transfer is very fast at speed of light
eg: from sun to earth
*Electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body by virtue of its temperature is know
as thermal radiation