IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-21, NO.

4, MAY/JUNE 1985 793

The Analysis of Current Transformer Transient Response

and Its Effect on Current Relay Performance
ALEX Y. WU, MEMBER, IEEE

Abstract-The current transformer transient response will affect the

performance of protective relaying. Various factors are examined which
will influence current transformer transient response. Formulas are
developed for estimating the time to saturation and the time to
desaturation of a current transformer during a fully saturated condition.
Three current transformer and relaying arrangements are also presented
for minimizing the impact of current transformer transient response.

I. INTRODUCTION
MORE AND MORE generators and large rotating
machines are being installed in modern industrial plants. '
As a result, industrial power systems are more complex, and
the short circuit levels have been increased drastically in 1. Trace of oscillogram showing decay of dc component and how
recent years. More emphasis is now placed on the reliability of Fig.asymmetrical short circuit current gradually becomes symmetrical when
the protective relay operation, particularly for those in 2.4-15- dc component disappears.
kV voltage levels, to ensure personneJ safety, to maintain
system stability, to reduce equipment damage, and to mini- hand, if the short circuit occurs at the zero point of the voltage
mize process disruption. wave, the current will start at zero and will reach a peak at 90°
However, the performance of the protective relaying is in behind the voltage as shown on Fig. 1 [1]. This is a totally
part dependent on the performance of current transformers. offset short circuit current and can be expressed mathemati-
Therefore, to ensure a proper relaying operation, the charac- cally as follows:
teristics of current transformers and their performance under
short circuit conditions should be properly understood and
evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to develop ways of i -.2- I"" (C II u, Tj
= COS 0) (1)
estimating a current transformer transient response and to where
provide practical approaches of minimizing current trans-
former saturation. i short circuit instantaneous current,
I,,n short circuit rms current,
II. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHORT CIRCUIT 0 ==t, current angle,
CURRENT T1 Xl/lRl = system time constant.
Short circuit current generally consists of two components, In reality, a short circuit generally falls between these two
i.e., an offset dc component and a symmetrical ac component. extremes. Since no dc voltage source is behind the dc current
(note that the magnitude of harmonic currents generated by component, the dc component will decay and will be dissi-
rectifiers and other harmonic current generating sources are pated as 12 R losses in the power distribution system. When
negligible in comparison to that of the system short circuit the dc component is totally dissipated, the short circuit current
currents; therefore, they will not be considered in this paper.) will become a symmetrical wave. The dc component decays
The magnitude of the dc component depends upon the instant on an exponential basis, and the rate of the decay is a function
the short circuit occurs and system XIR ratio. In other words, of X/R, i.e., the ratio of power system reactance and
if a short circuit occurs at the peak of the voltage wave, the resistance at the fault point. The rate of decay becomes slower
short circuit current will start at zero and trace a sine wave when the XIR ratio is higher as shown in Fig. 2 [1].
which will be symmetrical about the zero axis. On the other
III. CURRENT TRANSFORMER STEADY-STATE
RELAYING ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
Paper PID 84-14, approved by the Pulp and Paper Industry Committee of
the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the Pulp and Paper The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) [2] has
Industry Technical Conference, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, June 9-11, 1984. standardized a method to classify current transformer relaying
Manuscript released for publication July 23, 1984.
The author is with the Simons-Eastern Company, P.O. Box 1286, Atlanta, accuracy under a steady-state condition. The classification is
GA 30301. based on the secondary terminal voltage the current trans-

0093-9994/85/0500-0000$01 .00 © 1985 IEEE

794 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-21, NO. 4. MAY/JUNE 1985

FCR FREoJENCYSF"OTHER THAN1

/OQ 60CY*MULTIPLY ACTUALX/RBY
60/F PEFORE USING CURVE

>12

1.0 =-- --
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
TIME -SECONDS
l
I *
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TIME CYCLES{ON 60CY BASIS)
Fig. 2. Chart showing rate of decay of dc component for various X/R ratio
of circuits.

TABLE I
STANDARD BURDENS FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMERS WITH 5-A RATED SECONDARIES (60 Hz)"

Secondary
Terminal Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance
Voltage Designation (0) (mH) (0) VA PF

10 B-0. 1 0.09 0.116 0.10 2.5 0.9

20 B-0.2 0.18 0.232 0.20 5.0 0.9
50 B-0.5 0.45 0.580 0.50 12.5 0.9
100 B-1.0 0.50 2.300 1.00 25.0 0.5
200 B-2.0 1.00 4.600 2.00 50.0 0.5
400 B4.0 2.00 9.200 4.00 100.0 0.5
800 B-8.0 4.00 18.400 8.00 200.0 0.5

a
If a current transformer is rated at other than 5 A, the burden can be derived by multiplying the resistance and inductance of Table I by (5/A rating)2. For
example, if the rated secondary current is 1 A, the impedance corresponding to B-2.0 will be 2.0 times (5/1)2, or 50 0 (at a standard 0.5 PF), and the
corresponding secondary terminal voltage rating will be 50 times 20 times 1, or 1000 V.

former will deliver to a standard burden at 20 times rated Ip 1IN Ip/N Is Zot
secondary current, i.e., 100 A for a 5-A rated secondary
current, without exceeding ten percent ratio error. The ANSI
further specifies that, the ten-percent ratio error should not be
exceeded at any current from one to 20 times rated secondary
current, i.e., from 5 A to 100 A for a 5-A rated secondary
current, with the standard burden. The standard burdens Fig. 3. Current transformer equivalent circuit diagram where
referred to by the ANSI for 5-A rated secondary current
transformer are listed in Table I. There are two steady-state IsIp primary current,
secondary current,
relaying accuracy classifications [3]. N turn ratio,
le excitation current,
A. C Classification Zm magnetizing impedance,
Zct secondary winding impedance = Rct for class C current transformer,
The letter "C" stands for "calculated," which means that Zb burden,
the current transformer relaying accuracy can be calculated Es excitation voltage,
from the excitation characteristic because of its insignificant Vs secondary terminal voltage.
leakage flux.
Fig. 3 illustrates the current transformer equivalent circuit
B. T Classification diagram.
The letter "T" stands for "test," which means that the As defined by [2], the current ratio error in percent can be
current transformer relaying accuracy can only be determined expressed as the ratio of excitation current to secondary
through test due to an appreciable leakage flux emitting from current in percent, i.e.,
its transformer core. For example, the General Electric
Company's current transformer type JKS-5, 600/5 is classified -Ix 100 percent.
as "T100," and type BPO60, 600/5 is classified as "C50." Is
WU: TRANSFORMER RESPONSE AND EFFECT ON RELAY PERFORMANCE 795

4-,
4- L
of

z .
-T-
XC)eI
.11-
4,2 11 S+*f /
H-
0 0 Os time
0
0
tt
4-,
'4-
-H
U

in 8s= current saturation angle

71i Fig. 5. Typical output current of fully saturated current transformer when
primary short circuit current occurs near peak of voltage wave.
O{ ,0 ,0
IV. FOURIER ANALYSIS OF A DISTORTED CURRENT
Ie - SECONDARY EXCITATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER OUTPUT CURRENT
Fig. 4. 1200/5, C200 current transformer excitation current.
As indicated in Section II, a short circuit current generally
contains a transient dc component which decay exponentially
Therefore, a ten-percent maximum ratio error as specified for with a time constant determined by the X/R ratio of the power
C class current transformer would mean a 10-A maximum system. This dc component causes a rise in flux in the
excitation current (based on 100-A secondary current). transformer core, which is several times greater than that
To calculate the relaying accuracy for a C class current required to transform the ac component. Consequently, when
transformer, first to check the excitation voltage (Es) at the 10- the flux density exceeds the saturation level (approximately
A excitation current (1), then the secondary terminal voltage 20-kG), the current transformer will saturate and produce a
can be calculated as distorted output current. With short circuit levels approaching
40.2 kA (or 1000 MVA nominal) in the modern industrial
V, = Es - 100 Rc, (2) 13.8-kV power distribution systems, experience indicates that
where low ratio current transformers at the feeder breakers will most
probably saturate within the first half-cycle during a short
V, secondary terminal voltage, circuit. Fig. 5 is a typical distorted current output from a fully
Es excitation voltage, saturated current transformer.
R, secondary winding resistance. Since the waveform shown in Fig. 5 is a periodic waveform
The current transformer is classified at the nearest standard and has a characteristic of i2(0s) = - i2(O5 + wr), it can be
voltage below the calculated V, value. For example, if ES = expressed in Fourier series as follows:
600 V for a current transformer with 1-0 secondary winding
resistance, then V5 = 600 - 100 x 1 = 500 V. As a result,
the relaying accuracy of the current transformer would have to
be classified as a C400. n=l
Y.
i2= an sin nO + z bn cos nO
n=l
(4)
For steady-state relaying purpose, the current transformer where i2 is the current transformer output current and
secondary terminal voltage V, should be specified to equal or
above the product of the current transformer secondary current
and the maximum connected burden, i.e., an"=-| 12 sin nO dO
7 o

Vs 21 Nrms
bn=- I2 i2
R2 (3)
N c
COS nO d@, n=l, 3, 5, 7,
where
The derivations of a, and bn are shown in Appendix I.
Irlls short circuit rms current, For a fully offset short circuit current as expressed in (1),
N turn ratio, the current transformer distorted output current can be-shown
R2 current transformer secondary resistance (assuming as
woL2 < R2) including the secondary winding resistance.
Fig. 4 shows an actual excitation curve for a 1200/5 C200 i2=
-
(E-/TlwT- Cos 0), 0<0<05
N
current transformer. The curve also shows the knee of the
curve, which is defined as the point where the tangent is at 450
to the abscissa. This point will divide the current transformer i2= N (CEOs/wTI- COS 0,)C-(0-0s)1wTb
N
performance into two regions, i.e., linear and nonlinear
operation below and above the point. Os<. 0. (5)
 796 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-211 NO. 4. MAY/JUNE 1985

where Relay Committee's 1976 report [41, the solution to a current

transformer core flux density differential equation, on the
Irms primary short circuit rms current,
basis of a fully offset short circuit current, is shown as follows:
0 current phase angle,
Os current saturation phase angle, A R2 w 7TT
Inis 1 1
T, =X1/wR1, primary system time constant, BAN2c -I tc
(-, /T1 TI)± - I (9)
N turn ratio,
ANkJ [T2 -T1 Cos ~J
Tb burden time constant. where B is the flux density and A is the cross section area of
The rms value of i2 can also be obtained as follows: the core.
At t = t, then,

I2rms- i2 2 do (6) B-BX _EX

XNA
(10)
T2wr o
Therefore, substitute (4) into (6) (refer to Appendix II): where
Bx saturation flux density,
I2rms-= S an sin no+ E bn cos no dO E, saturation voltage,
n= I n=l t, time to saturation.
Substituting (10) into (9) and rearranging terms, (9) becomes
- E-
2
(an+±b2) n=1, 3, 5, 7, ... (7) E.N I r-
wT2T,1 (
(c -ITI) ++
T cc-st
-T2s-
I
(1 1)
n IrmsR2 Ti2 T1 - Cos ~o

where I2,n,s is the distorted current transformer output rms For a current transformer with a negligible secondary circuit
current. inductance, i.e., wL2<R2, (l1) can be simplified as
V. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND ITS EFFECT ON
E
-N=T2T, (-tsT2--tsTl)+ 1. (I IA)
IrmsR2 T2 - 1
CURRENT RELAY PERFORMANCE
As indicated in Section IV, current transformers are usually
A. Time to Saturation saturated within the first half-cycle, i.e., in the order of
Before a current transformer reaches its saturation flux milliseconds, during a short circuit condition. On the other
density level, it is still capable of accurately reproducing an hand, the current transformer secondary time constants (T2)
offset current as expressed in (1). However, the current are known to be 5 s or more. As a result, the term of e - tsT2 is
saturation angle (0), or the time to saturation (ta) is dependent approximately equal to one. Therefore, (11) can be simplified
upon the following parameters: as follows:
1) short circuit rms current magnitude Ir,,s E,,N -coT2T1 (l(I I ITI
f-s/T)+
I
I (12)
2) current transformer turn ratio N, I R_sR2 T2 - T, Cos p
3) system time constant T1,
4) current transformer time constant T2: . . tS= - T, In Il- 2 1(EN_t) (13)
T2T, IrmsR2 cos (P
w
Ee
(8) 1) The Effect of the Short Circuit Current Offset: Equation
IeR2W
(13) is used to estimate the time for a current transformer to
where saturate on a 100 percent offset short circuit current. How-
Ee knee point voltage, ever, the short circuit currents, in reality, is less than 100
Ie knee point excitation current, percent. Therefore, to account for the effect of the short circuit
R2 secondary circuit resistance, current offset, (13) can be modified as follows:
5) saturation voltage Ex, ts--T ln l _T2- T, ExN I
6) secondary circuit resistance R2, including the secondary T I T2T' [ (pu offset) IImSR2
cos J
winding resistance,
7) burden power factor cos s, (13A)
8) remanence in the transformer core, 2) The Effect of Remanence in the Core: Remanence is the
9) percentage of short circuit offset. residual flux of a transformer and can be introduced in the core
In order to evaluate the degree of current transformer of a current transformer by normal interruption of an offset
saturation, a mathematical model of the current transformer short circuit current, or by the use of direct testing current.
performance must be established. In the IEEE Protective The remanence will either improve or worsen the transient
WU: TRANSFORMER RESPONSE AND EFFECT ON RELAY PERFORMANCE 797

response of the current transformer because it may either where tds is the time to desaturation
oppose or aid the buildup of the core flux caused by the dc 1) The Effect ofShort Circuit Current Offset: To account
component. The worst effect of remanence is to force the for the effect of a short circuit current offset, (19) can be
current transformer into the state of saturation sooner than modified as follows:
anticipated. In other words, it will shorten the time to
saturation. To account for the worst effect of the remanence, tds =- T ln (pu offset) Ir,mR2 (19A)
(13A) can be further modified as follows:
T2- T 2)The Effect of the Remanence in the Core: To account
ts=- T In 1- for the effect of the remanence in the core, (19A) can be
p ofT2 TI
further modified as follows:
[(1- percent remanence) EXN I l}
L (pu offset ) Ir,,,R2 cos sp
(I- percent remanence) EXN
(13B)
tds - T1 ln [(L~ (pu offset) IrmsR2 J
(19B)
B. Time to Desaturation
The same parameters influencing the time to saturation will 3) The Effect of the Secondary Circuit Resistance: By
also influence the time for a current transformer to move out of inspection of (19B), it will be found that the equation will be
its state of saturation. To estimate the time to desaturation, a established only if the following relationship exists:
voltage equilibrium at the time when a current transformer is (1 - percent remanence) E,N
just about to move out of its state of saturation should be -1>0. (20)
considered. That is, (pu offset) IrmsR2
i2
Therefore, the maximum secondary circuit resistance, R2max is
Ex=- R2 (14)
(1 - percent remanence) ExN
R2max =- ( f ) (21)
where (pu offset) Im

E, saturation voltage, In an initial design stage of a relaying system, a current

i2 secondary current, transformer secondary resistance should be limited to
R2 current transformer secondary resistance (assuming
wL2<< R2), including the secondary winding resistance, R2max - ExN (21A)
Since 'rms

ii I
where
l2= (OlwaTI OSO (15)
N N Ex saturation voltage,
N turn ratio,
and at t = tds,
IrmS short circuit rms current.
Ods = COtds (16)
C. Time Overcurrent Relay Operation Under Distorted
where Ods is the current angle at desaturation and tds the time to Operating Currents
desaturation.
Substituting (15) and (16) into (14), If a current transformer is chosen on the basis of the
maximum symmetrical short circuit current, as per (21A),
current transformer saturation due to a dc offset will not cause
Ex = IrmsR2
N
(E -'dsTI - COS Watds). (17) problems on the operation of time overcurrent relays as long as
the dc component decays to zero at the time the relay is
A slightly pessimistic result for (17) is to assume the maximum expected to operate. The rate of decay shown on Fig. 2 is
negative value for the term of cos wtds, i.e., cos wtds = - 1. determined by the X/R ratio of the power system at the fault
Checking the fully offset short circuit current as shown in Fig. point. The torque equation of an electromechanical induction
1 confirms this correct assumption, i.e., when ct = 0 = ir + disk relay is
2n7r, cos ct = -1. Therefore, (17) can be further simplified
as follows: T=K(I2) -K' (22)
where
E IrmsR2 ( -/d /T, + 1) (18)
N T net torque on the disk,
K design constant,
.-. tds=-Tl In [IExN I] (19) K' restraining torque due to the control spring,
irmsR2 I rms operating current.
798 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-2 I. NO. 4, MAY/JUNE 1985

VI. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

101 The parameters for the sample calculation are as follows:
U)

[4 short circuit current Irms 41 800 A

U) 1.01 system time constant T1 0.0928 s (i.e.,
IA053 - TEST DATA
X/R = 35)
current transformer ratio N 1200/5
0.1 PUBLISHED CURVE current transformer steady-state
relay accuracy C200 per Fig. 4
current transformer secondary
resistance including secondary
winding resistance R2 1 Q
'5 50 500 AMPERES
current transformer burden time
Fig. 6. Comparison of published relay time current characteristics with
actual operating time on 50/5 window type current transformer (set at 0.5 constant Tb per B - 1.0
A and number 2 time dial). standard burden designation 0. 0046 s
current transformer burden power
OPERATING TIME factor cos p I.
(CYCLE..)
5 A. Time to Saturation
3 _ From Fig. 4, Fe = 100 V, Ie 0.05 A, E =240 V, and -

current transformer time constant T2 is

0 1 2 3 4 5 MULTIPLE OF
INST. SETTING Ee 100
Fig. 7. Instantaneous element operating characteristic. T2 0
IeR2W 0.05 X I X 377

-5.305 s.
However, if the dc component does not decay to zero ir
the torque equation (22) will have to be modified beca Assuming no remanence and 100 percent offset, time to
the harmonic components involved in the distorted opx saturation t, can be calculated as per (13), i.e.,
current. The new torque equation is
T=Y(Knj 2) -K' (22A) tS= - T1 In T2-T1 ( EN 1 )]

L c T2 TI Ir.msR2 cos < J

where the constant Kn is not the same as K in (22) ar :-
-A -

design constant corresponding to the nth harmonic curr 5.305 - 0.0928

Since a saturated current transformer produces less
- -0.0928 In [1-
377 x 5.305 -0.0928
current, less torque will apply to the induction disk
result, the overcurrent relay would not operate accor' 240 x 240 1i
the published relay curves, and some additional delay x
41800x 1
be expected. The amount of additional time delay is diff
estimate because the waveform distortion and its eff - 0.00099 s
torque could not be correctly accounted for. Fig. 6 illust
comparison of the time-current characteristics of an inc Os= wts= 377 x 0.00099
disk relay under ideal test conditions, i.e., without coni
to a current transformer, versus when connected to a -0.373 rad or 21.39°.
saturated current transformer.
D. Instantaneous Relay Operation Under Dis B. Time to Desaturation
Operating Current With the same assumption as in Section VI-A, the time to
An instantaneous relay (or an instantaneous attachn desaturation tds can be calculated as per (17), i.e.,
an overcurrent relay) is basically an ac operated solenc
called plunger type unit. Tile operating force of the plu tds- T ln -1)
in direct proportion with the operating current a \IrmsR2 /
resulting flux density, i.e., Fal x B. The term "inst
ous" is defined as no intentional delay, and the relay op
characteristic is shown on Fig. 7. The instantaneous re]
--0.0928 ln (441800x
x
1
-1

not operate if the setting of an instantaneous relay is

than the rms value of the distorted current derived fro -0.090 s or 5.42 cycles.
WU: TRANSFORMER RESPONSE AND EFFECT ON RELAY PERFORMANCE 799

C. RMS Value of the Distorted Current Transformer TABLE II

Output Current STANDARD RELAYING ACCURACY CLASSES FOR GENERAL ELECTRIC
13.8-kV VACUUM SWITCHGEAR
The Fourier analysis of the distorted cirrent trnnQfnrmf-rm
output current can be approximated per (4) as follows:
Relaying
C/T Accuracy Actual
Ratio Classes Accuracy
Harmonic an bn
100/5 CIO CIO
1 6.751 3.048 15015 C20 C20
200/5 C20 C35
3 1.974 - 1.614 300/5 C20 C40
5 0.280 - 1.622 400/5 C50 C50
7 0.052 - 1.152 500/5 C50 C70
600/5 C50 C80
9 - 0.775 -0.544 800/5 C100 C100
11 -0.752 -0.138 1000/5 C100 C120
13 -0.554 0.147 1200/5 C100 C150
1500/5 C200 C200
15 -0.300 0.253 2000/5 C200 C225
2500/5 C200 C250
3000/5 C200 C290
From (7), the distorted current transformer output rms current 4000/5 C200 C340
can be calculated as

*
I2rms F+b 12(a. + n2)
2
,
=7.52 A.
VII. DISCUSSION
ANSI standards do not specify the minimum relaying
accuracy requirements for switchgear current transformers.
Unless specified otherwise, manufacturers will usually furnish
their own standard current transformers in their switchgear.
Table II represents one manufacturer's standard for their 13.8- manufacturer's standard arrangement, i.e., a 5015 window
kV vacuum switchgear. With short circuit levels approaching
40.2 KA (or 1000 MVA nominal) in industrial 13.8-kV power
distribution systems, standard current transformers will most
likely saturate severely during a short circuit. Therefore, to
ensure reliable relay operation, a power system engineer will
have the following options to influence the current transformer to reach its saturation sooner, and it will also cause a current
transient performance.
1) Specify current transformers with special relaying ac-
curacies to meet system needs.
2) Use manufacturer's standard current transformers, but
tactfully maneuver some system parameters such as turn ratio
N and current transformer secondary resistance R2 to meet
system needs. The current transformer secondary resistance
varies depending on the type of relays used and the relay tap
settings (refer to Fig. 8(a)).
3) Use manufacturer's standard current transformers, but performance. These formulas are formulated with the data
connect two sets of current transformer secondaries in series to readily available.
obtain the desirable relaying accuracies (refer to Fig. 8(b)).
4) Use manufacturer's standard current transformers, but
use one set of current transformers for relaying and the other
set of current transformers for metering (refer to Fig. 8(c)).
The maximum secondary resistance must not be higher than
the value per (2 1A). Otherwise, not only the ratio error would
exceed ten percent, the relays would not operate as planned.
Design current transformer circuits such that the current
transformers do not reach a state of saturation for at least two
cycles. If so, the current transformer will then provide
sufficient current and time for high-speed relays such as
instantaneous relays, differential relays, and distance relays to
operate. However, if a current transformer reaches its state of
saturation in less than two cycles, then the current transformer
transient response (assuming no remanence in the core), i.e.,
time to saturation per (13A) and time to desaturation per
(19A), should be carefully assessed and be accounted for in the
relaying coordination.
For instantaneous grounding protection, stay with the
type current transformer and an instantaneous overcurrent
relay. The relay will pick up at 10-12 A with a setting of 0.5 A
and a maximum of 1200-A ground current, as per manufactur-
er's test data.
The remanence in the core will cause a current transformer
transformer to remain in the state of saturation longer. As a
result, the remanence will further aggravate the uncertainty of
the relay performance. However, remanence can be effec-
tively eliminated by applying the ac demagnetizing methods as
described in [2].
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented formulas for evaluating the current
transformer transient performance, and its effect on the relay
APPENDIX I
2 o
an=-J
cr
i2 sin nO dO )
2I@S4IS(e-@/cos0OS) sin nO d
Xi o N
800 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-21. NO. 4. MAY/JUNE 1985

1i.8KV, 2000A, 6OHZ \/72

1 "
7
Jt,
+ (E- - -s 0 71I -- COs O)
Xt f. N
12 OOA * - o - 0s) Tb sin nO dO

2 V2 Irs \ C TI sin nO dO
1200/5 r N o

IoTo bus /I's

__2
7r N
Orns ,
0
cOs 0 sin nO dO
2000/5 dif ferential
2 \Fj
(e - swT1 -
c Os)
7r N
50/5
j.
* re.mote netering * ed@
-O T ?-"w Tb sin nO dO
s

where

t -O/wTj sin nO dO
0
I*~
-_sin nO -n Os
= (1) _ _ E --
0,WTj cos nO
1 02 crT o
+ n,
P/T's
sin nO5
=

1
I
_

2
~e
_ 0 5//WTj -
siT1TI
w
-n cos nfs,J
+nl
bus differential
T,uT
relay n
1 \2

* remote rmetering
To substation transformners | --OlwTb sin nO dO
(b)
6F

I _ , Ws Tht sin nO
-
n cos nO
( 1 2 2
@ Tb S/s
600/5 W TbJ
.To bus P/IT's _-n
1 2)
w@TbJ
1200/5 _ 05/wTb( -
sin ntiO0-n cos ns)
( 1 )2+ w Tb
0'
+n-
000,15 co Th
2 bus differential
relay
cos 0 sin nO dO
50/5
* remte meterinq = [sin (n1+ )0+ sin (n-1)0 dO
trans formers
=-[()cos
(c)
(n+1)0O
Fig. 8. Typical feeder breakers. (a) With one set of current transformers for 2 n+ I o
phase overcurrent relays and metering. (b) With two sets of current
transformers for phase overcurrent relays and metering. (c) With one set 1EI 1) Os
of current transformers for metering and one set for phase overcurrent
(-
l-
-Io

relays. 2Ln-1 os (n-1)O0

WU: TRANSFORMER RESPONSE AND EFFECT ON RELAY PERFORMANCE 801

I I where
=- 2(n+) cos (n +1)O5 + 2(1)
c- _Olw Tj cos nO dO
o
2(n-+1) 2(n-+1)
- cos (n-1)05+
24Ir I s ,-O/wTI nO
- __
=' ~~nsin nO -
1 2 2 co T, O
2-vn N
a N
cos (' 1) AE
n cT,J
I +n

E OSI/Ti
-
nOs [ cos
= [in sin nO5-
1 2 +T
++n
<TI,
2

.- _
-n cos nOS)+ (
12)z2
ToT J
Jr1)2
\ T,
cos cos (n+1)0
irN 2(n+1)
c0.
cos 0 cos nO dO
-cos (n -1)05 + +
2(n 1) 2(n + 1) 2(n -1)
=| [cos (n+l)O+ cos (n-1)0I dO
+ (C-Os/wTl-COS 05),Es/wTb
KN

2 cos (n+1)O dO+-2 cos (n - 1)O dO

0
-
( -n +/w Tb (
C

Oslb- sin (n+1)0s sin (n-1)0s

1 2
1~~~~~
2
2 2
2(n + 1) 2(n - 1)
E / w Tb cos nO dO
( sin nO, c nO5)]

'Tb =
E - O/wTb
n sinn) -
cos nO
T
+n
n=1, 3, 5, 7, / [Tb]
(1)2~~~
2 E- wwTb I1 n
bn=-|
7r o
12 COS nO dO
12 +2 ccTTbJ
+n
(1Tb)
2 Os 2
rr(&_O/wTl_
l Irmns lT-CO
cos 0) cos n 0 dO C- OslTb . COS nOs
7r o N __ ~~~nsin nOs- -
/ 2
) + n2
'Tb
2 1t -s Irms
rms, -e'rco
-Is Iw T Oj))
7 Os N
\(Tb/
-( -Os)/Tb nO dO
2 V2 IrnS
E cos .rbn=ir N
2f 2l rmI, s
0 _ 0/w Tj cos nO dO

7 N o
.
Oslw Tl
~~~~nsin nOs --
COS nOs
2_ 'irms | cos 0 cos nO dO - + n2
r N o

2-124 rs ( Es/(,JTI- cos Os)

Kr N ,octT, sin (n + 1)Os sin(n - )Os|
1 2 + 2( 1) 2(n - 1))
EOs/wTb fTb cos nO dO
s, \TIJ
802 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-21, NO. 4, MAYIJUNE 1985

Jlf -S(, wTI_ 0,)E1s"Tb

2_

+
ir N
Cos 2
2.r 0inim,
o
sin (no +,p,) sin (mO +,p,) dO

4e-wl°Tb / ) e- 9s/wTb
6

=nir4S7r 0{2xICOS [(n-m)O + (pn -pm]

( IST ) 2 Tb ( I )/
- Cos [(n+m)6+spn±+ m]} dO
wT1, wTb =0, n#m
n[si i n cos no

.'- 12rms =
in

n=1, 3, 5, 7,
APPENDIX I

12nns = 1t i22 dO 1 1

2 ,( an, sin nO+ z bn cos

n= I
no) dO
REFERENCES
[1] Beeman, Industrial Power System Handbook.
[21 Requirement for Instrument Transformers, ANSI Standard C57.13,
1968.
I7r lo [ in sin (n +
spn)] 2
dO
[3] C. T. Accuracy Classification, General Electric Co., GET-6498.
[41 IEEE Protective Relay Committee, Transient Response of Current
Transformers, IEEE Publication 76Ch 130-4 PWR.
where [5] L. S. Powell, Jr., "Current transformer burden and saturation," in
M&CPS Conf. Rec., 1977.

in=V
~~
Alex Y. Wu (M'81) received the B.Sc. degree in
bn electronics engineering from Kyushu University,
fn- tan-I b_
an
Japan, in 1964, and the M.Sc. degree in system
control engineering from Kyushu Institute of Tech-
nology in 1967.
since He began his engineering career in 1967 with the
Toshiba Electric Company, Tokyo, Japan, as an
Electrical Engineer. In 1968, he came to Canada
and was employed by H. A. Simons (International)
2 win2 sin2 (nO+ o() dO Ltd., Vancouver, BC, as an Electrical Engineer.
27r
From 1969 to 1973, he was with MacMillan Bloedel
Ltd., Powell River, BC, in various capacities, from Design Engineer to'Senior
(.2 2 in2 Electrical Engineer, engaged in design, material procurement, and installation
[1- cos 2(nO+ p,)] dO=- supervision of in-plant projects. From 1973 to 1980, he was with H. A.
4-r o 2 Simons (International) Ltd., as a Power System Engineer engaging in power
system study such as short circuit, load flow, system stability, grounding, and
|' in sin (no + p,,) dO relay coordination. From 1980 to 1982 he was the Electrical Division
2-
2(r o Manager at H. A. Simons, Inc., Seattle, WA. Presently, he is a Senior Staff
Power System Engineer with Simons-Eastern Company, Atlanta, GA.
Mr. Wu is a Registered Professional Engineer of the Province of British
=2inX2 (sin nO cos S°n,+ cOs nO sin Spn) dO =O Columbia and the State of Washington. He is also a member of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society and the Industry Application Society.