 INTERACTIVE QUESTION 31.1  INTERACTIVE QUESTION 31.

3
Briefly define the following terms that relate to the
structure and reproduction to fungi: a. List some of beneficial roles played by Lichens.
a. Mycelium
b. Septa
c. Coenocytic
d. Dikaryotic
e. Plasmogamy
f. Karyogamy
b. Why are mycorrhizae so important?

 INTERACTIVE QUESTION 31.2

Indicate whether the following diagrams are from a
zygomycete, ascomycete, or basidiomycete life cycle.
Identify the labeled structures.

STRUCTURE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Fill in the table bellow that summarizes the

characteristic of some of the major fungal types
2. The kingdom fungi contains members with
saprobic, parasitic, mutualistic modes of
nutrition. How do these type of nutrition relate
to ecological and economic importance of this
group?
3. What is the basis for saying that fungi and
animals evolved from a common protistan
ancestor?
4. Indicate on the time line in chapter 26, page 196,
the time when the first fossils of fungi appear!

Asexual Sexual
Fungal Type Examples Morphology
reproduction reproduction
Zygomycetes a. b. c. d.

Ascomycetes e. f. g. h.
Basidiomycetes i. j. k. l.
Mold m. n. o. p.

Lichens q. r. s. t.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Division between cells in
fungal hyphae
2. Hyphal cells with two nuclei
3. Component of cells wall in
most fungi
4. Asexual spores produced in
chains at ends of hyphae
5. Club-shaped reproductive
structure found in mushrooms
6. Sacs that contain sexual spores
in sac fungi
7. Mutualistic associations
between plant roots and fungi
8. Tought, protective zygote
produced by zygomycetes
9. Hyphae with many nuclei
10. Most primitive fungal group
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choice the one best answer
1. The major different between fungi and plants in that
fungi
a. Have an absorptive form of nutrition
b. Do not have a cell walls
c. Are not eukaryotic
d. Are multinucleate but not multicelluler
e. Reprodus by spores
2. Chytrids have been previously classified with
protists because they
a. Do not have chitin in their cell walls
b. Do not have absorptive nutrition
c. Form flagellated spores
d. Have metabolic pathways that resemble those
of protists
e. Are aquatic, and fungi are terrestrial
3. A fungus that is both a parasite and saprobe is one
that
a. Digest only the nonliving portions of its host’s
body
b. Lives off the sap within its host’s body
c. First lives as a parasite but then consumes the
host after it dies
d. Lives as mutualistic symbiont on its host
e. Causes athlete’s foot and vaginal infections
4. The fact that karyogamy does not immediately
follow plasmogamy
a. Is necessary to create coenocytic hyphae
b. Allows for the development of more genetic
variation
c. Allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the
time
d. Creates dikaryotic cells that may benefit from
the presence of duplicate copies of alleles
e. Is characteristic of yeasts
5. Imperfect fungi
a. Represent the most ancient linage of fungi.
b. Include the fungal components of lichens.
c. Have abnormal forms of sexual reproductions
d. Are fungi that are predatory
e. Include molds and other types of fungi whose
sexual stage is lacking or unknown.
6. In the Ascomycota,
a. Sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation
b. Spores often line up in a sac in the order they
were formed by meiosis
c. Asexual spores form in sporangia on erect
hyphae
d. Most hyphae are dikaryotic
e. Sexual spores are produced in conidia
7. Linchens are symbiotic associations that
a. Usually involve an ascomycete and a green
alga or cyanobacterium
b. Can reproduce sexually by forming soredia
c. Require moist environments to grow
d. Fix nitrogen for absorption by plant roots
e. Are unusually resistant to air pollution
8. The name given to three of the divisions of fungi is
based on
a. The structure in which karyogamy occurs
during sexual reproduction
b. The location of plasmogamy during sexual
reproduction
c. The location of the dikaryotic stage in the life
cycle
d. The structure that produces asexual spores
e. Their ancestral origin
9. Fungi and animals appear to have evolved from a
common ancestor
a. Because neither of them are photosynthetic
b. Based on similarities in cell structure
c. Based on molecular analysis of proteins and
ribosomal RNA
d. About the time that fungi and plants moved
onto land
e. Based on homologues ultrastructure of their
flagella