The Freedoms of the Air are international commercial aviation

agreements traffic rights) that grant a country’s airline(s) the

privilege to enter and land in another country’s airspace.

They were formulated in 1944

at an international gathering
held in Chicago (known as the
Chicago Convention) to
establish uniformity in world
air commerce. There are
generally considered to be
nine freedoms of the air.
The negotiated right for an airline from country (A) to overfly
another country’s (B) airspace.
The right for a commercial aircraft from country (A) to land and
refuel (commonly referred to as a technical stop) in another
country (B)
The right for an airline for deliver revenue passenger from the
airline’s home country (A) to another country (B)
The right for an airline to carry revenue passengers from
another country (B) to the airline’s home country (A)
The right for an airline to take passengers from its home country
(A), deposit them at the destination (B) and then pick up and
carry passengers on the other international destinations (C).
The right for an airlines to carry passengers or cargo between
two foreign countries (B and C), provided the aircraft touches
down in the airline’s home country (A).
The right for an airline to carry on flights that originate in a
foreign country (B), bypass its home country (A), and deposit
the passengers at another international destination (C).
The right for an airline to carry passengers from one point in
the territory of a country (B) to another point within the same
country on a flight that originates in the airline’s home
country (A).
The right for an airline from a particular country (A) to
originate a flight in a foreign country (B) and carry
passengers form one point to another within the foreign
country. Also known as “stand alone cabotage”.
Republic of the Philippines
CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS (PCAR)
PART 4
Grace Park
Airfield,
also known as
Manila North, was
opened in 1935 in
Grace Park,
Caloocan.
It was the city's first
commercial airport,
and was used by
Philippine Aerial
Taxi Company
(later Philippine
Airlines) for its first
domestic routes.
 The national mark is selected from the series of nationality symbols
included in the radio call signs allocated to the State of Registry by the
International Telecommunications Union.
 Registration mark may consist of letters, numbers or a
combination of both and is assigned by the State of Registry, or
the common mark registering authority.

AB - X0000
Certain combinations of letters are not permitted to be used as
registration letters or parts of a registration mark. These are
those combinations of letters used for specific distress traffic
indicators or internationally accepted communication
abbreviations.

SOS - (Distress - morse)

PAN - (Urgency)
XXX - (Urgency - morse)
TTT - (Safety /Securité - morse)
‘Q’ codes - (i.e. QNH; QRT; QUG etc….)
5 letter combinations of the international Code of Signals
(a) Every aircraft duly registered by the Authority shall display the
registration mark assigned to such aircraft. The nationality and registration
marks appearing on the aircraft shall consist of a group of characters.

(b) The nationality mark shall precede the registration mark. When the first
character of the registration mark is a letter, it shall be preceded by a
hyphen.

(c) The nationality mark for Philippine registered aircraft is “RP”.

(d) The registration mark shall be a combination of letters and numbers

assigned by the Authority.
(1) The Roman capital letters "RP“ immediately preceding
identification number for aircraft used solely for governmental
purposes, and or belonging to the Philippine government,
provinces, municipalities, or political subdivisions (except those
belonging to the Philippine Army).

RP-0001 to RP-9999 (Government-owned aircraft)

(2) The Roman capital letters "RP-C" will classify aircraft,
except gliders, as complying fully with the airworthiness
requirements as the case may be for the purpose of carrying
persons or property, for or without hire.

RP-C0001 to RP-C9999 (Aircraft with complete registrations)

(3) Gliders complying fully with airworthiness requirements
shall display the Roman capital letters "RP-G" immediately
preceding the license number or numbers.

RP-G0001 to RP-G9999 (Gliders)

(4) The Roman capital letters "RP-R" will classify an aircraft as
complying in some limited respect with the airworthiness requirements
as the case may be, provided each deficiency is compensated for by
means of suitable operation limitations. The certificate of an aircraft in
this classification will specify the use or uses, for such aircraft is deemed
airworthy by such use or uses, shall exclude carrying of passengers, and
shall be for industrial purposes only.

RP-R0001 to RP-R9999 (Limited registrations)

(5) The Roman capital letters "RP-X" will classify an
aircraft as one which has applied for an experimental certificate.

RP-X0001 to RP-X9999 (Experimental certificate)

(6) The Roman capital letters "RP-U" will classify an
unmanned aerial vehicles aircraft as one which has applied for
an certificate.

RP-U001A to RP-U999Z (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)

Characters must be two-thirds as wide as they are high, except
the number "1", which must be one-sixth as wide as it is high,
and the letters "M" and "W" which may be as wide as they are
high.
1/6

1 M W
Thickness. Characters shall be formed by solid lines one-sixth as
thick as the character is high.

The space between each character may not be less than one-
fourth of the character width.

Uniformity. The marks required by this Part for fixed-wing aircraft

must have the same height, width, thickness, and spacing on
both sides of the aircraft.
The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FARs, are rules
prescribed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
governing all aviation activities in the United States.

The rules are designed to promote safe aviation,

protecting pilots, flight attendants, passengers and the
general public from unnecessary risk.
Since 1958, these rules have typically been referred to as
"FARs", short for Federal Aviation Regulations.
However, another set of regulations (Title 48) is titled
"Federal Acquisitions Regulations", and this has led
to confusion with the use of the acronym "FAR".

Therefore, the FAA began to refer to specific regulations

by the term "14 CFR part XX".
a) Each normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplane must
provide a safety belt and shoulder harness for each forward- or
aft facing seat which will protect the occupant from serious head
injury when subjected to the inertia loads resulting from the
ultimate static load factors achieved in flight.

a) Each shoulder harness installed at a flight crewmember station,

as required by this section, must allow the crewmember, when
seated with the safety belt and shoulder harness fastened, to
perform all functions necessary for flight operations.
The normal category is
limited to airplanes that
have a seating
configuration, excluding
pilot seats, of nine or less,
a maximum certificated
takeoff weight of 12,500
pounds or less, and
intended for nonacrobatic
operation.
The utility category is
limited to airplanes that
have a seating
configuration, excluding
pilot seats, of nine or
less, a maximum
certificated takeoff
weight of 12,500 pounds
or less, and intended for
limited acrobatic
operation.
The acrobatic category is
limited to airplanes that have
a seating configuration,
excluding pilot seats, of nine
or less, a maximum
certificated takeoff weight of
12,500 pounds or less, and
intended for use without
restrictions, other than
those shown to be
necessary as a result of
required flight tests.
The commuter category is
limited to propeller-driven,
multiengine airplanes that
have a seating configuration,
excluding pilot seats, of 19 or
less, and a maximum
certificated takeoff weight of
19,000 pounds or less. The
commuter category operation
is limited to any maneuver
incident to normal flying, stalls
(except whip stalls), and steep
turns, in which the angle of
bank is not more than 60
degrees.