WHAT IS HAPPINESS?

The word 'happiness' is used in various ways. In the widest sense it is an umbrella term for
all that is good. In this meaning it is often used interchangeably with terms like 'wellbeing' or
'quality of life' and denotes both individual and social welfare. This use of words suggests that
there is one ultimate good and disguises differences in interest between individuals and society.
It further suggests that all merits can be integrated in one final scale of worth, which is not the
case. The term is merely an umbrella for different notions of what is good. Below I will delineate
four qualities of life and show that the concept of happiness fits only one of these.
-Andre Steptoe 2019-
Happiness is used in the health literature to denote a number of different constructs (137). The
distinction between affective well-being (the attainment of pleasure and avoidance of suffering)
and eudaimonia or eudaimonic well-being (meaning and purpose in life) has been recognized
since ancient times (116). In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle favored eudaimonia, or living
well and purposefully, over the vulgar pleasure seeking of hedonism. By contrast, the
nineteenth-century utilitarians such as Jeremy Bentham argued that pleasure is intrinsically
good and pain is bad and,therefore, that decisions about policy should be made on the basis
of the greatest pleasure for the greatest number.
-Prof. Dr. Ruut Veenhoven Erasmus P.O.B. 1738-

SELF ENCOURAGEMENT
EXPLINATION

Assuming that robust links exist between happiness and health, two pathways have been
proposed.The first is that habitual behavioral practices link the two and that people with greater
subjective well-being have healthy lifestyles that reduce their risk of morbidity and premature
mortality. The second is that biological correlates of happiness can mediate the association with
health outcomes.
And when it comes to Behavioral Processes. As will be apparent from earlier sections, associations
between happiness and health are frequently somewhat attenuated when health behaviors are
taken into account, implying that these factors play an important mediating role. But how much
evidence is there that favorable health behaviors are associated with happiness? One might
imagine the opposite to be the case and that someone who eats and drinks to excess and does
little exercise is happier than one who austerely maintains healthful habits.The behavior that has
been studied most extensively in this context is physical activity. The bidirectional association
between physical inactivity and depression has been recognized for many years, and this literature
has now been supplemented by work on subjective well-being. Crosssectional analyses using
objective indicators of activity (accelerometers) have shown positive associations between different
indices of well-being and light and moderate/vigorous physical activity. It is very enteresting,
studying the means of HAPPINESS. It is not literally, happy , or feelings. Or when you say
happiness, the first clue comes our mindset is the person had a hard feeling and emotions whos
very happy. Because based on what ive read. Happiness has a specific domain,meaning,and of
course it has also what we called theories. And Common sense perhaps suggests that 'you can't
measure happiness'. Social scientists used to agree; textbooks used to cite happiness, love and
hope for the future as things that could never be measured in surveys. Nowadays many social
scientists think that well-being can be measured in a sufficiently valid way to enable us to make
comparisons between different groups or sections of the community and to test hypotheses about
why some individuals experience a greater sense of well-being than others.A practical aim of this
chapter is to decide first on valid measures of well-being and psychological distress to be used in
the rest of the book. The measures we choose will in fact be composite indices based on the
specific scales we are about to describe. Secondly, we need to review the long-running debate
about whether well-being and psychological distress should be regarded as distinct dimensions
(that is, more of one does not necessarily mean less of the other), or whether indeed it is useful to
distinguish a third or even a fourth dimension. A final task is to summarise evidence about the
reliability and validity of survey measures. Technical as this task is, it cannot be avoided in view of
widespread scepticism about the possibility of valid measurement.It may be helpful at the outset to
say where we stand in the conceptual debate about the number of dimensions which need to be
measured. We conceive of two main dimensions which'can, for particular purposes, each be split
into two sub-dimensions. The main dimensions can be labelled subjective or psychological well-
being and psychological distress. Subdimensions of well-being are two: life satisfaction or
happiness (virtually identical in the English language), and positive affect. Ratings on life
satisfaction and happiness represent relatively calm, cognitive judgements about how well one's
life is going, whereas ratings on positive affect scales reflect one's characteristic moods or affects.
Sub-dimensions of psychological distress are the two most common neuroses: anxiety and
depression (psychotic states cannot be conveniently measured in surveys and so are not discussed
in this book). We regard the distinction between anxiety and depression as fairly borderline. People
who are anxious are often depressed and vice-versa. So we have no strong objection to widely
used survey measures of negative affect and somatic symptoms which combine indicators of
anxiety and depression. It transpires, however, that by distinguishing between anxiety and
depression we are able to cast light on the otherwise puzzling relationship between the main
dimensions. It appears that, while one can be both satisfied with life and anxious, it is rare indeed
to find people who report being both satisfied and depressed.

ABSTRACT
Research into the relationship between happiness and health is developing rapidly,
exploring the possibility that impaired happiness is not only a consequence of ill-health but
also a potential contributor to disease risk. Happiness encompasses several constructs,
including affective well-being (feelings of joy and pleasure), eudaimonic well-being (sense
of meaning and purpose in life), and evaluative well-being (life satisfaction). Happiness is
generally associated with reduced mortality in prospective observational studies, albeit with
several discrepant results. Confounding and reverse causation are major concerns.
Associations with morbidity and disease prognosis have also been identified for a limited
range of health conditions. The mechanisms potentially linking happiness with health
include lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and dietary choice, and biological
processes, involving neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways. Interventions
have yet to demonstrate substantial, sustained improvements in subjective well-being or
direct impact on physical health outcomes. Nevertheless, this field shows great potential,
with the promise of establishing a favorable effect on population health.-Andrew
Steptoe2019-.
According to studies, physical activity and exercises have a positive effect on happiness
and health of people.undoubtly, this effect in people with various physiological personality
are different. There fore,the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of physical
activity on changes in happiness levels in people with different personality traits.
-Afsaneh Nejadghani2017-

In this study relations between mental health and happiness in Tehran youth people were
investigated based on main question follows: Does it exist a significant relation between
mental health and happiness behaviors in youth of Tehran city populations? As follows the
aim of this study was to predict happiness made related of mental health. It was a descriptive
(Survey) research. The population of research involved all Tehran youth people, and we
collect one thousand informs of selected youth people, used random Stratify sampling, from
five geographical parts (North, East, South and West), which each parts had about two
hundreds information samples and also 15 – 29 years olds youths contacts with happiness
and MMPI-2RF (Multiphastic minessota) questionnaires. We continued collecting of study
majority informations by (MMpI–2Rf) questionnaires and happiness researchers made
questionnaires on 19 till 29 years old Tehran youth. In used with regression statistical model
and analysis of study collected informs, it appeared that potentially predict of happiness in
related to mental health is possible and has a positive significant level (α=0.01) between two
investigated parameters that shows an increase and decrease of mental health which cause
increase and decrease of happiness of youth, respectively.
-Kambiz Kamkary et al Euro. J. ., 2012,-

INTRODUCTION
There are some different constructs in psychology science that are still in vagueness and
need a variety of descriptive studies to research theme. One of considerate issues in this
science that consist of many theories is “Happiness issue”. It includes a much of opinions
and theories and has an importance research level in psychology studies territory. However,
happiness that has introduce newly issue in psychology but is ancient–describe in
philosophy. Make appearance of happiness subjects in psychology science that can call it
as happiness psychology, that is not referred to an individual activities, so maybe
transitions of politic–social and the most importance object, the economic transitions, are
causes confession of this new psychology science specific part. In accordance to 21
century transitions and in case of depth problems that are leakage to human souls what are
inviting to selfforeignness, psychologist have mooted a deeply necessity feel to change the
humanity circle life and they are believe that lack of upsetting and psycho–problems cannot
be the human final destiny [](Saatchi,2006). How about peoples suffered from chronic stress
that made them feeble and how about populations who depression has penetrated in their
emotional and behaviors objects. This peoples who involved a spread part of human kinds,
they don’t need to clinical psychologist or psychological consulters helps to solve their
psycho–problems or cure their psychological disorders; so perchance they are who have
no psychological problems but also can’t perform a fresh life, enjoy their relationship, use
God favors, and make life cycle line to happiness type. This population of humans that
describe as neutral people and who be experienced of psycho–problems, it needs to
psychological helps to catch opportune motivation to life in their inside for live with positive
excited energies [14]. Happiness psychology from of side, points to make neutral people in
way of maturity and be strongness and in other side insistence to build limitations and make
blocks in front of probably problems. Happiness psychologists believe that follows of
happiness increase, a well suitable base can be collected against psycho – problems.
However, happiness psychologist has been developed to make against of clinical
psychology issues usages to decipherment from this method some actions such as
decrease of depression, stress, aggressive behaviors, and psycho–pressures levels to stop
psycho–discords aggravation and reduce of this kind of disorders, if it possible. Martin
Sligman, introduced as one of progressives of happiness psychology believes that
psychological point views to education systems, systematic–industrial, military, athletics,
socialistic, characterize and other applied issues, should be modify and create a positive
about human. In other word, new positive psychology field that has been created by Sligman
in Pennsylvania university, do some activities in around of human positive philosophy.
-Kambiz Kamkary et al Euro. J. ., 2012,-
Sport and physical activity is one of the effective ways to improve the prevention of mental
illness (convil, 2003). Personality is a set of individual differences that are affected by the
development of an individual: values, attitudes, personal memories, social relationships,
habits, and skills(McAdams, D.P.; Olson, B.D. (2010). Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Smith, R. E.
(2004).Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on
their theoretical positions(Engler, B. (2009)The term “personality trait” refers to enduring
personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of
situations.)The character is one of the key issues in contemporary psychology (Hnjry 1376)
Allport believes that the psychological dynamics of the characters are organized into
individual physiological index that determines the behavior and thoughts. schultz McGraw
using Nhlyl factor that can be used between personality differences, five major purpose of
the 1-neurosis that the tendency of people to experience anxiety, stress,pity,saving hostile
impulse lovemaking depression and low self-esteem.Extroversion that dare to feel positive
person seeking energetic and intimate refers to 3-Adjusted to desire for curiosity, love of art
and art refers elasticity Compatibility with the desire for empathy and sympathy generosity,
kindness, generosity, altruism and trust is doing.Finally, accepted desires for regular and
slow progress on the logic circuit After the exercise happy people have more and more
confidence that Happiness is defined, as the overall appreciation of one’s life-as-a-whole,
in short, how much one likes the life one lives. Elsewhere I have delineated that concept in
Ruut Veenhoven (Veenhoven 1984). Thus defined, happiness is a state of mind and can
therefore be measured using questioning techniques, among which single, direct questions.
Self-reports of happiness appear to be fairly valid, though not very precise (Veenhoven 1984)
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands Research suggests
that— beyond exercise—
small, cumulative, ‘non-exercise activity,’ such as standing
and walking in the course of daily functioning, contributes
to avoiding these negative outcomes and increasing general
health (Levine J A. 2002).
-Afsaneh Nejadghani2017-

Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence
Aristotle Democratic governments naturally try to promote a better life for their citizens. It
is hard to imagine political parties being elected if they did not offer at least some prospect
of improved wellbeing. And while government – central or local – cannot directly make us
happier or more engaged, it does shape the economy, culture and society in which we live
through policies and decisions on where to spend finite resources, and laws that regulate
what can and cannot be done.
-Nicola Bacon,Marcia Brophy, Nina Mguni, Geoff Mulgan & Anna Shandro2010-

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Kamen and Sigel (2004), on a descriptive study show that happiness level among people with
upper believes about themselves is more than people with poor beliefs. In other words, people
with realist self- belief that could make a balance between their abilities and their expects, feel
happiness more; whenever extra optimistic or extra pessimistic persons, feel happiness poor. In
Ostir et al. (2006), study, the relations between self-assessment and mentally health is stronger
than physically health, classified by physicians, followed by happiness. If someone be suffer
Neuroticism, the relations between classified himself assessment and his mentally health, is
poor; it’s because of that the neurotic people are unhappy they think are in physically health
perfectly or they have a least pain threshold, also show weakness signs, and are ready to make
decision to be sick whenever glad people pain threshold is upper than and also they assessment
better their weakness and physically health condition levels. In some studies it has been clear
that a relation between mentally health and real physically health is exist and it takes less effects
from environmental parameters such as social and economical condition. Positive connections
between happiness and mentally health, maybe can explain the long- years life of gladly people.
Easterlin in a study found that good behaviors can advancement the body systems and bad
behaviors results are harm and make weak these systems and also make poor psychologically
abilities. However, there is not exist an experimental applied explain that is able to make a
support condition and also prepare a good standing pattern for happiness raise; and still there
is a deeply lack about backgrounds of happiness and clear informs about how happiness
happened; also, investigate the effects of happiness in life satisfy and happy feels is still hard.
Happiness feeling has emotional effects and also knowledge parameters with together and
people with highly happiness feeling mainly experiment the positive excitants and have a
positive assessment of their environmental events, whenever people with less happiness feeling
assessment their events badly and mainly their feeling involves some conditions such as stress ,
depression and angry feeling . That sound necessary to research on connection between
happiness and mentally health to be able produce a well-known pattern about happiness;
because the positive and happy excitant experiments is able to reduce the negative and
unhappy contacts. In other means, if someone spend more times on positive excitant, he will
be able reduce negative excitants time belongs. In other side should be alert to these facts that
negative and positive excitants don’t have two polarity condition what raises and falls of each
one cause raise and fall the other else, respectively. It means, happiness feeling doesn’t
appearing by feel raise of positive excitants and lack of negative excitants and none existence of
negative feels doesn’t mean positive ones exist that however, positive existence need some
requirements and other substance what main essential is mentally health. In follow of this point
view, study on connection between mentally health and happiness, can be create a modern and
new outlook in mental health zone and prevent of psychological abilities of peoples; This study
results can be prepare suitable guides for consulters to help in increase youth population
happiness feels for making good beneficial life quality for them. So, for cover this idea, the main
question of this study was prepared as follow.
-Kambiz Kamkart., 2012,-
Ignorance of which variables are causes of well-being and which are consequences is a black
hole in current research. In this book we have reviewed relationships between well-being and
many other variables: personality traits, social networks, domain satisfactions, and levels of
expectation and aspiration. We, like other researchers, have more or less assumed that all these
correlates should be regarded as causes not consequences of well-being. But is this assumption
justified? In the case of social background variables and personality traits it almost certainly is.
A person's level of happiness could not possibly affect his or her gender and it is implausible
that one's social class or status could be affected. In the case of major personality traits, like
extraversion and neuroticism, there is such strong evidence that they are partly hereditary and
fairly stable over a lifetime, that we can reject the idea that they are caused by happiness. But
what about the other variables on the list? Is it not possible that the quality of a person's social
network, domain satisfactions and levels of expectation and aspiration are wholly or partly
consequences rather than causes of well-being? Perhaps happy people, just because they are
cheerful and happy, attract friends and confidants and so develop a rich social network.
Miserable people, on the other hand, may repel potential friends and so lack an extensive
network. It seems quite likely that these differences go back to childhood. Extraverted, cheerful
children generate positive feedback from other people. They may learn to generate positive
experiences and develop interpersonal strategies which hold them in good stead for the rest of
their life. Introverted and neurotic children, on the other hand, probably generate less positive
feedback and fail to develop interpersonal skills. There are really three possible models which
could describe the relationship between a
variable of interest, for example, job satisfaction (JS) and subjective well-being (SWB).
-Bruce Headey Alex Wearing-

METHODOLOGY
The Happiness Index is a comprehensive survey instrument that assesses happiness, wellbeing,
and aspects of sustainability and resilience. The Happiness Alliance developed the Happiness
Index to provide a survey instrument to community organizers, researchers, and others seeking
to use a subjective well-being index and data. It is the only instrument of its kind freely available
worldwide and translated into over ten languages. This instrument can be used to measure
satisfaction with life and the conditions of life. It can also be used to define income inequality,
trust in government, sense of community and other aspects of wellbeing within specific
demographics of a population. This manuscript documents the development the Happiness
Index between 2011 and 2015, and includes suggestions for implementation.
-Laura Musikanski, Happiness Alliance.2017-

Longitudinal Studies of SWB, Health, and Longevity.A number of reviews and meta-analyses are
available on the predictive power of SWB on health and longevity. Studies with large sample
sizes have followed participants for a decade or more. In these studies SWB is usually predictive
of mortality, controlling for initial health. Hemingway and Marmot (1999) found in a review of
the literature that among studies that passed their “quality filter”, in 11 of 11 prospective studies
depression and anxiety predicted coronary heart disease in healthy people, and in six of six
studies they predicted disease progression in those with cardiovascular disease. The authors
suggest that the causal role of the mental states is further supported by human and primate
evidence on biological and behavioral pathways mediating these effects. Lyubomirsky, King, and
Diener (2005), in a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, found an effect size of .18, indicating
the standard deviation differences in health outcomes for low versus high SWB individuals.
Similarly, Howell, Kern, and Lyubomirsky (2007) reviewed 49 prospective studies testing the
predictive power of long-term well-being and ill-being, and found an overall effect size of .14
for longevity, comparing high and low SWB participants. Chida and Steptoe (2008) conducted a
meta-analysis of the prospective studies examining the association between positive well-being
and mortality in both healthy and diseased populations. Positive psychological well-being was
related to lower mortality in both healthy and diseased populations,independently of negative
affect. Positive moods such as joy, happiness, and energy, as well as characteristics such as life
satisfaction, hopefulness, optimism, and sense of humor were associated with reduced risk of
mortality in healthy populations, and predicted longevity, controlling for negative
states.Positive affect (PA) was associated with reduced death rates in patients with HIV and
renal failure. In the healthy population studies, higher quality studies yielded evidence of
greater protective effects. In the diseased population studies the protective effects were greater
when baseline disease and
treatment were controlled.
-Micaela Y. Chan2011-

The pattern of this recent study is Survey descriptive. The population of research involved all
Tehran youth people, and we collect one thousand informs of selected youth people, used
random Stratify sampling, from five geographical parts (North, East, South and West), which
each parts had about two hundreds information samples and also 15 – 29 years olds youths
contacts with happiness and MMPI-2RF questionnaires. That’s necessary to say that factor
Validity and construct validity questionnaires by using of confirmative factor analyses (to proof
MMPI – 2RF questionnaires) and explorative factor analyses (to proof happiness feel
questionnaires), content validity by using 10 psychotherapists and psychologists, specialist in
positive psychology and face validity and formal validity extracted ant then reliability coefficient
of questionnaires by using Cronbach alpha method, split halph with spearman–brown protocol
and computed Test-Retest, all indices results were over than 0.89. At last, after computing the
central tendency index (mod, median and mean), and distribution indexes (standard error of
mean, skewness coefficient and kurtosis coefficient) for characterizing normality of the
distributions research indexes by using of multivariate regression statistical models, in
cooperate with same–time to enter, the data was analyzed.
-Kambiz Kamkary et al Euro. J., 2012,-

DATA AND RESULT

The majority of the data collected by the Happiness Index are from convenience sampling
that began in January of 2011. A small portion of the data (less than 5%) was collected
through random samples. Most survey takers learned of the Happiness Index through word
of mouth, media, or from community organizers who took trainings from the Happiness
Alliance on how to use the survey instrument in their community, company, city, or state.
The majority of survey takers come from the United States (over 70%), with the balance from
other countries. Over 85% of surveys are taken in English, with the rest in certified
translations of the survey instrument in Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French,
Brazilian Portuguese, Italian, and other languages. Between 2011 and 2016, over 65,000
responses had been gathered at a rate of about 1,000–1,500 responses per month.
According to table 1, there is poor different between mod, median and mean and amounts
of skewness coefficient and kurtosis coefficient is less than 1. Because, distribution of
happiness and mentally health parameters, was normal and can use “mean” as the most
clearance factor of central tendency index in parametric statistical zone. By interesting on
F index, it can be provided that a significant relation exists between pairs of mentally health
and happiness and its parameters (prevention from negative excitants, positive excitants
and life satisfy) which are in level α= 0.01. In other words, it is possible to predict happiness
and its related issues from mentally health condition levels; However, it is necessary to
characterize and clearance the regression indexes. According to regression indexes results,
there is a negative significant relation between mind bad belief, relationship, hurt intention
and experimental errors with happiness feeling that shows by raising of this specific
mentally health indexes, happiness will be turn to fall, and also on reverse, fall of them make
raise happening of feeling of happiness.
- Kambiz Kamkary et al Euro. J 2012,-
Table 1:the results of t‑test
Variable Leven test T test
F value Sig T value df Sig
The comparison of pre/post test of introverted 0/404 0/531 1.136 13 0/276
The comparison of pre/post test of extroverted 4.981 0/003 8.018 31 0/001
Differnces of intro/exroverted 1.266 0/26 2.249 18 0/037
The comparison of pre/post test of neurotic 1.243 0/275 0/182 14 0/858
The comparison of pre/post test of nonneurotic 6.411 0/014 6.660 33 0/001
Differences of neurotic/non neurotic 6.908 0/012 2.390 18 0/028
The comparison of pre/post test of conscientious 1.385 0/242 6.304 47 0/001
The comparison of pre/post test of inconscientious 0/102 0/753 0/900 11 0/387
Differences of con/inconscientious 0/260 0/612 3.139 14 0/007
The comparison of pre/post test of adjusted 0/725 0/397 6.345 44 0/001
The comparison of pre/post test of unadjusted 2.581 0/117 0/191 17 0/851
Differences of adjust/unadjusted 2.445 0/123 1.977 23 0/049
The comparison of pre/post test of acceptance 3.501 0/067 4.531 24 0/001
The comparison of pre/post test of nonacceptance 1.001 0/322 2.264 25 0/032
Differences of acceptance nonacceptance 4.829 0/33 0/303 40 0/764
Table 2: Adverse assumptions
Variable Mean
differnces SD t df Sig
Happiness in pre/post test 0/226 0/467 4.117 71 0/001
Satisfaction of life in pre test and post test
0/191 0/652 2.486 71 0/015
Mental health in pre/post test 0/208 0/608 2.903 71 0/005
-Afsaneh Nejadghani2017-

DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION

robust methods of modifying subjective well-being over prolonged periods. In the meantime,
research on causality has not yet exploited methods such as instrumental Primary finding from
this study is that exercisers are on average more satisfied with their lives and happier than
non exercisers. Causal effects of exercise participation, owever, do not seem a likely source
of these associations.Cross-sectional and longitudinal data indicate that physical activity
indirectly enhances satisfaction with life in old age through its influence on affect, mental
health, and self-efficacy (Elavsky et al., 2005; McAuley et al., 2006). For example, McAuley
and colleagues (2006) showed that greater amounts of physical activity were associated
with greater self-efficacy, which was associated with more positive physical and mental
health. In turn, health status Was positively related to satisfaction with life. Elavsky and
colleagues (2005) found that self-efficacy and positive affect were significant mediators of
the association between physical activity and wellbeing (i.e. global quality of life) At a 1-year
follow-up of a physical activity intervention for older adults, and that changes in positive
affect mediated this relation across an additional four years of follow-up. these results, there
is a positive relation among personality characters, neurotic, extroversion, openness,
concord and consciousness. The results of this research are harmonized with some
researches that show positive relation of extroversion) Razavieh 2010chen 2005).There is a
negative and counter relation between mental health and neurotic and positive and right
relation between extrovert and mental health. In a part of this survey got the same
results.Fighting resulted from no agreement with acceptance and compatible of couples
handed and decreased their mental health (kulik2006).And also there is a relation with
survey there is a relation between extrovert, satisfaction and conscionable characters and
giving more help in special neurotic people (seekles2012). Research shows that this relation
is positive, too (Jafarnejad,2004). In elucidating positive relation and mental health could
reasoning that people with high score in open thought may be more
-Afsaneh Nejadghani2017-
Many questions remain unresolved in this fast-moving field. Fully understanding the
bidirectional associations between happiness and health involves the integration of
epidemiological research with clinical, biobehavioral, and experimental work. Research on
health outcomes has been dominated by observational epidemiological studies, and these
can never convincingly establish causality, even when multiple covariates are taken into
account. This limitation to observational studies is particularly relevant for happiness,
which is embedded in a matrix of otherhealth-related phenomena (Figure 1). Firm
conclusions would be strengthened by controlledintervention studies demonstrating that
changes in happiness result in changes in health, but such a program would require
longitudinal trials involving variable approaches, natural experiments, and negative control
studies that might produce more compelling findings than those emerging from
observational work (79). New discoveries, such as the influence of the gut microbiome on
brain function and emotional states, are also likely to be relevant (92). Issues that are not
yet settled include, among others, the extent to which variability in happiness levels needs
to be addressed (17) and how best to disentangle low happiness from negative affective
states (78). Interventions in the health arena depend on devising generalizable and cost-
effective methods of inducing sustained improvements in subjective well-being so that
impacts on healthy populations and people with chronic illness can be assessed. Enhancing
the well-being of the population is a laudable societal aim; whether this translates into
improvements in health has yet to be proven .Department of Behavioural Science
-Andrew Steptoe2019-
The distinction between well-being and psychological distress is central to this book.
Contrary perhaps to common sense, it appears that they are distinct dimensions, not
opposite ends of the same dimension. Life satisfaction (which is apparently synonymous
with happiness in normal English usage) and positive affect are distinguishable but
moderately correlated subdimensions of well-being. Anxiety and depression are
distinguishable and more strongly related sub-dimensions of psychological distress. The
overall relationship between well-being and psychological distress is clarified by finding
that, while depression has a strong inverse relationship with life satisfaction, anxiety does
not. A person may be both satisfied with life and simultaneously rather anxious about things.
But few people report both general life satisfaction and depression. In subsequent chapters
we will, for some purposes, use the composite and highly reliable indices of life satisfaction
and psychological distress developed in this chapter. However, we will present separate
results for life satisfaction and positive affect, and also for anxiety and depression, where
analysis indicates that the sub-dimensions have distinctive relationships with other
variables of interest—with social background, personality traits, social networks and
reports of life events and experiences.
-Bruce Headey Alex Wearing1992-
HOW WILL YOU ADDRESS THE
IMPACT OF HAPPINESS ON HEALTH
ISSUE PARTICULARLY IN LIFE.?
For my own opinions and generalatations for what Ive search and gathered information bout
my topic. Is Assuming that robust links exist between happiness and health, two pathways
have been proposed. The first is that habitual behavioral practices link the two and that
people with greater subjective well-being have healthy lifestyles that reduce their risk of
morbidity and premature mortality. The second is that biological correlates of happiness
can mediate the association with health outcomes. As will be apparent from earlier sections,
associations between happiness and health are frequently somewhat attenuated when
health behaviors are taken into account, implying that these factors play an important
mediating role. But how much evidence is there that favorable health behaviors are
associated with happiness? One might imagine the opposite to be the case and that
someone who eats and drinks to excess and does little exercise is happier than one who
austerely maintains healthful habits.The behavior that has been studied most extensively in
this context is physical activity. The bidirectional association between physical inactivity
and depression has been recognized for many years, and this literature has now been
supplemented by work on subjective well-being. Crosssectional analyses using objective
indicators of activity (accelerometers) have shown positive associations between different
indices of well-being and light and moderate/vigorous physical activity.
 MANITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Manito Albay
SY;2019-2020

Submitted to:
Mrs. Nonita B. Otig

Submitted By;
Angel Joy D. Dalde
12-Block-J