2017ME106

Lab Session 5
5.1 Objective
We have to determine mechanical properties of given material using Hons
field tensometer.
5.2 Apparatus
 Vernier caliper
 Area reduction gauge
 Elongation gauge
 Tensometer

Fig 5-1: Tensometer apparatus

5.3 Theory
5.3.1 Hook’s Law
Before understanding Hook’s Law, we have to understand the effect of force on a body.
The force either compress the material or elongate it. In mechanics of material, External forces
which are trying to deform the material are called loads. In reaction to these loads material
develop resistance to deformation. This resistance is called stress. This stress tries to change the
dimensions of our material then it is called strain in the material.

Different material responds differently to stresses and consequently there are different types of
deformation in the materials.

1. Elastic Deformation: The application of load not changes the physical dimension of our
specimen and material has ability to return to its shape after the removal of the load. This
is termed as elastic deformation.
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2. Plastic Deformation: Load changes the physical dimensions of the work piece and it has
no tendency to return to its original shape.
Now, we are in position to explain Hook’s law
The stress varies directly with the strain within elastic limit.
Mathematically Hook’s law can be written as

Negative sign indicates that the restoring force and spring displacement are in oposite direction.

5.3.2 Stress Strain Curve

Stress Strain diagram is used to eloborate the the physical properties of the given material Under
testing. On the stress strain diagram we find different properties of ur material.
The stress strain diagram is shown in the figure

Fig 5-2: Stress Strain Curve

 Proportional Limit
Up to the proportional limit the stress and strain are directly proportional to each other.
This is the region where Hook’s Law is applicable.
 Elastic Limit:
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In this region stress and strain are not directly proportional but material have ability to
return to its original shape after the removal of external load.
 Yield Point
It is the point where permanent deformation starts in the material.
 Ultimate Stress
It is the highest point on the stress strain diagram. Means the stress is maximum at that
point.
 Rapture Strength
When the material is going to fail the strength at that point is termed as rapture strength.
 Resilience
It is the energy stored in the material upto the proportional limit. It can be claculated by
calculating area under the Stress-Strain curve upto the point P which is proportional limit.
 Toughness
Toughness is the energy stored In the material upto the point of failure.It can also be
calculated by calculating the are under the Stress Strain Digram Upto the failure point.
 Working Stress
Woring stress is the actual stress acting on the material
 Allowable Stress
It is the maximum stress that the body can with stand

5.4 Procedure
1. Cross sectional area and height of the material under test is measured.
2. Area reduction and elogation gauges are caliberated according the intial dimensionals of
the specimens.
3. Autogarphic drum should be wrap with the graph.
4. Put the material under test in the split chuck.
5. Continuous load is applied and deforamtion is observed.
6. Load is applied until the failure of the specimen.
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5.5 Observation and Calculations

Mechanical Properties of medium Carbon Steel Metric Imperial

Hardness, Brinell 163 163
Hardness, Knoop (Converted from Brinell hardness) 184 184
Hardness, Rockwell B (Converted from Brinell hardness) 84 84
Hardness, Vickers (Converted from Brinell hardness) 170 170
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 565 MPa 81900 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield 310 MPa 45000 psi
Elongation at Break (in 50 mm) 16.0 % 16.0 %
Reduction of Area 40.0 % 40.0 %
Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel) 200 GPa 29000 psi
Bulk Modulus (Typical for steel) 140 GPa 20300 psi
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4.7 Comments
The error in the readings may be due to following reasons

 Due to error in the dial indicator.

 Due to human errors.
 Internal friction of the indicator.
 The purity of the material also affects the results.
Reference
[1] https://www.engineersedge.com/strength_of_materials.htm

[2]https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/elasticity-5

https://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/stress-strain-
diagram