Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ERP ®
Study Guide
garp.org/erp 1
2020 Energy Risk Professional (ERP®)
Exam Study Guide
ENERGY RISK PROFESSIONAL
(ERP®) PROGRAM Each year, we invite Certified ERPs from a variety of
The ERP certification is the world’s first and only disciplines and geographies to participate in the exam
internationally recognized designation developed development process. Our dual collaboration with EOC
by energy professionals, for energy professionals, to members and certified ERP alumni ensures that the ERP
assess and validate energy professional knowledge Exam and curriculum remain consistent with current
and skills. It objectively assesses and validates industry practice.
candidates’ skills and knowledge of the tools used
to manage and measure energy risk. Certified 2020 ERP LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ERPs can apply knowledge about the production, AND STUDY GUIDE
transportation, and storage of physical energy The 2020 ERP Learning Objectives and 2020 Study
commodities; structure and practical application of Guide are valuable exam tools that candidates should
energy derivatives; assessment of energy market data reference frequently when preparing for the Exam.
and price modeling; and identification, measurement, Each exam question is developed from and directly
and management of risk in the energy industry. references a specific reading and related learning
objective. Candidates are expected to be familiar
ERP CURRICULUM with the learning objectives and be able to apply the
Development of the ERP Exam curriculum is guided principles on the Exam.
by GARP’s Energy Oversight Committee (EOC), a
panel of senior practitioners and academics with 2020 ERP CURRICULUM CHANGES
energy market experience and risk management Returning 2019 ERP candidates should closely review
expertise. The exam topics and required readings the 2020 curriculum for added and deleted readings and
listed in the 2020 ERP Study Guide and 2020 learning objectives in all domains. The 2020 curriculum
Learning Objectives (LOBs) are updated annually in includes a new Renewables domain and combines
conjunction with the EOC to ensure the ERP Exam previously separate Natural Gas and LNG domains into
remains a timely and accurate assessment of the one, among other changes.
knowledge and skills required of energy market and
risk professionals. COMMONLY USED CONTRACT
SPECIFICATIONS
ERP EXAM Exchange-traded energy commodity futures and option
The ERP Exam Part I and Part II evaluate a candidate’s contracts are typically transacted in standardized lot
knowledge of key concepts aligned with the topics below: sizes. Unless otherwise noted, exam questions will
assume the following standard volumetric terms:
ERP EXAM PART I | 80 QUESTIONS • Crude Oil:
• Crude Oil Markets and Refined Products 1,000 barrels (equal to 42,000 gallons) per
• Natural Gas Markets and LNG Trends contract
• Renewable Energy • Gasoline futures:
• Electricity Markets and Coal 42,000 gallons per contract
• ULSD futures:
ERP EXAM PART II | 60 QUESTIONS 42,000 gallons per contract
• Market Risk • Gasoil (diesel) futures:
• Credit Risk and Liquidity Risk 100 metric tons (MT) per contract
• Financial Energy Products • Natural gas (Henry Hub) futures:
• Risk Governance, Enterprise Risk Management, 10,000 MMBtu per contract
and Risk-adjusted Decision Making
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
The following is a list of common abbreviations and acronyms that may appear on the ERP Examination.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
garp.org/erp 3
ERP EXAM PART I
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to crude oil markets and refined products include
the following:
Bradford, T. (2018). The Energy System: Technology, Economics, Markets, and Policy. Cambridge, MA:
The MIT Press.
• Chapter 14. Oil
Inkpen, A., & Moffett, M.H. (2011). The Global Oil and Gas Industry: Management, Strategy and Finance.
Tulsa, OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 3. Access, Leasing, and Exploration
• Chapter 4. Developing Oil and Gas Projects
• Chapter 5. Production of Oil and Gas Products
Miesner, T.O., & Leffler, W.L. (2006). Oil & Gas Pipelines in Nontechnical Language. Tulsa, OK:
PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 4. Oil Pipeline Operations
• Chapter 10. Investment Decisions
Inkpen, A., & Moffett, M.H. (2011). The Global Oil and Gas Industry: Management, Strategy and Finance.
Tulsa, OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 10. The Market for Crude Oil
• Chapter 12. Refining
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. (March 2016). Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Lending.*
Wright, C. (2017). Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Accounting, 6th Edition. Tulsa, OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 15. Conveyances
• Chapter 17. Reserve Valuation
• Chapter 18. Accounting for International Petroleum Operations
garp.org/erp 2
Natural Gas Markets and LNG Trends
PART I EXAM WEIGHT | 30%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to natural gas and LNG trends include the following:
NATURAL GAS
• Physical properties of natural gas
• Types of natural gas, units of measure, and heat content
• NGLs and condensates
• Global natural gas markets and economic fundamentals
• Market dynamics and pricing
• Gas sales agreements and trading
• Transportation and storage economics
LNG
• Market dynamics and pricing
• Contracts and shipping
• Project structuring and financing
• Trading
• Geographic trends
Rogers, H., & Stern, J. (December 2014). The Dynamics of a Liberalized European Gas Market – Key
Determinants of Hub Prices, and Roles and Risks of Major Players. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.*
Bradford, T. (2018). The Energy System: Technology, Economics, Markets, and Policy. Cambridge, MA:
The MIT Press.
• Chapter 18. Natural Gas
Le Fevre, C. (2013). Gas Storage in Great Britain. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.*
Leffler, W. (2014). Natural Gas Liquids: A Non-Technical Guide. Tulsa, OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 6. Refineries and the Unnatural Gas Liquids
• Chapter 7. Logistics
Lassander, R., & Swindle, G. (2018). Natural Gas Trading in North America. Princeton, NJ: Scoville
Risk Partners.
• Chapter 8. Basis Markets
• Chapter 3. Natural Gas Markets
Griffin, P. (Ed.). (2017). Liquefied Natural Gas: The Law and Business of LNG. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and
Business Ltd.
• Structuring LNG Projects
Tusiani, M.D., & Shearer, G. (2016). LNG: Fuel for a Changing World – A Nontechnical Guide, 2nd Edition.
Tulsa, OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 13. Upstream Gas Supply Agreements
• Chapter 14. LNG Sale and Purchase Agreements
Griffin, P. (Ed.). (2017). Liquefied Natural Gas: The Law and Business of LNG. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and
Business Ltd.
• LNG Shipping
• LNG Trading
• Financing LNG Projects
• Portfolio LNG
• US LNG and the Global Market
Fulwood, M. (May 2018). Asian LNG Trading Hubs: Myth or Reality. Columbia University, The Center on
Global Energy Policy.*
garp.org/erp 4
Renewable Energy
PART I EXAM WEIGHT | 10%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to renewable energy include the following:
Bradford, T. (2018). The Energy System; Technology, Economics, Markets, and Policy. Cambridge, MA:
The MIT Press.
• Chapter 8. Renewable Electricity
• Chapter 9. Electricity Demand Management
• Chapter 10. Electric Storage
• Chapter 11. Distributed Generation
• Chapter 15. New Fuels: Biofuels
Parsons, J.E. (2019). Introduction to Electricity Markets. Jersey City, NJ: GARP.
• Chapter 9. Emissions Markets
garp.org/erp 6
Electricity Markets and Coal
PART I EXAM WEIGHT | 30%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to electricity markets and coal include
the following:
ELECTRICITY
• Physical properties of electricity
• Types of power generation (fossil fuel and renewable)
• Transmission and distribution
• Electricity market economics
• Base load, mid-merit, peak, and off-peak generation
• Capacity factor, heat rate, and spark spread
• Market data and price discovery
• Investing in generating capacity
• Electric energy markets and trading
• Power pools (ISOs and RTOs) and bilateral trading
• Contracts and structured solutions for energy markets
• Liberalized (deregulated) wholesale power market design
• Energy markets (day-ahead vs. real-time) and balancing markets
• Energy only vs. capacity markets
• Ancillary services
• Integration of renewable energy
• Global electricity markets and economic fundamentals
COAL
• Physical properties of coal
• Types of coal, units of measure, and heat content
• Benchmarks, contract specifications, and trading
• Global coal markets and economic fundamentals
• Transportation
Bradford, T. (2018). The Energy System; Technology, Economics, Markets, and Policy. Cambridge, MA:
The MIT Press.
• Chapter 6. Coal, Oil, and Gas for Electricity
Schernikau, L. (2016). Economics of the International Coal Trade: Why Coal Continues to Power the
World. Second Edition. Springer International Publishing.
• Chapter 7. Global Coal Trade — Derivatives, Price Drivers, and More
Parsons, J.E. (2019). Introduction to Electricity Markets. Jersey City, NJ: GARP.
• Chapter 1. Industry Overview
• Chapter 2. Load
• Chapter 3. Generation
• Chapter 4. Transmission
• Chapter 5. Economic Optimization of the System
• Chapter 6. Bilateral Contracts and Trading
• Chapter 7. Centralized Markets for Energy
• Chapter 8. Other Electricity Markets
Weron, R. (2006). Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Loads and Prices. West Sussex, England: John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Chapter 1. Complex Electricity Markets
garp.org/erp 8
ERP EXAM PART II
Market Risk
PART II EXAM WEIGHT | 20%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to market risk include the following:
Miller, M. (2013). Mathematics and Statistics for Financial Risk Management, 2nd Edition. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 2. Probabilities
• Chapter 3. Basic Statistics
• Chapter 4. Distributions
• Chapter 10. Linear Regression Analysis
Hull, J.C. (2018). Risk Management and Financial Institutions, 5th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 8. How Traders Manage Risk
Clewlow, L., & Strickland, C. (2000). Energy Derivatives: Pricing and Risk Management. Sydney,
Australia: Lacima Publications.
• Chapter 2. Understanding and Analyzing Spot Prices
• Chapter 3. Volatility Estimation in Energy Markets
• Chapter 10. Value-at-Risk
Hull, J.C. (2018). Risk Management and Financial Institutions, 5th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 25. Model Risk Management
Weron, R. (2006). Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Loads and Prices. West Sussex, England: John
Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Chapter 2. Stylized Facts of Electricity Loads and Prices
• Chapter 3. Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Loads
garp.org/erp 10
Credit Risk and Liquidity Risk
PART II EXAM WEIGHT | 30%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to credit risk & liquidity risk include the following:
LIQUIDITY RISK
• Liquidity risk management
• Liquidity stress testing
• Contingency funding planning
Burger, M., Graeber, B., & Schindlmayr, G. (2014). Managing Energy Risk: An Integrated View on Power
and Other Energy Markets, 2nd Edition. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Chapter 3. Risk Management
Gregory, J. (2014). Central Counterparties. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Chapter 3. Basic Principles of Central Clearing
• Chapter 2. Exchanges, OTC Derivatives, DPCs and SPVs
Gregory, J. (2015). The xVA Challenge: Counterparty Credit Risk, Funding, Collateral and Capital,
3rd Edition. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Chapter 4. Counterparty Risk
• Chapter 5. Netting, Close-Out, and Related Aspects
• Chapter 6. Collateral
• Chapter 7. Credit Exposure and Funding
• Chapter 14. Credit Value Adjustment
• Chapter 17. Wrong-Way Risk
Damodaran, A. (July 2019). Country Risk Determinants, Measures and Implications – 2019 Edition.*
Hull, J.C. (2018). Risk Management and Financial Institutions, 5th Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 24. Liquidity Risk
Venkat, S., & Baird, S. (2016). Liquidity Risk Management – A Practitioner’s Perspective. Hoboken, NJ:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 3. Liquidity Stress Testing
• Chapter 7. Contingency Funding Planning
garp.org/erp 12
Financial Energy Products
PART II EXAM WEIGHT | 30%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to financial energy products include the following:
Marest, L., & Errera, S. (2018). Fundamentals of Trading Energy Futures & Options, 3rd Edition. Tulsa,
OK: PennWell Corp.
• Chapter 16. History and Growth of Derivatives Markets
• Chapter 13. Option Valuation
• Chapter 14. Energy Options Strategies
Hickey, D. (Ed.). (2016). Oil and Gas Trading: A Practical Guide. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and Business Ltd.
• Hedging and Derivatives
Mack, I.M. (2014). Energy Trading and Risk Management. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore
Pte. Ltd.
• Chapter 3. Plain Vanilla Energy Derivatives
• Chapter 4. Exotic Energy Derivatives
• Chapter 6. Illustrations of Hedging with Energy Derivatives
• Chapter 9. Hedging Nonlinear Payoffs Using Options
Lassander, R., & Swindle, G. (2018). Natural Gas Trading in North America. Princeton, NJ: Scoville
Risk Partners.
• Chapter 8. Basis Markets
Lassander, R., & Swindle, G. (2018). Natural Gas Trading in North America. Princeton, NJ: Scoville
Risk Partners.
• Chapter 6. Price Level Trading
Swindle, G. (2014). Valuation and Risk Management in Energy Markets. Cambridge University Press.
• Chapter 2. Forwards and Carry
Simkins, B.J., & Simkins, R.E. (Eds.). (2013). Energy Finance and Economics: Analysis and Valuation, Risk
Management, and the Future of Energy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 11. Real Options and Applications in the Energy Industry
Lassander, R., & Swindle, G. (2018). Natural Gas Trading in North America. Princeton, NJ: Scoville
Risk Partners.
• Chapter 7. Time Spreads
garp.org/erp 14
Risk Governance, Enterprise Risk Management,
and Risk-Adjusted Decision Making
PART II EXAM WEIGHT | 20%
The broad areas of knowledge covered in readings related to risk governance, enterprise risk management,
and risk-adjusted decision making include the following:
Lam, J. (2017). Implementing Enterprise Risk Management – From Methods to Applications. Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 7. The ERM Framework
• Chapter 12. Risk Appetite Statement
• Chapter 13. Risk Control Self-Assessments
• Chapter 15. Strategic Risk Management
Crouhy, M., Galai, D., & Mark, R. (2014). The Essentials of Risk Management, 2nd Edition. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Education.
• Chapter 17. Risk Capital Attribution and Risk-Adjusted Performance Measurement
Chapelle, A. (2019). Operational Risk Management. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Chapter 9. Operational Risk Governance
• Chapter 14. Key Risk Indicators
• Chapter 17. Project Risk Management
Fraser, J., Simkins, B., & Narvaez, K. (Eds.). (2015). Implementing Enterprise Risk Management: Case
Studies and Best Practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 20. Implementing Risk Management within Middle Eastern Oil and Gas Companies
Simkins, B., & Simkins, R.E. (Eds.). (2013). Energy Finance and Economics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 9. Financial Statement Analysis for Oil and Gas Companies
International Risk Governance Council (IRGC). (2015). IRGC Guidelines for Emerging Risk Governance.*
SPE International. (2016). SPE Technical Report: Guidance for Decision Quality for Multicompany
Upstream Projects.*
World Energy Council. (2016). World Energy Perspectives: The Road to Resilience 2016 - Managing
Cyber Risks.*
Spetzler, C., Winter, H., & Meyer, J. (2016). Decision Quality. Value Creation from Better Business
Decisions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Chapter 14. The Amaco Unleaded Gasoline Decision — Decision Quality
Society of Actuaries. (2018). Managing Climate and Carbon Risk in Investment Portfolios.*
garp.org/erp 16
2020 Energy Oversight Committee
CO-CHAIRS
MEMBERS
garp.org LONDON
17 Devonshire Square
4th Floor
ABOUT GARP | The Global Association of Risk Professionals is a London, EC2M 4SQ U.K.
non-partisan, not-for-profit membership organization. GARP offers risk +44 (0) 20 7397.9630
certification — the Financial Risk Manager and Energy Risk Professional
— and educational programs for professionals at financial institutions, WASHINGTON, D.C.
government agencies, central banks, academia and corporations. 1001 19th Street North, #1200
Through the GARP Benchmarking Initiative and GARP Risk Institute, Arlington, Virginia
22209 USA
GARP sponsors research in risk management and promotes collaboration
+1 703 420.0920
among practitioners, academics and regulators to promote a culture of
risk awareness.
BEIJING
Unit 1010 Financial
Founded in 1996, governed by a Board of Trustees, GARP is headquartered Street Centre
in Jersey City, NJ, with offices in London, Washington, D.C., Beijing and No 9A, Financial Street,
Hong Kong. Xicheng District
Beijing 100033 P.R. China
+86 (010) 5737.9835
HONG KONG
The Center
99 Queen’s Road Central
Office No. 5510
55th Floor
© 2019 Global Association of Risk Professionals. All rights reserved. (11.19) Central, Hong Kong