Reporter : Gosiengfiao, Maru Josan M.
(or rock breaks not involving slip), or along bedding
Track & Strand: T.V.L (11- Home
Economics)
Section 4.2 Ground Ruptures
Earthquakes - occur by the sudden motion
along lithosphere break called faults. During strong
earthquakes, faulting may reach the earth’s surface
as ground ruptures.
Ground Ruptures – are earthquake faults
that have reached the surface. No opening or
fissuring happens during movement of the fault, so
it should remain closed. These are distinct from the
liquefaction cracks and fissures. Liquefaction cracks
and fissures are formed on soft ground by the
shaking during an earthquake.
4 Types of Ground Rupture or Surface
Fault
Normal Fault – involves mainly downward
movement of the ground across the fault called
hanging wall. The hanging wall is the block on the
right side of the fault.
Thrust Fault – involves mainly upward
movement of the hanging wall. In any type of
faulting, opposite blocks simply slide past each
other (in plan or section view) along the plane. No
opening is involved.
Strike – Slip Fault – involves a dominantly
horizontal shifting of the ground. The two types of
strike-slip fault are distinguished from each other
by the sense of motion of part of the ground
located on opposite side of the fault, which is either
left-lateral or right-lateral.
How Ground Ruptures Form
- The lithosphere breaks when its strength is
overcome by the large amount of stress applied.
- This breaking happens in much the same
way a piece of rocks does when struck hard enough
with a hammer.
- The rock failure that involves the slipping
of lithosphere blocks past each other is called
faulting.
- An earthquake is generated when a faults
move, as its frictional resistance could not match
the large amount of accumulated stress related to
plate motion.
- When an earthquake is strong enough,
faulting initiated at depths may breach the earth’s
surface to form a ground rupture.
- Faulting tends to occur along zones of
weakness such as old or pre-existing fault, fractures
planes (contacts between sedimentary rock layers
and between different types of rock).
- Stresses acting on broke rock masses need
only to overcome frictional resistance along these
old planes of weakness.
- It takes a lot more amount of stress to
form new faults (and generate earthquake) within
stronger parts of the lithosphere.
- Some earthquake fault breaks called blind
fault do not even reach the ground surface.
Reporter : Gosiengfiao, Maru Josan M.
Track & Strand: T.V.L (11- Home
Economics)
Section 4.2 Ground Rupture
Earthquakes - occur by the sudden motion
along lithosphere break called faults. During strong
earthquakes, faulting may reach the earth’s surface
as ground ruptures.
Ground Ruptures – are earthquake faults
that have reached the surface. No opening or
fissuring happens during movement of the fault, so
it should remain closed. These are distinct from the
liquefaction cracks and fissures. Liquefaction cracks
and fissures are formed on soft ground by the
shaking during an earthquake.
4 Types of Ground Rupture or Surface
Fault
Normal Fault – involves mainly downward
movement of the ground across the fault called
hanging wall. The hanging wall is the block on the
right side of the fault.
Thrust Fault – involves mainly upward
movement of the hanging wall. In any type of
faulting, opposite blocks simply slide past each
other (in plan or section view) along the plane. No
opening is involved.
Strike – Slip Fault – involves a dominantly
horizontal shifting of the ground. The two types of
strike-slip fault are distinguished from each other
by the sense of motion of part of the ground
located on opposite side of the fault, which is either
left-lateral or right-lateral.
How Ground Ruptures Form
- The lithosphere breaks when its strength is
overcome by the large amount of stress applied.
- This breaking happens in much the same
way a piece of rocks does when struck hard enough
with a hammer.
- The rock failure that involves the slipping
of lithosphere blocks past each other is called
faulting.
- An earthquake is generated when a faults
move, as its frictional resistance could not match
the large amount of accumulated stress related to
plate motion.
- When an earthquake is strong enough,
faulting initiated at depths may breach the earth’s
surface to form a ground rupture.
- Faulting tends to occur along zones of
weakness such as old or pre-existing fault, fractures
(or rock breaks not involving slip), or along bedding
planes (contacts between sedimentary rock layers
and between different types of rock).
- Stresses acting on broke rock masses need
only to overcome frictional resistance along these
old planes of weakness.
- It takes a lot more amount of stress to
form new faults (and generate earthquake) within
stronger parts of the lithosphere.
- Some earthquake fault breaks called blind
fault do not even reach the ground surface.