Concreto Pretensado-NAWY - Cap 7 PDF

CAMBER, DEFLECTION,
AND CRACK CONTROL
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Serviceability of prestressed concrete members in their deflection and cracking behavior

is at Jeast as important a criterion in design as serviceability of reinforced concrete ele
ments. Toe fact that prestressed concrete elements are more slender than their counter
parts in reinforced concrete, and their behavior more affected by flexural cracking,
makes it more critica! to control their deflection and cracking. Toe primary design in
volves proportioning the structuraJ rnember for the Limit state of flexural stresses at ser
vice load and for limit states of failure in flexure, shear, and torsion, including aochorage
development streogth. Such a design can only become complete if the magnitudes of
longterm deflection, camber (reverse deflection), and crack width are determined to be
within allowable serviceability values.
Prestressed concrete members are continuously subjected to sustained eccentric
compression dueto the prestressing force. which seriously affects their longterrn creep de
formation performance. Failure to predict and control such deformatioos can lead to high
reverse deflection, i.e., camber, which can produce coovex surfaces detrimentaJ to proper
drainage of roofs of buildings, to uncomfortable ride characteristics in bridges and aque
ducts, and to cracking of partitions in apartment buildings, including misalignmeot of win
dows and doors.
Transamerica Pyramid. San Francisco. California.
418
7.2 Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations 419
The difficulty of predicting very accurately the total longterm prestress losses
makes it more difficult to give a precise estímate of the magnitude of expected camber.
Accuracy is even more difficult in partially prestressed concrete systems, where limited
cracking is allowed through the use of additional nonprestressed reinforcement. Creep
strain in the concrete increases camber, as it causes a negative increase in curvature
which is usually more dominant than the decrease produced by the decrease in prestress
losses due to creep, shrinkage, and stress relaxation. A best estímate of camber increase
should be based on accumulated experience, spantodeath ratio code limitations, and a
correct choice of the modulus E, of the concrete. Calculation of the momentcurvature
relationships at the major incremental stages of loading up to the limit state at failure
would also assist in giving a more accurate evaluation of the stressrelated load deflection
of the structural element.
The cracking aspect of serviceability behavior in prestressed concrete is also criti
cal, Allowance for limited cracking in "partial prestressing" through the additional use of
nonprestressed steel is prevalent. Because of the high stress levels in the prestressing
steel, corrosion due to cracking can become detrimental to the service life of the struc
ture. Therefore, limitations on the magnitudes of crack widths and their spacing have to
be placed, and proper crack width evaluation procedures used. The presented discussion
of the state of the art emphasizes the extensive work of the author on cracking in preten
sioned and posttensioned prestressed beams.
Prestressed concrete flexural members are classified into three classes in the new
ACI 318 Code.
(a) Class U: t. ::=; 7.5Vf'c (7.la)
In this class, the gross section is used for section properties when both stress com
putations at service loads, and deflection computations are made. No skin reinforcement
needs to be used in the vertical faces.
(b) ClassT: 7.5Vf'c ::=; fc ::=; 12Vf'c (7.lb)
This class is a transition between uncracked and cracked sections. For stress com
putations at service loads, the gross section is used. The cracked biIinear section is used
in the deflection computations. No skin reinforcement needs to be used in the vertical faces.
(c) Class C: t, > 12Vf'c (7.lc)
This class denotes cracked sections. Hence, a cracked section analysis has to be
made for evaluation of the stress level at service, and for deflection. Computation of !::i.fps
or t, for crack control is necessary, where !::i.fps = stress increase beyond the decompression
t.
state, and = stress in the mild reinforcement when mild steel reinforcement is also used.
Prestressed twoway slab systems are to be designed as Class U.
7.2 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS
Deflection calculations can be made either from the moment diagrams of the prestress
ing force and the externa! transverse loading, or from the momentcurvature relation
ships. In either case, the following basic assumptions have to be made:
1. The concrete gross crosssectional area is accurate enough to compute the moment
of inertia except when refined computations are necessary.
2. The modulus of concrete E, = 33wt.5 Vf'c.
where the value off~ corresponds to the
cylinder compressive strength of concrete at the age at which E, is to be evaluated.
3. The principie of superposition applies in calculating deflections due to transverse
load and camber due to prestressing.
420 Chapter 7 Camber, Deflection, and Crack Control
Photo 7.1 Supporting base of the Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco, California.
4. AH computations of deflection can be based on tbe center of gravity of the pre

stressing strands (cgs). wbere tbe strands are Lreated as a single tendon.
5. Deflections due to shear deformations are disregarded.
6. Sections can be treated as rotal/y elastic up to the decompressíon load. Thereafter,
tbe cracked moment of inertia fer can give a more accurate determination of deflec
tioo and camber.
7.3 SHORT-TERM (INSTANTANEOUS) DEFLECTION

OF UNCRACKED ANO CRACKED MEMBERS
7.3.1 Load-Deflection Relationship

Shortterm deflections in presrressed concrete members are calcuJated on the assump
tion tbat the sections are homogeneous. isotropic, and elastic. Such an assumption is an
approximatioo of actual bebavior. particuJarly that the modulus E; of concrete varíes
Load
I I
1J......,.....II ........ --m-....;
1 1 1
1 I Postcracking I Post·serviceability
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
Camber I 1
o Oeflection A
Figure 7.1 Beam load-deflection relationship. Region 1, precracking stage; re-

gion 11, postcracking stage; region 111, postserviceability stage.
7.3 Short-Term (lnstantaneous) Deflection of Uncracked and Cracked Members 421
with the age of the concrete and the moment of inertia varies with the stage of loading,
i.e., whether the section is uncracked or cracked.
Ideally, the loaddeflection relationship is trilinear, as shown in Figure 7.1. The
three regions prior to rupture are:
Regíon l. Precracking stage, where a structural member is crack free.
Regíon Il. Postcracking stage, where the structural member develops acceptable
controlled cracking in both distribution and width.
Regíon III. Postserviceability cracking stage, where the stress in the tensile rein
forcement reaches the limit state of yielding.
7.3.1.1 Precracking stage: region l. The precracking segment of the loaddeflection

curve is essentially a straight line defining full elastic behavior, as in Figure 7.1. The max
imum tensile stress in the beam in this region is less than its tensile strength in flexure,
i.e., it is less than the modulus of rupture f, of concrete. The flexural stiffness El of the
beam can be estimated using Young's modulus E; of concrete and the moment of inertia
of the uncracked concrete cross section. The loaddeflection behavior significantly de
pends on the stressstrain relationship of the concrete. A typical stressstrain diagram of
concrete is shown in Figure 7.2.
The value of E, can be estimated using the ACI empirical expression given in
Chapter 2, viz.,
Ee = 33wl.5Wf'e (7.2a)
or
E; = 57,000~ for normalweight concrete
The precracking region stops at the initiation of the first flexural crack, when the con
crete stress reaches its modulus of rupture strength f,. Similarly to the direct tensile split
ting strength, the modulus of rupture of concrete is proportional to the square root of its
compressive strength. For design purposes, the value of the modulus of rupture for con
crete may be taken as
f, = 7.5Á Vf: (7.2b)

where A = 1.0 for normalweight concrete. If alllightweight concrete is used, then
>. = 0.75, and if sandlightweight concrete is used, >. = 0.85.
Strain, fe
Figure 7.2 Stress-strain diagram of concrete.

If one equates the modulus of rupture f, to the stress produced by the cracking mo
ment Me, (decompression moment), then
Íb = t. = - :: ( 1 + e::) + ~:r (7.3a)
where subscript b stands for the bottom fibers at midspan of a simply supported beam. If
the distance of the extreme tension fibers of concrete from the center of gravity of the
concrete section is y.; then the cracking moment is given by
(7.3b)
or
Me,= sb[ 7.5>.VJ; + :: ( 1 +e::)] (7.3c)
where Sb = section modulus at the bottom fibers. More conservatively, from Equation
5.12, the cracking moment dueto that portion of the applied live load that causes crack
ing is
(7.4a)
where t; = compressive stress at the center of gravity of concrete section due to effec
tive prestress only after losses when tensile stress is caused by applied exter
nal load
fd = concrete stress at extreme tensile fibers due to unfactored dead load when
tensile stresses and cracking are caused by the externa} load.
A factor 7.5 can also be used instead of 6.0 for deflection purposes for beams.
Equation 7.3a can be transformed to the PCI format (Ref. 7.7) giving identical results:
Mer = l _ (Ítt - Ír) (7.4b)

Ma ÍL
where M = maximum service unfactored live load moment
0
fr1 = final calculated total service load concrete stress in the member
t. = modulus of rupture
ÍL = service live load of concrete stress in the member.
7.3.1.2 Calculation of crackingmoment Mcr
Example7.1
Compute the cracking moment Me, for a prestressed rectangular beam section having a
width b = 12 in. (305 mm) and a total depth h = 24 in. (610 mm), given that ¡; = 4,000 psi
(27.6 MPa). The concrete stress fb due to eccentric prestressing is 1,850 psi (12.8 MPa) in
compression. Use a modulus of rupture value of 7.5 Vf:.
Solution: The modulus of rupture t.

= 7.5VJ: = 7.5V4,000 = 474 psi (3.27 MPa). Also,
Jg = bh3!12 = 12(24)3/12 = 13,824 in4
(575,400 cm"); y1 = 24/2 = 12 in. (305 mm) to the tension fibers; and S1, = l/y1 = 13,824/12 =
1,152 in3 (18,878 cm").
Me,= s,[ 7.5>..VJ: + ::( 1 +e:;)]= 1,152[474 + 1850]
= 2.68 X 106 in.lb (302.9 kNm)

If the beam were not prestressed, the moment would be Me,= f l/y1 = 474 x 13,824/12 = 0.546
x 106 inlb (61.7 kNm).
7 .3.1.3 Postcrackingservice-loadstage: region 11. The precracking region ends at

the initiation of the first crack and moves into region 11 of the loaddeflection diagram of
Figure 7.1. Most beams lie in this region at service loads. A beam undergoes varying de
grees of cracking along the span corresponding to the stress and deflection levels at each
section. Hence, cracks are wider and deeper at midspan, whereas only narrow, minor
cracks develop near the supports in a simple beam.
When flexura! cracking develops, the contribution of the concrete in the tension
area diminishes substantially. Hence, the flexura! rigidity of the section is reduced, mak
ing the loaddeflection curve less steep in this region than in the precracking stage seg
ment. As the magnitude of cracking increases, stiffness continues to decrease, reaching a
lower bound value corresponding to the reduced moment of inertia of the cracked sec
tion. The moment of inertia le, of the cracked section can be calculated from the basic
principies of mechanics.
7.3.1.4 Postserviceability crackingstage and limit state of deflectionbehaviorat

failure: region 111. The loaddeflection diagram of Figure 7.1 is considerably flatter in
region III than in the preceding regions. This is due to substantial loss in stiffness of the
section because of extensive cracking and considerable widening of the stabilized cracks
throughout the span. As the load continues to increase, the strain e5 in the steel at the
tension side continues to increase beyond the yield strain ey with no additional stress. The
beam is considered at this stage to have structurally failed by initial yielding of the ten
sion steel. It continues to deflect without additional loading, the cracks continue to open,
and the neutral axis continues to rise toward the outer compression fibers. Finally, a sec
ondary compression failure develops, leading to total crushing of the concrete in the
maximum moment region fallowed by rupture.
7.3.2 Uncracked Sections

7.3.2.1 Deflection calculations. Deflection calculations far uncracked prestressed
sections tend to be more accurate than those far cracked sections since the assumptions
of elastic behavior are more applicable. The use of the moment of inertia of the gross sec
tion rather than the transfarmed section does not appreciably affect the accuracy sought
in the calculations.
Suppose a beam is prestressed with a constant eccentricity tendon as shown in Figure
7.3. Use the sign convention of plotting the primary moment diagram on the tension side of
the beam, and employ the elastic weight method by converting the moment diagram ordi
nates to elastic weights M¡l(E,JJ on a beam span l. Then the moment of the weight inten
sity (Pe)IE,lc of the halfspan AC in Figure 7.3(c) about the midspan point C gives
s, =
Pel
2EJc
(l)2 Pe
EJc
(l2 X
l)
¡ =
Pet2
8EJc
(7.5)
Notice that the deflection diagram in Figure 7.3(d) is drawn above the base line, as the
beam cambers upwards due to prestressing.
Similar computations can be perfarmed far any tendon profile and any type of
transverse loading regardless of whether the tendon geometry or loading is symmetrical
or not. The final camber or deflection is the superposition of the deflections due to pre
stressing on the deflections due to externa! loads.
7.3.2.2 Strain and curvatureevaluation. The distribution of strain across the depth
of the section at the controlling stages of loading is linear, as is shown in Figure 7.4, with
p =f~11
z z
p
(a)
\llll l lll l ll l l l l l ll l ll l l ll 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111! I
(b)
w. r·111fIff11 f I f f f f i i I i i i 11 i i 1+
(e)
f
t
(d)
Figure 7.3 Calculation of deflection by elastic weight or moment-area method.

(a) Prestressing force. (b) Primary moment M1. (c) Elastic weight We = M!Eclc. (d)
Deflection.
the angle of curvature dependent on the top and bottom concrete extreme fiber strains Ec1
and Ecb· From the strain distributions, the curvature at the various stages of loading can
be expressed as follows:
(1) Initial prestress:
(7.6a)
(2) Effective prestress after losses:
(7.6b)
(3) Service load:

Ecr Ecb
<!> =-- (7.6c)
h
-,
T
~Ecti
J_
/
//
//
//
//
L-L---
~fcb/~
(a) (b) Ce) (d)
Figure 7.4 Strain distribution and curvature at controlling stages. (a) lnitial pre-
stress, q,1= (Ecói Ea)lh. (b) Effective prestress after losses, 4>e = (ect,e EcuJlh. (e)
Service load, 4> = (Ee1 Ect,lh). (d) Failure, 4>u = Eje.
(4) Failure:
e
Eu
<l>u = (7.6d)
Use a plus sign for tensile strain and a rninus siga for compressive strain. Figure 7.4c de
notes the stress distribution far uncracked section. It has to be rnodified to show tensile
stress at tbe bottom fibers if the sectioo is cracked.
The effective curvature <t>~ in Figure 7.4(b) after losses is tbe sum. using tbe appro
priate sigo, of the initiaJ curvature <f>;, the change in curvature d<!>1 due to loss of prestress
from creep. relaxation, and shrinkage, and the cbange in curvature d<!>2 due to creep of
concrete under sustained prestressing force, i.e.,
(7.7)
Photo 7:1. Priest Point Park Bridge in Olympia, Washington. a castinplace pre
stressed concrete structure. (Courtesy, Arvid Grant and Associates. Inc.)
,
l
where, from the basic mechanics of materials,
M
<t>=- (7.8a)
EJc
For the primary moment, M1 = Pee, so that
Pee
<t>=- (7.8b)
e.t,
Substituting into Equation 7.5 for simply supported beams with constant
eccentricity tendons yields
(7.9a)
The general expression for deflection in terms of curvature as proposed by Tadros in

Ref. 7.4 gives
¡2 ª2
O = <?e S ( <?e - <?e) (7.9b)
6
where 4>c = curvature at midspan
<?e = curvature at the support
a = length parameter as a function of the tendon profile.
7.3.2.3 lmmediate deflectionof simplysupportedbeam prestressed

with parabolictendon
Example 7.2
Find the immediate midspan deflection of the beam shown in Figure 7 .5 prestressed by a par
abolic tendon with maximum eccentricity e at midspan and effective prestressing force Pe.
Use both the elastic weight method and the equivalent weight method. The span of the beam
is l ft, and its stiffness is E)c
(a)
w.
(b)
(e)
Figure 7.5 Deflection of beam in Example 7.2. (a) Tendon profile. (b) Elastic
weight M!Eclc. (e) Deflection.
Solution:
Elastic Weight Method. From Figure 7.5(b),
R; =2
1 (P,el 32) =
EJe X
P,el
3EJe
The moment due to the elastic weight W, about the midspan point C is
Me= Be= R~G)- [~:;~ X iG D] X
= _1_ (P,el2 _ 3P,el2) = 5P,el2

EJe 6 48 48Ee[e
Then
(a)
Equivalent Weight Method. From Chapter 1, the equivalent balancing load intensity
W resulting from the pressure of the parabolic tendon on the concrete is
W = 8P,e
z2
Also, from the basic mechanics of materials, the midspan deflection of a uniformly loaded
simply supported beam is
5 wl"
Be = 384 E l (b)
e e
Substituting for the load intensity W from the previous equation into this one yields
5 P,el2
B = (c)
e 48 EJe
As expected, Equation (e) is identical to Equation (a) for the midspan deflection of the beam.
Figure 7.6 shows typical midspan deflection expressions for simply supported beams,
complementing the shear and moment expressions for continuous beams given earlier in Fig
ure 6.12.
7.3.3 Cracked Sections

7.3.3.1 Effective-moment-of-inertia computationmethod. As the prestressed ele
ment is overloaded, or in the case of partial prestressing where limited controlled crack
ing is allowed, the use of the gross moment of inertia Ig underestimates the camber or
deflection of the prestressed beam. Theoretically, the cracked moment of inertia le,
should be used for the section across which the cracks develop while the gross moment of
inertia Ig should be used for the beam sections between the cracks. However, such refine
ment in the numerical summation of the deflection increases along the beam span is
sometimes unwarranted because of the accuracy difficulty of deflection evaluation. Con
sequently, an effective moment of inertia le can be used as an average value along the
span of a simply supported bonded tendon beam, a method developed by Branson in
Refs. 7.5 and 7.6. According to this method,
Je = Je, ( Mc,)
+ Ma
3
(/g - Jcr) :S lg (7.lOa)
Equation 7.lOa can also be written in the form
1. = ( Mc,)
Ma 3 t, + [
1 - (Mcr)
Ma 3]
le, :S Ig (7.lOb)
The ratio (Mc)Mª) from Equation 7.4b can be substituted into Equations 7.lOa and
b to get the effective moment of inertia
Load deflection Prestress ca mber
w ..L cgc

l
e.
p ec p
G}, @
J. ~I
w/3 12 p¡2 5
6 = 48EI = ~e 12 6 = - BEI [e. + 6 (ec - e.ll
¡2 ¡2
= ~e 8 + (~. - ~el 48
t~
w ..L
e.
cgc
cgs --~-P
I• ~,-ª~
6 = wb. (3/2 4b2)
24EI
3/2 4b2
= ~e 24
f
w
f
p~J--~---- _Je_: _~9~ .l •-P
I· ~
Figure 7.6 Short-term deflection in prestressed beams. Subscript e indicates

midspan; subscript e indicates support.
Me, = l _ (Í,1 - f,) (7.11)

M0 ÍL
where le,= moment of inertia of the cracked section, from Equation 7.13 to follow
Ig = gross moment of inertia
Note that both Mcr and M0 are the unfactored moments dueto live load only such that
M¿ is taken as that portion of the live load moment which causes cracking. The effective
moment of inertia le in Equations 7.lüa and b thus depends on the maximum moment Mª
along the span in relation to the cracking moment capacity Me, of the section.
In the case of uncracked continuous beams with both ends continuous,
Avg. le = 0.70/m + 0.15(/el + le2) (7.12a)
and for continuous uncracked beams with one end continuous,
Avg. le = 0.85/m + 0.15(/0001. end) (7.12b)
where Im is the midspan section moment of inertia and Ie1 and 12 are the endsection mo
ments of inertia.
7.3.3.2 Bilinear computation method. In graphical form, the bilinear moment

deflection relationship follows stages I and II described in Section 7.3.1 in accordance
with ACI code. The idealized diagram for the Ig and le, zones is shown in Figure 7.7.
Branson's effective le gives the average total immediate deflection 0101 = oe + oc, described
in the previous section.
The ACI code requires that computation of deflection in the cracked zone in the
bonded tendon beams be based on the transformed section whenever the tensile stress ft
in the concrete exceeds 6Vf::. Hence, oc, in Figure 7.7 is evaluated using the transformed
le, utilizing the contribution of the reinforcement in the bilinear method of deflection
computation. The cracking moment of inertia can be calculated by the PCI approach
(Ref. 7.8) for fully prestressed members by means of the equation
lcr = nµApsd}(l - 1.6~) (7.13a)

where nP = EPj Ec If nonprestressed reinforcement is used to carry tensile stresses,
namely, in "partial prestressing," Equation 7.13 can be modified to give
/ 6. = deflection using 16
/ 6c, = deflection using le,
/
/ 1. z averagemoment of interia for
6tot. = 60 + 6c,
...e: 1 /
.
E 1/~-,I•
1 /
~ i
/1
/ 1
/ 1
/ 1
• 1 • 6.,----+-j
1 1
Deflection 6
Figure 7.7 Moment-deflection relationship.

(7.13b)
where ns= E/ E¿ for the nonprestressed steel, d = effective depth to center of mild steel or
nonprestressed strand steel.
7.3.3.3 Incremental moment-curvature method. The cracked moment of inertia
can be calculated more accurately from the momentcurvature relationship along the
beam span and from the stress and, consequently, strain distribution across the depth of
the critical sections. As shown in Figure 7.4(d) for strain Ec, at first cracking,
Ec, M
<fJc, = --¡ = E I (7.14)
e cr
where Ecr is the strain at the extreme concrete compression fibers and M is the total mo
ment, including the prestressing primary moment M1, about the centroid cgc of the sec
tion under consideration. Equation 7.14 can be rewritten to give
Me Me
I = = (7.15)
cr e,«; f
where f is the concrete stress at the extreme compressive fibers of the section.
A flowchart for instantaneous deflection calculation and construction of the
momentcurvature diagram in stepbystep increments is given in Figure 7.8.
( START
J
Read properties of section
A., le, r2, e', cb, Sb, S', Be, e•. RH, VIS
Read load data: W 0, W50, WL

Read material properties
Calculate stress fibers at midspan and support section at transfer
f'=-
e
P;
Ac
(l - e.c')_MoSt
r2
f r ~-- P; ( 1-- e.e') t. =-- P¡ ( 1+-

Ac
8•Cb)
• Ac r2 b• r2
Camber due to prestress:

(Harped)
P;e. ~2 P; ( e. - e.)~2
61 t = SEI + SE!
e e
Deflection due to self·weight:
5W0~
60 ¡ • '384El
e
!
Figure 7.8 Flowchart for immediate moment-curvature camber and deflection.
Incremental
Effective r. method Bilinear method momentcurvature
method
END
(a)
Subroutine for r. method

( START )
i
Calculate r.
Ie = (Merfl
M. g
+ (1 (Merf)1
M. Cf -
<1
g
where (Me,)
M. [1- ('T
«- '')]
=
f«= final stress dueto all loads

fL • service live load concrete stress
le,~ (nPAP1dJ + n,A,d2) (1 1.6 ynPp + n,p)
i
5(Wso + WL) ¡¡4
/¡SD+L =
384Ecle
6 net inst. = -6; t + 60 + + l>so+L +
Note: if bottom stress at working load fb is less than 7 .5X ..ji;
use 19 instead of J, in previous equation of l>so+L
where: fb =- ebcb) +- Mr
P. ( 1 + --
-
Ae ,2 s,
i
e STOP )
(b)
Subroutine for bilinear rnethod
START
Check bottom stress at midsection for working load
Figure 7.8 Continued

No
f Yes
'b• :5 7.5}.. .J1; /
f not = fcb - 7.5}.. .J1;

Portion of live load not
causing cracking WL1:
WL
WLI = (fL - fnet) X -
fL
where fL is ten si le stress
caused by the live load 5W50+L .e4
alone at bottom fibers 650+L =
384Elc
WL2= WL - WL1
·6 net inst. = 6; + 60 + 650 + 6L
650 = 5W50.e4/(384E/crl
5WL1 f4 5WL2 e4
l',L=--- + ---
384El9 384Elc,
where le, is defined in the 1.
method subroutine
r
l', net inst. = 61 + 60 + 650 + 6L
I
STOP )
(c)
Subroutine for incremental momentcurvature method
START
Obtain the loss in the prestressing force, í!i. P
Obtain stress change due to prestress loss
Midspan: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ecc')

Ac ,2
sr.
b
= - í!i.P
Ac
(1 + eccb)
,2
Support: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ecc')

Ac ,2
í!i.f = - í!i.P
b Ac
(1 + e,cb)
,2
Figure 7.8 Contínued

7.4 Short-Term Deflection at Service Load 433
Obtain remainingstrains after loss t..P

subtracted from stresses at transfer
e:= (f¿ -t..f¿)IE. €be = ( fcb - t,.fcb)/Ec

e!= ( ,: t..t:)IEc ebe = (fb• - t..fb•)IEc
Midspancurvature ~e = (ebc e:)/h
Support curvature ~. = (eb, e:)/h
Singlyharpedtendon:
112
Camber after loss 6; = ~.
8
+ (~. - ~.)
24
.f.
Draped tendon: 6; = ~e + (~. - ~el :;
STOP
7.4 SHORT-TERM DEFLECTION AT SERVICE LOAD
7.4.1 Example 7.3 Non-Composite Uncracked Double T-Beam Deflection

Evaluate the total shortterm (immediate) elastic deflection of the 12 DT 34 beam in Exam
ple 4.1 using (a) applicable moment of inertia Ig or I, method, (b) incremental moment
curvature method. The beam carries a superimposed service live load of 1,100 plf (16.1 kN/m)
and superimposed dead load of 100 plf (1.5 kN/m). lt is bonded pretensioned, with Aps =
sixteen !in. diameter 7wire 270ksi (Jpu = 270 ksi = 1,862 MPa) stressrelieved strands =
2.448 in.2 Disregard the contribution of the nonprestressed steel in calculating the moment of
inertia in this example. Assume that strands are jacked to 0.70fpu resulting in the initial pre
stress P; = 462,672 lb. The effective prestress P, = 379,391 lb occurs at the first load applica
tion 30 days after erection and does not include ali the timedependent losses.
Data
(a) Geometrical Properties(Fig. 7.9)
Ac = 978 in.2 (6,310 cm2)
le= 86,072 in.4 (3.59 x 106 cm")
Sb = 3,340 in.' (5.47 X 104 cm3)
S' = 10,458 in.'
W D = 1,019 plf, selfweight
Wsv = 100 plf (1.46 kN/m)
WL = 1,100 plf (16.05 kN/m)
e, = 22.02 in.
e,= 12.77 in.
cb = 25.77 in.
e,= 8.23 in.
Ap, = 16 x 0.153 = 2.448 in.2 (15.3 cm2)
P; = 462,672 (2,058 kN) at transfer
P, = 379,391 1 lb (1,688 kN)
(b) Material Properties
V/ S=2.39 in
RH=70%
WL • 1100 plf (16.05 kN/m)

W50 = 100 plf (1.46 kN/m) 8.23"
ffffffffftftttttfftffft --'-~-
cgc
12.77" 38"
--(9.lm)
30'0" __ . .,.
1
-• --(9.1m)--~
30'0" 1
.:
->----------- 60'-0" _.
1 (18.2 m)
Elevation
F 3'-0" -----
12'-0"
6'-0" -----;~~.:~
-----¡
+1
34"
3" Chamfer
l
Figure 7.9 Beam geometry of Example 4.1.
f ~ = 5,000 psi
J~; = 3,750 psi
Ípu = 270,000 psi (1,862 MPa)
Íp; = 189,000 psi (1,303 MPa)
Ípe = 154,980 psi (1,067 MPa)
fPY = 230,000 psi
Eps = 28.5 x 106 psi (196 GPa)
(e) Allowable Stresses
Íci = 2,250 psi
fe = 2,250 psi
Íti = 184 psi (midspan)
t. = 849 psi (midspan)
Solution: (a)
l. Midspan Section Stresses
e¿ = 22.02 in. (559 mm)
Maximum selfweight moment

1,019(60)2 .
Mv = X 12 = 5,502,600 m.lb
8
(a) At transfer, calculated fiber stresses are
From Equation 4.la,
7.4 Short-Term Deflection at Service Load 435
t'= ~1 e;~')-~~

__ 462,672 _ 22.02 X 8.73) 5,502,600
978 l 88.0 10,458
= +501 526 = 25 psi (C) < !, = +184 psi(T), O.K.
462,672 22.02 X 25.77) 5,502,600

= 978 l + 88.0 + 3,340
= 3,524 + 1,647 = 1,877 psi (C) < 2,250 psi, O.K.

(b) At service load
100(60)212 .
Msv = = 540,000 m.lb (61 kNm)
8
1,100(60)212 .
ML = = 5,940,000 m.lb (672 kNm)
8
5,940,000
Liveload f' = l0,458 = 568 psi ( C)
. 5,940,000 .
LiveIoad j, = = 1,778 psi (T)
3,340
Total Moment M¡ = Mv + Msv + ML = 5,502,600 + 6,480,000 = 11,982,600 inlb
(1,354 kNm).
From Equation 4.3a,
f, = _ Ac
P, (l _ ec,)-
,2
Mr
S'
__ 379,391 _ 22.02 X 8.23) _ 11,982,600
978 l 88.0 10,458
f = +411 1146 = 735 psi < fe = 2,250 psi, O.K.
From Equation 4.3b,
= _ 379,391 ( + 22.02 X 25.77) + 11,982,600

978 l 88.0 3,340
= 2,689 + 3,587 = +698 psi (T) < 849 psi, O.K.
Allow using the gross moment of inertia 18 for deflection calculations. In such a
case, the effective moment of inertia I, can be taken as 18. If compared with the
t.
modules of rupture = 7.5Vfc = 7.5\/5000 = 530 psi, minor cracking is expected
and allowed as the 7.5 factor is conservative.
2. Support Section Stresses
From Example 4.1,
Ít; = 6 ~ = 6 V3,750 = 367 psi
t. = 12Vf: = 12V5,000 = 849 psi
e, = 12.77 in.
Follow the same steps as in the midspan section, with the moment M = O in the above
steps. A check of support section stresses at transfer gave stresses below the allowable,
hence O.K.
Summary of Fiber Stresses (psi)
Midspan Support
f' fb f' t,
Prestress P; only +501 3,524 +92 2,242
At transfer and Wd 25 1,877 +92 2,242
Live load W L only 568 +1,778 o o
At service load 735 +698 +75 1,839
(1 psi= 6.895 kPa)
3. Deflection and Camber Calculation at Transfer

From basic mechanics or from Figure 7.6, for a= l/2, the camber at midspan dueto a
single harp or depression of the prestressing tendon is
= PeJ2 + P(ee - ec)l2
6t
8EI 24EI
So
E¿ = 57,000~ = 57,000V3,750 = 3.49 X 106 psi (24.1 MPa)
E; = 57,000yt; = 57,000VS,000 = 4.03 X 106 psi (27.8 MPa)
.= t = 462,672 X 22.02 X (60 X 12)2

6
pt 8 X 3.49 X 106 X 86,702
462,672 X (12.77 22.02)(60 X 12)2
+-------------
24 X 3.49 X 106 X 86,072
= 2.20 + 0.31 = 1.89 in. (48 mm) t

This upward deflection (camber) is dueto prestress only. The selfweight per inch is
1,019/12 = 84.9 lb/in., and the deflection caused by selfweight is 60 ,J, = 5wl4/384EI,
60 =5 X 84.9 (60 X 12)4/384 X 3.49 X 106 X 86,072 = 0.99 in.l.

Thus, the net camber at transfer is 1.89 i +0.99 ,J, = 0.90 in. i (25 mm).
4. Total Immediate Deflection at Service Load of Uncracked Beam
(a) Superimposed dead load deflection, using E; = 4.03 x 106 psi
6sn = 0.99 Ec
s; ( l,Ol9
100 )
= 0.99 (3.49)( 100 ) . 1
l,Ol9 = 0.08 m. (2.0 mmj l.
4_03
(b) Live load deflection
5wl4 5(1100)(60 X 12)4 _!_ _ . 1

6L=--- X 0.93 m . ..¡,
384EJc 384 X 4.03 X 106 X 86,072 12
A summary of the shortterm cambers and deflections at service load is as follows:
Camber dueto initial prestress = 1.89 in. (48 mm) i
Deflections dueto selfweight = 0.99 in. (25 mm) ,J,
Deflection due to superimposed dead load= 0.08 in. (2 mm) ,J,
Deflection dueto live load= 0.93 in. (23 mm) ,J,
Net deflection at transfer = 1.89 + 0.99 = 0.90 in. i
7.4 Short-Term Deflection at Servíce Load 437
If deflection due to prestress loss from the transfer stage to erection at 30 days is
considered, reduced camber is
_ (462,672 379,391)
- l.39 462,672
83,281) .
= 1.89 ( 462,672 = 0.34 m. !
Solution: (b)
Altemate Solution by Incremental Moment Curvature Method
P, at 30 days after transfer is 379,391 lb. So 30 days' prestress loss
AP = P; - P, = 462,672 379,391 = 83,281 lb (370 kN)
Strains at Transfer Due to Prestressing
Eci at 7 days = 3.49 X 106 psi
(i) Due to prestressing force (P;)
Midspan:
f' = +501 psi
Íb =3,524psi
e' =
e
+501 +144
3.49 X 106
X 106. ¡·
m. m.
Ecb = 1,010 X 106 in.fin.

Support:
f' = +92 psi
Íb = 2,242 psi
e~ = 26 X 106 in.fin.
Eeb = 642 X 106 in.fin.
(1 psi = 6.895 KPa)
(ii) Due to prestressing force and selfweight (P; + W0)
Midspan:
f' = 25 psi < = 7.2 X 106 in.fin.
Íb = 1,877 psi Ech = 537.8 X 106 in.fin.
Support: same as in (i)

Strain change due to prestress loss
-AP = 83,281 lb.
Eci = 3.49 X 106 psi
Midspan Section
Af' = _ (AP)( _ ec,) = + 83,281 ( _ 22.02 x 8.23)

Ac l r2 978 l 88.0
= 90 psi (C)
Ae'c = 90 26 X 106 in /in

3.49 X 106 . .
A.
u.1b
(-AP) (
=
Ac
1 +
,2
ecb) 83,281
=+
978
(i +
22.02 X 25.77)
88.0
=+ 63 4ps1
. (T)
438 Chapter 7 Camber, Deflectíon, and Crack Control
A
... ecb - 634 + 1 82 X . ¡·m.
106 m.
3.49 X 10 6
Support Section
l:l.f' __ (1:l.P) ( _ ec,)- + 83,281 (l _ 12.77 x 8.23)
Ac l r2 978 88.0
= 16.5 psi (C)
/:l.e1= -l6·5 =5xl06in./in.

e 3.49 X 106
/:l.f'.
~b
= _ (1:l.P) (
Ac l +
ecb) = + 83,281
72 978
(l + 12.77 88.025.77) X
= 404 psi (T)
Aebe =
+404
X = +116 X
6.
10 m. m.
¡·
3.49 106
Superimposing the strain at transfer on the strain due to prestress loss gives the
strain distributions at service load after prestress due to prestress only, as shown in
Figure 7.10.
From Figure 7.10
Midspan curvature
828 118
<l>c = X 106 = 27.82 X 106 rad/in.
34
Support curvature
526 21
<!>. = x 106 = 16.09 X 106 rad/in.
34
-26
T
+144 +118
+ =
1
34.0"
-1010 +182 ..:a20

(a) Midspan section strains Ec x 10-6 in./in.
+26 5 +21
+ =
-642 +116 -526
(b) Support section strains Gi x 10-6 in./in.
Figure 7.1 O Strain distribution across sectíon depth at prestress transfer in Ex-
ample 7.4.
7.5 Short-Term Deflection of Cracked Prestressed Beams 439
From Figure 7.6 far a= l/2, the beam camber after losses due only to Pe is
O, t= <!>~ f) + ( <!>e - <!>e) ~:
(60 X 12)2
= 27.82 X 106 + (16.09 + 27.82)
8
(60 X 12)2
X 105 = 1.80 + 0.25
24
= 1.55 in. t (39 mm) (camber)
which is identical to (1.89 + 0.34) = 1.55 in. i after losses in the previous solu
tion. The deflections dueto selfweight W 0, superimposed dead load W50 and live
load W L are the same as in the previous solution.
Note that the computed deflection values can differ by 20 to 40 percent from the actual val
ues because of the several parameters which affect the modulus of concrete. Hence, all com
putational values in the various steps of the solution can be rounded to three significant
figures without appreciably affecting the final results.
7.5 SHORT-TERM DEFLECTION OF CRACKED PRESTRESSED BEAMS
7.5.1 Short-Term Deflection of the Beam in Example 7.3 lf Cracked

Example7.4
Solve Example 7.3 by (a) the bilinear method, (b) the effective moment of inertia
method for a condition of tensile stress Íb = 750 psi at midspan bottom fibers at service
load, i.e., the tensile stress exceeds the modulus of rupture I, = 7.5~ = 530 psi far
crack formation. Assume that the net beam camber due to prestress and selfweight is
o= 0.95 in.
Solution: The net tensile stress beyond the first cracking load at the modulus of rupture is
Ínec = I, - f,= 750 530 = +220 psi (T). From Example 7.3, the tensile stress caused by the live
load alone at the bottom fibers is +1,778 psi. Now, since WL = 1,100 plf, the portion of the
load that would not result in tensile stress at the bottom fibers is
(1,778 220)
W¡ = (l,778) X 1,100 = 964 plf
964 .
=
12 = 80 lb/m.
The deflection determined by the uncracked Ig is

5w1/4 5 X 80(60 X 12)4
og = 384EJg 384 X 4.03 X 106 X 86,072
= 0.8 in. ,¡.,1 (20 mm)
(a) Bilinear Method
le, = npApsd;(l - 1.6~)
n =
e; = 28.5 X 106 = 7.07
P e, 4.03 X 106
dP = e¿ + e, = 22.02 + 8.23 = 30.25 in. > 0.8h = 27.2 in.
U sed dP = 30.25 in. and Aps = 2.448 in.2 Then
Aps 2.448
Pp = bdp = 144 X 30.25 = 0.0006
fer= 7.07 X 2.448 (30.25)2(1 l.6V7.07 X 0.0006)

= 14,187 in.4 (5.9 X 105 cm")
Balance of the total load that results in cracking of the section is
1,100 964 .
Wz = = 11.3 lb/m.
1 ,1 00 X 1 2
5w2/4 5 X 11.3(60 X 12)4
t\, = 384EJ,r 384 X 4.03 X 106 X 14,187
= 0.69 in. ,l. (17 mm)
Thus, the total deflection due to live load
oL = 0.80 + 0.69 = + 1.49in. ,l.(38 mm)

(b) Effective Moment of lnertia Method 1, Method:
From Equation 7.lOb,
From Equation 7.11,
(::) = 1 C\~ fr)

f11 = final total stress = +750 psi (T)
t. = modulus of rupture = 530 psi from before
fL = live load stress = 1778 psi
( Mª)
Mª
= 1 (750
1,778
530)
= 1 0.124 = 0.876
(!:Y= 0.67
I, = 0.67 X 86,072 + (1 0.67)14,187

= 62,350 in. 4
Total liveload intensity = 1,100/12 = 92 lb/in.
Deflection due to live load
5 X 92(60 X 12)4
oL = = 1.28 in. ,l.(33 mm)
384 X 4.03 X 106 X 62,350
as compared to 1.49 in. in Solution (a). Choose oL = +1.49 in. J.. Use this value for the
final net longterm deflection after losses as tabulated in Example 7.6.
7.6 CONSTRUCTION OF MOMENT-CURVATURE DIAGRAM
Example7.5
Construct the momentcurvature diagram for the midspan section of the bonded doubleT
beam in Example 7.3 for the following incremental strain steps:
7.6 Construction of Moment-Curvature Diagram 441
Pboto 7.3 Deflection of continuous beam (Nawy et al.).
L Strain at transfer [p, = 189.000 psi due to P; only.

2. Strain atf,w = 154.980 psi prior to gravity loads.
3. Decompression at tendon cgs Ievel.
4. Modulus of rupture level.
S. Cracked section, strain Ec1 al top= 0.001in.fin.
6. =
Cracked section, strain Ec1 at top 0.003 in.fin.
Solution:
L Prestress TransferStage
From the data for Example 7.3, the midspan stresses due onJy to prestress P; are as fol
Jows:
f = +501 psi
Íb = - 3,524 psi
+501 _ 6. .
e' = ""' - + 144 X 10 m./m.
e 3.49 X lu
Ecb =
3524
X L06 = - 1. 1
o o X 1 o6.m.¡·m.
3.49
(E - e') (1010 144)
<I>, = cb h e = X 106 = - 33.94 X 106 rad/in.
34
From Example 7.3, the corresponding moments dueto P, + M0 are M; = 462,672 x
22.02 + 5.502.600 = 4.69 X 106 in.lb.
2. Prestress Stage after Losses
In the subsequent decompression stage a moment value M8 dueto gravity loads has to
be found which would reduce the stress in the prestressing steel to zero. From Exarn
ple 4.1. P, = 379.391 lb. Hence,
p~ = 379,391 = 0.82
P, 462,672
Toe stresses and strains at midspan at transfer prestress P; are
'b
260
200
Yield strength by
0.2 set method
' 1700
1300
Ñ
X E
·¡¡ 150 E
......
~ 900 ~
J Area • 0.153 in.2 e
100 Ult. strength ª 41300 lbs. ~
Ep, • 27.5 X 1a9 psi 500
50 1189.6 x 103 MPal
100
D-..~""'-~~ .......~~~~~ ........~~-1r_._~~~~~~
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.030 e,
Strain (in.fin.)
Figure 7.11 Stress-strain diagram for!in. (12.7 mm) dia prestressing tendons.
f~ = +501psi
fcb = 3,524 psi
E~=+ 144 X 106 in.fin.
Ecb = 1,010 X 106 in.fin.
Reduce the strains up to the P. stage as follows:
E~ = 0.82(+ 144 X 106) = + 118 X 106 in.fin.
Ecb = 0.82(1010 X 106) = 828 X 106 in.fin.
The strain distribution becomes, as shown in Figure 7.13,
_ (Ecb <) _ (828 118)106 _ _6 .
<P2 h - 27.82 X 10 rad/in.
34
5000
,. = r; [ !: - ( trJ 40
1
1
1 30
4000 1
1 Ñ
·¡¡; Ec = 4.03X 1 Cl6 psi E
~ 1 E
......
3000 i ~
¡ 20
ti
1
1
1 !
en
2000 1
1
1 10
1 ,; = 5000 psi
1000 1 (34.48 MPal
1 5
Eo
o
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 Ec
Strain (in.fin.)
Figure 7.12 Stress-strain diagram for fe= 5,000 psi concrete.

+118 X 106 in.fin.
4.24"
34"
T 26.01"
_L 3.75"
828 X 106
Figure 7.13 Strain distribution due only to prestress P0•
The corresponding gravityload moment Mg = O.

Note the strain distribution in Figure 7.13 due to the prestressing force P,. Use the stress
strain diagram of Figure 7.11 for the prestressing steel and that of Figure 7.12 for the con
crete to determine the actual stresses through strain compatibility.
3. Decompression Stage with Zero Concrete Stress at Tendon cgs
From Figure 7.11, the decompression strain at the cgs Ievel is
8 28 106
26 1 ·º 106. m. ¡·m.
Edecomp. X X 26.01 + 3.75 7 23 X
and
Ípe 154,980 _ 6. .

Epe = -E= 6 5,636 X 10 m./m.
ps 27.5 X 10
Compatibility of strain requires that the prestressing tendons in the bonded beam un
dergo the same change in strain as the surrounding concrete, increasing the tensile
strain in the tendon in arder to reduce the compressive stress in the concrete at the cgs
leve! to zero. Thus,
Total Epe = 5,636 X 106 + 723 X 106 = 6,359 X 106 in./in.
From the stressstrain diagram in Figure 7.11 the corresponding stressfpe = 177,000 psi.
Consequently, we have
Adjusted Pe= 177,000 X 0.153 X 16 = 433,296
433,296 ( 22.02 X 8.23)

Adjustedf' = -~ 1 = +469 psi (T)
88_0
E'=
+469 _ 6. ¡·
e 4.03 X 106 116 X 10 m. m.
. 433,296 ( 22.02 X 25.77) .

Adjusted j, = ~ 1 + 88.0 = 3,300 psi (C)
3,300 6. .
Ecb = = 819 X 10 m./m.
4.03 X 106
Mdecomp. X Y Mdecomp. X 22.02 .
Ídecomp. = 2,884 psi
Je 86,072
_ 2,884 X 86,072 _ . 6
Mdecomp. 11.27 X 10 6 m.lb (1.27 X 10 Nm)
22.02
l = Mdecomp. = 11.27 X 106 = _ , (C)

f S' 10,458 i, 078 psi
Net stress!'= 1,078 + 469 = 609 psi (C) (4.16 MPa)
E' = 609 1511 X 106 in /in

e 4.03 X 106 . . .
+ _ 11.27 X 106 _ 11.27 X 106 _ + . (T)

Jb - sb - 3,340 3,3 74 psi
Net stress j, = +3,374 3,300 = +74 psi (T)
+74 6·.
Ecb = + 18.4 X 10 m./m.
4.03 X 10 6
,¡., = (Ecb E~) = (18.4 + 151.1) = 106 = +4 99 X 106 d/'

'l'decomp. h . ra m.
34
Corresponding M = 11.27 x 106 in.lb
Figure 7.14 gives the stress and strain distributions in this beam at the decompression
state.
4. Modulus of Rupture Stage
f, = 7.5'A. y¡; = 7.5v's,ooo = 530 psi
u; = sb[ 7.5'A. vi; + ~: ( 1 + e::)]

From before, the second part of the above expression for moment gives a stress of
3,300psi.
Therefore Me,= 3,340(530 + 3,300) = 12.8 X 106 in.lb
Net bottom concrete stress= modulus of rupture f,for this stage = +530 psi (T)
Ecb = +530 = +132 X 106 in./in.

4.03 X 10 6
!, = 12.8 X 106 = 1 2 2 4 . (C)

10,458 ' psi
1078 609psi 151.2· X 106
+3374,psi +74psi +18.4 X 105

3.75"
(a) (b) (e) (d)
Figure 7.14 Stress distribution at decompression in Example 7.6. (a) Loading

stress. (b) Decompression stress. (e) Final stress. {d) Unit strain.
e= 1.45"
! 1 Ec = 0.001 in.fin.
1
N.A.
1 //, t/lc,
"'
o / /
(') /
_L..._,,_"'_/~~
1---.il.Ep, ~ 1 0.0064 in.fin.
~To~IEp,~
Figure 7.15 Strain distribution at E0= 0.001 in.fin. in Example 7.5.
Net stress t' = 1,224 + 469 = 755 psi ( C)

E'= 755 187x106in/in
e 4.03 X 106 • .
(Ecb - <) (132 + 187) _6

<J>4 = h = 34 X 10
= +9.38 X 106 rad./in.
5. Cracked Section Stage, Ee = 0.001 in.fin.

From before, Epe = 6,359 x 106 = 0.0064 in.fin. By tria! and adjustment, assume a neu
tral axis depth e = 1.5 in. below the top fibers of the flange. Then t:.Eps is the additional
strain in bonded prestressing strands due to Ee = 0.001 in.fin. at the top fibers, and from
similar triangles in Figure 7.15,
(30.25 1.5) . .
fiEps = X 0.001 = 0.0192 m./m.
l. 5
So the total E ps = 0.0192 + 0.0064 = 0.0256 in.fin.
From the stressdiagram of the prestressing steel in Figure 7.11, the corresponding
stress is
Íps = 260,000 psi
and
Aps = 16 X 0.153 = 2.448 in.2
Thus, the tensile force TP = 260,000 x 2.448 = 636,480 lb.
From Figure 7.12, fe= 3,000 psi corresponds to Ec = 0.001 in.fin. The compressive
force is then Ce= (12 x 12 x 1.5)3000 = 648,000 > T = 636,480 lb.
Hence, the neutral axis depth should be reduced.
Second Tria!
Assume ce= 1.45 in. Then
(30.25 1.45) . .
íiEps = 1.45 X 0.001 = 0.0199 m./m.
and
Total Eps = 0.0199 + 0.0064 = 0.0263 in./in.
From Figure 7.12, Íps = 255,000 psi, TP = 255,000 x 2.448 = 624,240 lb., and Ce= (12 x 12
x 1.45)3000 = 624,400 lb= TP. Hence, assumed e= 1.45 in., O.K.
a = 0.80 e = 1.16 in.
rf
Moment M; = 624,24\30.25 1.16)
2 = 18.9 X 106 m.lb
·
690
t/)=
0.001
E•
Mg = 18.9
t/> • 2,143
0.003
Ec, =
Mn = 19.6
Curvature (rad./in. X 10-6)

t/>¡ = 33.94
Figure 7.16 Moment-curvature diagram of Example 7.6.
and from Equation 7.5 d,
,1.. = E,,e = O.OOl = 690 X 10 6 rad/in

'Vu 1.45 .
6. Fully Cracked Section Stage, Ec = 0.003 in.fin. (Ultimate Load)

Ec = 0.003 in.fin. is the maximum unit strain allowed by the ACI Code at ultimate load.
Assume Íps = 263,000 psi. Then
ApsÍps 2.448 X 263,000 .
ª = 0.85f ~b = 0.85 X 5,000 X 144 = 1.1 m,
a 1.1 .
e = 13¡ = 0.80 = 1.38 in.
From Figure 7.15,

30.25 1.38 . ¡·
Eps = 1.38 X 0.003 = 0.0628 m. m.
Total Eps = 0.0628 + 0.0064 = 0.0692 in./in.

From the stress diagram in Figure 7.12,fps »L; = 270,000 psi. So use a= 1.1 in., giving
M; = APJP{ dP - ~) = 2.448 X 270,000(30.25 \1)
= 19.6 X 106 in.Ib
Use e= 1.4 in.

E,, 0.003 .
,1..
'Vu
=
e
=
1.4
= 2 143
'
X 10 6 rad/in
·
A schematic plot of the momentcurvature diagram is shown in Figure 7.16. The load
deflection diagram has the same form and can be inferred from the momentcurvature
diagram.
7.7 LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON DEFLECTION ANO CAMBER
7.7.1 PCI MultipliersMethod

The ACI Code provides the following equation far estimating the timedependent factor
far deflection of nonprestressed concrete members:
7.7 Long-Term Effects on Deflection and Camber 447
11.= ~ (7.16)
1 + 50p'
where ~ = timedependent factor for sustained load
p' = compressive reinforcement ratio
X. = multiplier for additional longterm deflection
In a similar manner, the PCI multipliers method provides a multiplier C1 which takes ac
count of longterm effects in prestressed concrete members, C1 differs from X. in Equa
tion 7.16, because the determination of longterm cambers and deflections in prestressed
members is more complex due to the following factors:
l. The longterm effect of the prestressing force and the prestress losses.
2. The increase in strength of the concrete after release of prestress due to losses.
3. The camber and deflection effect during erection.
Because of these factors, Equation 7.16 cannot be readily used.

Table 7.1, based on Refs. 7.8 and 7.9, can provide reasonable multipliers of immedi
ate deflection and camber provided that the upward and downward components of the
initial calculated camber are separated in arder to take into account the effects of loss of
prestress, which only apply to the upward component.
Shaikh and Branson, in Ref. 7.7, propase that substantial reduction can be achieved
in longterm camber by the addition of nonprestressed steel. In that case, a reduced mul
tiplier C2 can be used given by
C1 + As/Aps
C2= (7.17)
l + A5/Aps
Table 7.1 C1 Multipliers for Long-Term Camber and Deflection
Without With
composlte composite
topping topping
At erection:
(1) Deflection (downward) componentapply to the 1.85 1.85
elastic deflection due to the member weight at release
of prestress
(2) Camber (upward) componentapply to the elastic 1.80 1.80
camber due to prestress at the time of release of
prestress
Final:
(3) Deflection (downward) componentapply to the 2.70 2.40
elastic deflection due to the member weight at release
of prestress
(4) Camber (upward) componentapply to the elastic 2.45 2.20
camber due to prestress at the time of release of
prestress
(5) Deflection (downward)apply to the elastic deflection 3.00 3.00
due to the superimposed dead load only
(6) Deflection (downward)apply to the elastic deflection 2.30
caused by the composite topping
where C1 = multiplier from Table 7.1

As= area of nonprestressed reinforcement
Aps = area of prestressed strands.
7.7.2 Incremental Time-Steps Method

Toe incremental timesteps method is based on combining tbe cornputations of deñec
tions with those of prestress losses due to timedependent creep, shrinkage, and relax
ation. Toe design life of the structure is divided into several time intervals selected on the
basis of specific concrete strain limits, such as unit strain levels ec1 = 0.001 and 0.002
in.fin., and ultimate allowable strain ec = 0.003 in.fin. The sirain distributions, curvatures.
and prestressing forces are calculated for each interval together with the incremental
shrinkage. creep, and relaxation strain losses during the particular time interval. The pro
cedure is repeated for all subsequent incremental intervals, and an integration or sumrna
tion of the incremental steps is made to give the total tunedependen! deflection at the
particular section along the span. These calculations should be made for a sufficient num
ber of poiots aloog the span, such as rnidspan and quarterspan points, to be able to de
termine with sufficient accuracy the forro of the rnomentcurvature cliagram.
Toe general expression for the total rotation at the end of a time interval can be ex
pressed as
Pe, , ex , e:,;
<!>, = EJc + ~(Pn-1 - Pn) E)c - ~(Cn - C,,_,)P,._, EJc (7.18a)
where P; = initial prestress befare losses

ex = eccentricity of tendon at any section along the span
Subscript n - 1 = beginning of a particular time step
Subscript n = end of the aforementiooed time step
Cn-1. C,. = creep coefficients at beginning and end, respectively, of a particular
time step
Pn - P n-t = prestress loss ata particular time interval from ali causes.
Obviously, this elaborare procedure is justified only in the evaluation of deflection

and camber of very largespan bridge systems such as segmental bridges, where the erec
_,
-· ~
7 ·
»~y- 151 h
'" '
)
7
A
Photo 7.4
:7
J
.~ !A
j
J'
/JI
Prestressed 1beam at the limit state of failure load (Nawy el aJ.).

tion and assembly of the segments require a relatively accurate estimate of deflections.
From Equation 7.18a, the total deflection ata particular section is
sx = 4>1kl2 (7.18b)
Now, suppose that the following strains from subsequent Example 7.7 are used to
illustrate calculation of incremental and total rotations:
E~_1 <
= gross strain due only to prestress at the top fibers, e.g., = + 144 x 106 in.fin.
(Figure 7.19)
Eb nl = gross strain due only to prestress at the bottom fibers, e.g., Ecb = 1010 x 10{í
in,./in. (Figure 7.19)
dECRn = gross creep incrementa] strain at the top fibers, e.g., dEcRc = +127 X 10{í
in.fin'. (Figure 7.20)
LiEcRb,n = gross creep incremental strain at the bottom fibers, e.g., LiEcRcb = 895 x
10{í in.fin. (Figure 7.20)
LiEps,n = strain reduction due to prestress loss caused by creep force LiP, n (such as
169 x 106 in.fin., as seen from Figure 7.20)
Then the net incremental creep strain that will result in incremental rotation <Vn is
LiEh,net = (LiE~R,n LiE;s,n) (7.19a)
for the top fibers and
dEcRb,net = (LiEcRb,n - dEpsb.11) (7.19b)
for the bottom fibers.
The incremental rotation is, then,
LiE~R net LiEcRb net
dq>n = ' h ' (7.19c)
and the total rotation becomes

(7.20)
A schematic of the changes in strains and rotations from time step n - 1 to time step n is
shown in Figure 7.17.
The selection of the time intervals depends on the refinement level desired in the
computation of cambers. For each time step, the incremental creep and shrinkage strains
and relaxation loss in prestress are computed as shown in Example 7.7 to give a curvature
increment Li¡p. Thereafter, new values of stress, strain, and curvature are obtained at the
end of the time interval, adding the curvature increment Li<t>n to the total curvature <Vn-l at
the beginning of the desired intervals, as given in Equation 7.18. Clearly, the incremental
timestep procedure is lengthy and, hence, justified only in evaluation and assembly of
segments requiring relatively accurate estimates of deformations.
The total camber ( t ) or deflection ( -l. ) due to the prestressing force can be ob
tained from Equation 7.20 as
(7.21)
where k is a function of the span and geometry of the section and the prestressing ten
don.
Several investigators have proposed different formats for estimating the additional
timedependent deflection LiS from the momentcurvature relationship <t> modified for
creep. Both Tadros and Dilger recommend integrating the modified curvature along the
beam span, while Naaman expresses the longterm deflection in terms of midspan and
support curvatures ata time interval t (Refs. 7.11, 7.12, 7.13). Asan example, Naaman's
expression gives, for a parabolic tendon,
Gross
f~-1
Time step Time

beginning
Time step
end
Figure 7.17 Strain changes and rotations at step n.
/2 /2
dí3(t) = <l>1(t) 8 + [ <!>z(t) - <l>1(t)] 48
where <!>i(t) = midspan curvature at time t

<!>z(t) = support curvature at time t
in which
M
<!>(t) = E ce(t)I e
where Ece(t) = time adjusted modulus
1 + KCc(t)
in which Ec(t1) = modulus of concrete at start of interval
Cc(t) = creep coefficient at end of time interval.
7.7.3 ApproximateTime-Steps Method
The approximate timesteps method is based on a simplified form of summation of con
stituent deflections due to the various timedependent factors. If Cu is the longterm
creep coefficient, the curvature at effective prestress P. can be defined as
(7.22)
The final deflection under Pe is
(7.23a)
or
(7.23b)
Adding the deflection dueto selfweight f>v and superimposed dead load f>sv, which are
affected by creep gives the final timedependent increase in deflection due to prestressing
and sustained loads as
(7.24a)
and the final total net deflection including liveload deflection is
(7.24b)
Intermediate deflections are found by substituting C, for Cu in Equations 7.24a and b,

where
tº·60
e=
t 10 + t0.60
e u
(7.25)
in which t060!(10 + t°60) is the creep ratio a.

Branson et al., in Refs. 7.5 to 7.7, proposed the following expression for predicting
the timedependent increase in deflection Af> of Equation 7.24a:
(7.26)
where 11 = P )P;
Ct = creep coefficient at time t
Kª = factor corresponding to age of concrete at superimposed load application
= l.25rl·118 for moistcured concrete
= l.13r0·095 for steamcured concrete
t = age, in days, at loading
k, = 1/(1 + A/Aps) when A)Aps « 1.0
=
1 for all practica} purposes.
For the final deflection increment, Cu is used in place of C, in Equation 7.26.

For noncomposite beams, the total deflection f>Tr becomes (Ref. 7.9)
f>T,r = f>P{ 1 ~ + X.(k,C,)] + f>v[l + k,C1] + f>sv[l + Kak,C,] + f>L (7.27)
where 8P = deflection due to prestressing

AP = total loss of prestress excluding initial elastic loss
X.= l-AP/2P0
in which P0 = prestress force at transfer after elastic loss
= P; less elastic loss.
For composite beams, the total deflection is

(7.28)
+ fJdf + fJL
where X.' = 1 (6.P j2P0)

6.Pc = loss of prestress at time composite topping slab is cast, excluding initial elas
tic loss
/comp. = moment of inertia of composite section
6df = deflection due to differential shrinkage and creep between precast section
and composite topping slab
= Fyj2!8Eclcomp. for simply supported beams (for continuous beams, use the
appropriate factor in the denominator)
y es = distance from centroid of composite section to centroid of slab topping
F = force resulting from differential shrinkage and creep
Ecc = modulus of composite section
a = creep strain at time t divided by ultimate creep strain
= t0·60/(10 + t0·60).
In sum, comparing the relative rigor involved in applying the three methods of Sec
tions 7.7.1, 7.7.2, and 7.7.3, it is important to recognize that the degree of spread can be
very large. Engineering judgment has to be exercised in determining a reasonable accu
rate concrete modulus E, value at the various loading stages and in achieving values of
creep coefficients that are neither under nor overestimated.
7.7.4 Computer Methods for Deflection Evaluation

Severa} computer approaches and canned programs are available for deflection calcula
tions. They Jend themselves handily for such more refined methods as the timestep
method in Section 7.7.2. Keep in mind, however, that the deflection under short and long
term loading is governed by a variety of possible conditions too numerous to be covered by
a single set of rules for calculating deflections. These conditions are related to ali proper
ties of the concrete constituent materials which affect deflection, particularly longterm de
flection. Hence, except in cases of very large span bridges such as cablestayed bridges,
deflection calculation procedures and methods should be viewed within a ±40 percent vari
ability, if not more. The material properties input to any computer program should becare
fully scrutinized based on laboratory tests if large span structures are involved.
7.7.5 Deflection of Composite Beams

Computing deflections for composite prestressed beams is similar to that for noncompos
ite sections. The process becomes more rigorous if the incremental timesteps method is
used. The additional steps at the various construction stages of the precast element
and the situcast top slab require consideration of the changes in the moments of inertia
from the precast to the composite values at the appropriate stages. Moreover, the differ
ence in the shrinkage characteristics and timestep increments due to the difference in
shrinkage values of the precast section and the added concrete topping increase the rigor
7.8 Permissible Limits of Calculated Deflection 453
of the computational process. Fortunately, the use of computer programs facilitates

speedy evaluation of camber and deflection in composite elements.
7.8 PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF CALCULATED DEFLECTION
The ACI Code requires that the calculated deflection has to satisfy the serviceability re
quirement of maximum permissible deflection for the various structural conditions listed
in Table 7.2. Note that longterm effects cause measurable increases in deflection and
camber with time and result in excessive overstress in the concrete and the reinforce
ment, requiring computation of deflection and camber.
AASHTO permissible deflection requirements, shown in Table 7.3, are more rigor
ous because of the dynamic impact of moving loads on bridge spans.
Following is a stepbystep procedure for computing deflection:
l. Determine the properties of the concrete, including the concrete modulus E0 con
crete creep, and the shrinkage and prestress relationship at the various loading
stages.
2. Choose the time increments to be used in the deflection calculations.
3. Compute the concrete fiber stresses at the top and bottom extreme fibers due to all
loads.
4. Compute the initial strains Eci at the top and bottom fibers and the corresponding
rotations, as well as subsequent strains and rotations. Use the equations
Table 7.2 ACI Mínimum Permissible Ratios of Span (/) to Deflection (o)
(/ = Longer Span)
Type of member Deflection o to be considered (//o)mln
Flat roofs not supporting and not Immediate deflection due to 180ª
attached to nonstructural elements live load L
likely to be damaged by large
deflections
Floors not supporting and not attached Immediate deflection due to 360
to nonstructural elements likely to be live load L
damaged by large deflections
Roof or floor construction supporting or That part of total deflection 480c
attached to nonstructural elements occurring after attachment of
likely to be damaged by large nonstructural elements; sum
deflections of longterm deflection due
Roof or floor construction supporting or to ali sustained loads ( dead 240
attached to nonstructural elements load plus any sustained
not likely to be damaged by large portion of live load) and
deflections immediate deflection due to
any additional live load"
ªLimit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be checked by suitably calculating deflec
tion, including added deflections due to ponded water, and considering longterm effects of ali sustained loads,
camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
'Longterm deflection has to be determined, but may be reduced by the amount of deflection calculated to
occur before attachment of nonstructural elements. This reduction is made on the basis of accepted engineer
ing data relating to timedeflection characteristics of members similar to those being considered.
'Ratio limit may be lower if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to supported or attached ele
ments, but should not be lower than tolerance of nonstructural elements.
454 Chaple, 7 Cambar, Detlectíon, and Crack Control ,
Table 7.3 AASHTO Maximum Permissible Deflection (/= Longer Span)

j
Maxlmum permissibledeflection •:,
1
Type of Deflection Vehiculartrafflc Vehicular and ¡
member considered only pedestrian traffic
Simpleor Instantaneous due to

continuous 800 1000
service live load plus impact
spans
Cantilever arms
300 375
Also, compute the strains at the cgs line and compute the relaxation of the strands
during the first time interval.
5. Compute the total change of stress in the prestressing steel due to creep, shrinkage,
and relaxation acting as a force F at the cgs. Then compute the concrete fiber
stresses at the cgs level due to F
6. Add the result of step 5 to the result of step 3.
7. Repeat the same procedure for all time intervals, and add the effect of superim
posed dead loads.
8. Add the deflections due to live load to get the total deflection f>p
9. Verify whether the computed f>T is within the permissible limits. If not, change the
section.
Figure 7.18 presents a flowchart for computation of deflection by the approximate

timestep method.
7.9 LONG-TERM CAMBER AND DEFLECTION CALCULATION

BY THE PCI MULTIPLIERS METHOD
Example7.6
Given Ípi = 189,000 psi, evaluate the Iongterm camber and deflection of the bonded double
Tbeam in Example 7.3 by the PCI multipliers method, and verify whether the deflection val
ues satisfy the ACI permissible limits. If the beam were to be posttensioned, assume that fp;
would be equal to 189,000 psi after anchorage losses and after eliminating frictional Iosses by
jacking from both beam ends and then rejacking so as to maintain the net Íp; = 189,000 psi
prior to erection. Also, assume that the nonstructural elements attached to the structure will
not be damaged by deflections and that live load is transient. Use E¿ = 4.03 x 106 psi for ali
loads in the solution.
7.9 Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the PCI Multipliers Method 455
e START )
l
1. Input section properties: A., lg, r2, e', eb• Sb, S'. ee e8, RH, VIS
Input load data W0, W50, WL
Input material properties ,;. ,;,, fe, f01, f,;, E01, fpu, fPY' fp;• t; e.:
fpe• Ep,• Ap,• P1, P0, P,, Cu
Time intervals t. prestress loss t1P, «; A, F, Yes
l
2. Calculatefiber stresses at midspan and support section at transfer
P; ( 1+eceb) + ~
f'=- -P1 ( e.e')
1 ~ f =--
e Ac ,2 St cb Ac ,2 Sb
(fcb-f¿)
q,ci =
Ec1h
P1
tl=>
P1
Ac
(
l?
e.e') ,.b=-;:-
(
l+2e,eb)
e r
q,., = (f.b-,:1
E01h
3. Compute
Prestresscamber 6p; t = k1
P1e.22

BE.,
' 1- + k2
9
P1(e, - e.)22
BEc;lg
5W02'4
Selfweightdeflection 60 j. = ---
384Ec,
6081 = -61 + 60 where k1, k2: a function for tendon as in Table 7.1
l
4. Compute 1. M.
= (Mc,y 19 + [1(:::YJ le,~ lg
where(!;)· [1-(\'')}
I., = (nPAP1dJ + n,A,d2) (1 1.6,lnpPp + n,p)
5. Compute 650 =
5Wso2'4
384Ecl• '
l
6
L
5W L_.
= __ 24_
384Ecl,
6. Compute timedependent factors for each time interval

r0.60
c= Cu
' 10 + ro.60
K. = 1.25 ro.11s for moistcured concrete
= 1.13to.!116 for steamcuredconcrete
A
Figure 7.18 Flowchart for computation of deflection.
No Yes
Section noncomposite?
7. Compute total deflection at time step t for noncomposite section
67,, = -6P1 [1 A~ + X(k,C,)] t + 60 (1 + k,C,] + + 6SD (1 + K.k,C,] + + 6L +
8. Total longtermnet deflection for composite se.ction
67., = -6P1 [1 ~~ + K.k,c.x'] + 60 11 + K.k,c.J
J [ APAP ]
+ 6p¡ !~ 1- e + k,Cu ( X - crX')
comp Po
A Pe
where X' = 1
2P.
No Yes
9. Is there another time interval?
Go to step 6
END
Solution:
lg = 86,072 in.4
W0 = 1,019 plf = 84.9 lb/in.
5 X 84.9 (60 X 12)4 1
--------- = 0.99 in. ,i., (14 mm)
384 X 3.49 X 106 X 86,072
Wsv = 100 plf = 8.3 lb/in.
5 X 8.3(60 X 12)4 .
850 = 6
= 0.08 m. ,!. (2.0 mm)
384 X 4.03 X 10 X 86,072
WL = 1,100 plf = 91.7 lb/in.
the section did not crack (See Example 7.3)
7.9 LongTerm Camber and Deflection Calculation by the PCI Multipliers Method 457
Photo 7.5 Typical deflection prior to lirnit state at failure (Nawy et al.).
I, = lg = 86.072 in.4 (max.f, < fr = 530 psi

5 X 91.7 (60 X 12)4
6L =
384 X 4.03 X 106 X 86.072
= 0.93 in.+1 (24 mm)
If the section were cracked, the effective /~ would have had lo be used instead of lg. Using the
PCI multipliers method far calculating deflection at construction erection time (30 days) and
at the final serviceload deflection (5 years). the following are the tabulated values of long
tenn deflection and camber obtained using the applicable PCI multipliers from Table 7.1. U
the section is composite after erection, /comp has to be used in calculating 6L and 6so if the
beam is shored during placement of concrete topping. Lf mild steel reinforcement A, was also
used in this prestressed beam, the reduced multiplier would be used. The C1 multiplier is re
duced by the factor C2 where
Table7.4 LongTerm Camber and Deflection Values in Example 7.6

by PCI Multipliers Method
Erection 6..,. (in.)

Multiplier
Load Transfer 6P Multiplier (noncomposite) Final 6net (in.)
(1) (2) (3)
Prestress 1.89in. r 1.80 3.40in. r 2.45 4.63 in. i
Wo Q,22 tn, J, 1.85 1.83 in. J, 2.70 2.67 in, J,
Net6 0.90 in. t l.57 in. t 1.96 in. r
Wso 0.08in, ! 3.00 0.24 in, J,
Net6 1.49 in. i 1.72 in. t
wl 0.93 in. J,
Final 6 0.90 in. r 1.49 in. i 0.79 in. t
due to the mild steel reinforcement controlling propagation or widening of the flexura!
cracks at longterm loading, hence enhancing stiffness. As an example, assume three No. 5
bars were also used in the prestressed beam,
~ = 3 X 0.31 = 0.43 giving C2 = 2.01

Aps 2.142
As an example of the adjustment of values previously tabulated, the value of the original
camber becomes 3.80 in. i instead of 4.63 in. i shown in the table as a multiplier value of 2.01
is used instead of the previous 2.45 multiplier. Similar adjustment for ali deflection compo
nents can be made applying the relevant correction factor.
From Table 7.4 the camber after erection and installation of the superimposed dead
load at 30 days = 1.49 in. i (38 mm). Also, the final net camber after 5 years = 0.79 in. i
(20 mm), the liveload deflection = 0.93 in. J. (24 mm), and the allowable deflection = l/240 =
(60 x 12)/ 240 = 3.0 in. (76 mm)> 0.79 in. camber if the live load is assumed ali transient in
this case, which is satisfactory.
7.10 LONG-TERM CAMBER ANO DEFLECTION CALCULATION

BY THE INCREMENTAL TIME-STEPS METHOD
Example 7.7
Solve Example 7.6 by the incremental timesteps method assuming that fp; = 189,000 psi and
that prestress Josses are incrementally evaluated at prestressing (7 days after casting), 30
days after transfer (completion of erection and application of the superimposed dead load),
90 days, and 5 years. Assume that the ultimate creep coefficient C,, = 2.35 for the concrete
and fPY = 230,000 psi for the prestressing steel used in the beam. Plot the cambertime and
deflectiontime relationships for the beam, using E, = 4.03 x 106 for ali incremental steps in
this solution, except at transfer, where J;; = 3,750 psi. Assume the beam to be posttensioned.
Use Eps = 27.5 x 106 psi.
Solution:
Instantaneous Stresses, Strains, and Deflections
e; = 57,000V3;750 = 3.49 X 106 psi
From Example 7.3 and Figure 7.9, the initial fiber stresses (psi) and strains (in.fin.) for the
beam at transfer due to prestress force P; and P; + W O are as follows:
Prestress Force P;
Midspan:
t' = + 501 psi (3.1 MPa)
Íb = 3,524 psi (24.3 MPa)
E' = +50l = +144 X 106 in./in.

e 3.49 X 10 6
Ecb = 1,010 X 105 in./in.
Support:
f' = +92 psi (0.7 MPa)
Íb = 2,242 psi (15.5 MPa)
E~= +26 X 106 in./in.

E,b = 642 X 106 in./in.
Note that unless otherwise stated, the modulus E, of concrete should be calculated for the
time change at each incremental time stop.
Continuing, we have
7.10 Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Incremental Time-Steps Method 459
144
Midspan <l>ci = l0l~4 X 106 = 33.94 X 106rad/in.
642 26
Support <l>ei = X 106 = 19.65 X 106 rad/in.
34
From Figure 7.6,
6¡ t = <l>c(i) + (<J>e <l>c) ~:

(60 X 12)2 (60 X 12)2
6¡ t = 33.94 X 106 + (19.65 + 33.94) X 106 X
8 24
(60 X 12)2
= X 106 (33.94 X 2 19.65)
24
= 1.89 in. t (48 mm)
Notice that this value is the same as that obtained by the moment expression in Example 7.3.
Finally,
5 X (1019\60X 12)4
5wl4
Selfwt. 60 = +384E =
12 f = +0.99 in . ..!, (25 mm)
J8 384 X 3.49 X 10 6 X 86,072
Net camber at transfer = 1.89 t + 0.99 ,!, = 0.90 in. t (23 mm)
Time Dependent Factors
(a) Creep. From Equation 3.10,
where fcs = concrete stress at cgs leve!

Ecs = concrete strain at cgs leve!
EcR = unit creep strain per unit stress at ultimate creep = C/Ec
= 2.35 / 4.03 x 106 = 0.583 x 10ó in.fin. per unit stress.
Note that creep strain has to be calculated at the centroid of the reinforcement in
order to calculate the creep loss in prestress.
From Equation 3.9b, the creep coefficient at any time, in days, is
t0.60
C=
t 10 + t0.60
Cu
As an example, at 30 days after transfer
EcRt = EcR( t0.60060) = 0.583 X 106( 300.60060)

. lO+t· 10+30·
= 0.254 X 106 in./in. per unit stress
Creep strains at other time intervals are similarly computed.
(b) Shrinkage of Concrete. From Equation 3.15a for moistcured concrete,

t
EsH,t =t + 35 EsH
where e SH = 800 x 10ó in.fin. for moistcured concrete

Thirty days after transfer, the shrinkage time t = 30 days if the beam is posttensioned
and t = 30 + 7 = 37 days if it is pretensioned. Hence,
EsH,30 = 30 ~ 35 X 800 X 106 = 369 X 106 in./in.

In a similar manner, EsH may be calculated for ali other steps tabulated in Table 7.5.
(e) Relaxation of Strands. From Equation 3.6,

ÍpR (log t2 - log t1 xfp; )
- = 1 O.SS
Ípi 10 fpy
where log t, in hours, is to the base 10, fp/Ípy exceeds O.SS, and ÍpR is the remaining
stress in the steel after relaxation for 30 days = 720 hr after prestressing. If the relax
ation loss ratio is
ÍpR
R = 1 = (log 720 Ox189,000
O.SS
)
= 0.078
fp; 10 230,000
we must find the R values for ali timesteps using t1 = O as a base.
Table 7.5 gives the incremental timedependent parameters for prestress loss factors
in this example for time steps 7, 30, 90, and 365 days, and 5 years after prestressing.
Table 7.5 TimeDependent Incremental Prestress Loss Factors in Example 7.7
Time Creep x 10-5 Shrlnkage x 1 o-6 Relaxatlon
Days EcR, t ~ECR EsH,t ~ESH R ~R

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
PIS (7 day) o 133 133 o

30 0.254 0.254 369 236 0.0776 0.0776
90 0.349 0.095 576 207 0.0906 0.0130
365 0.452 0.103 730 154 0.1071 0.0165
5 yrs 0.525 0.073 785 55 0.1261 0.0190
D. = Incremental increase. Columns 2, 4, and 6 give cumulative values.
Transfer to Erection (Step end = 30 days)

(a) Concrete Fiber Stresses at the cgs Leve! for Calculation of Creep
The tendon eccentricities are e¿ = 22.02 in. and ee = 12.77 in. Figure 7.19 gives the in
stantaneous stresses and the corresponding gross strains before losses due to prestress.
From the figure,
+ 26 X. 106 in./in.
3524 -1010X 10s 2242 642 X 10~
Stress Strain Stress Strain
(a) (b)
Figure 7.19 Stress and strain at transfer due only to prestress befare losses in
Example 7.7. (a) Midspan section. (b) Support section.
26.02
Íbcc = 3,524 X + = 3,080 psi (C) (21.2 MPa)
26_02 3_75
3,080 6. .
Ebcc = = 764 X 10 m./m.
4.03 X 10 6
19.66 .
Íbec = 2,242 X + 13.00 = 1,350 psi (C) (9.3 MPa)
19_66
1,350 6. .
Ebec = 6 = 335 X 10 m./m.
4.03 X 10
Creep Incremental Strain
ÍlEcR = llEéR X stress f at cgs
From Table 7.5 llEéR = 0.254 X 106 in./in. per unit stress. So
Midspan ÍlE.cR = ÍlEc;R X Íbcc = 0.254 X 106 (3,080) = 782 X 106 in./in.
Support ÍlECR = ÍlEéR X Íbec = 0.254 X 106 (1,350) = 343 X 106 in./in.
Shrinkage Incremental Strain
ÍlEsH = 236 X 106 in./in.
Relaxation Stress Loss
llfR3o = 0.0776 X 189,000 = 14,666 psi (101.0 MPa)
Total Steel Stress Loss
!Ji.fr = (!Ji.ECR + ÍlEsH)Eps + !Ji.fR
Midspan llfn0 = (782 + 236) X 106 X 27.5 X 106 + 14,666 = 42,661 psi
Support llfn0 = (343 + 236) X 106 X 27.5 X 106 + 14,666 = 30,589 psi
Hence, use an average llfno =! (42,661 + 30,589) = 36,625 psi (253 MPa).
(b) Corresponding Change in Concrete Fiber Stresses and Strains Prestress force loss
llP30 = llf nr0-ps = 36,625 x 2.448 = 89,658 lb. (399 kN)
(i) Midspan Section (1 psi= 6.895 x 103 MPa)
llf, = _ llP30
A,
(l _ ec1)
r2
= _ 89,658
978
(
l
_ 22.02 x 8.23)
88.0
= +97 psi (T)
+97 6. .
ÍlE~ = +24 X 10 m./m.
4.03 X 10 6
!Ji.F = _ llP30
1b A,
(l + ecb) = _ 89,658
r2 978
(l + 22.02 X
88.0
25.77) = _6 83 . (C)
psi
ÍlE,b = -683 =169 X 106in/in

4.03 X 106 • .
(ii) Support Section
llf' = _ 89,658
978
(l _ 12.77 X 8.23) = + 1 8 . (T)
88.0 psi
.
t
ÍlE1 = +
18
= +4 X 106 in./in .
l e 4.03 X 106
l
!Ji.F __ 89,658 ( + 12.77 X 25.77) _ .( )
vb - 978 1 88.0 43 5 psi e
435
IÍEeb = = 108 X 106 in./in.
4.03 X 10 6
(e) Net Strains, Resulting Curvatures, and Camber
Net creep strain (in.fin.)
(i) Fiber gross strain
Midspan
.:iehc = /¿ X .:ieéR = + 501 X 0.254 X 106 = + 127 X 106 in./in.
IÍEcRcb = Í?b X .:ieéR = 3,524 X 0.254 X 106 = 895 X 105 in./in.
Support
IÍE~Re = +92 X 0.254 X 106 = +23 X 105 in./in.
IÍEcReb = 2,242 X 0.254 X 106 = 569 X 106 in./in.
Net strains (in.fin.)
1ÍnetEcR = IÍEcR .:iep,
where .:iep, is the strain loss due to prestress loss .:if in part (b) of the solution.
From Figure 7.20, we have the following:
Midspan
IÍE~Rc,net = IÍE~Rc IÍE~,c = ( + 127 24)106 in./in. = + 103 X 106
IÍEc Rcb ,net = IÍEcRcb - .:iep,cb = (895 + 169)106 in./in. = 726 X 105
Support
IÍE~Reb,net = IÍE~Re IÍE~se = (+23 4)106 in./in. = +19 X 106
IÍEcRe,net = IÍEcReb IÍEpseb = (569 + 108)106 in./in. = 461 X 105
(ii) Curvatures (radlin.)
.:iq>30 is the added curvature due to losses at the end of 30 days after transfer based
on the adjusted net strains, in other words the curvature increment for this step.
Midspan
IÍEcRcb net IÍE~Rcnet (726 103)106
1Íq>c30= , h .
34
+23 X 10s
-:¡ i.h X ,oe
:tt
108 X ,o6
~n•t €•
569 X 105
(a) (b)
Figure 7.20 Creep incremental strains at 30 days in Example 7.7.

= 24.38 X 106 rad/in. (0.96 X 106 rad/mm)

Support
~ECReb,net ~E~Re,net (461 19)106
~<l>e30 = h 34
= 14.12 X 106 rad/in. (0.54 X 106 rad/mm)

(iii) Total Curvature (radlin.) and camber
From before, <l>ci = 33.94 x 10ó rad/in. and <l>ei = 19.65 x 10ó rad/in. So the total
curvature at 30 days after transfer is
<l>r = <!>¡ + ~<!>30
Midspan
<l>TcJo = (33.94 24.38) X 106 rad/in. = 58.32 X 106(2.30 X 106 rad/mm)

Support
<l>reJO = (19.65 14.12) X 106 = 33.77 X 106(1.33 X 106 rad/mm)
From Figure 7.6, the camber due to prestress at the end of 30 days for singly
harped tendon beam is
( ¡2) ¡2
8?30 t = <l>Tc3\
8 + ( <!>Te3o <l>rc3o) 24
(60 X 12)2 (60 X 12)2

= 58.32 X 106 + (33.77 58.32)106 X
8 24
namely,
(60 X 12)2 6
830(camb} 1 = (58.32 X 2 + 33.77) X 10
24
= 3.24 in. t (82 mm)
(d) Long-term Deflections Due to Gravity Loads at 30 Days after Transfer. Assume E¿ =
4.03 x 10ó psi as a reasonable value for the modulus of concrete for the rest of the ex
ample. We have W O= 1019 plf = 84.9 lb/in. Also,
Selfweight deflection 80 = = +0.99 in . ..1(25 mm) from before

3::~ e 8
Wso = lOOplf
5 X lOO (60 X 12)4

_ 12
6
SO - 384 X 4.03 X 106 X 169,020
= + 0.08 in . ..! (1.5 mm)
t 0.60 300.60
C, = 060 Cu= X 2.35 = 1.02
10 + t · 10 + 30060·
( C, for W50 at 15 days = 0.80)
8030 = 0.99(1 + 1.02) = +2.00 in . ..! (51 mm)
65030 = 0.08(1 + 0.80) = +0.14 in . .! (4 mm)
6L = O (building occupied at 90 days)
Total gravity load deflections = 2.00 + 0.14 +O= +2.14 in.,!. (31 mm)
8net30 = 3.24 i + 2.14 .! = 1.10 in. i (28 mm) (camber)
Service-Load Ste~90 Days a/ter Transfer

(a) New Reduced Concrete Fiber Stresses and Strains Due to Prestress Losses in the Previ-
ous Stage
Prestressing force change = t:.P,
(i) Midspan
t' = +50197 = +404 psi
Íb = 3,524 + 683 = 2,841 psi
+404 6. .
E~ = 4.03 X 106 + 100 X 10 m./m.
Ecb = 705 X 106 in./in.

(ii) Support
t' = +92 18 = +74psi
Íb = 2,242 + 435 = 1,807 psi
E~= +18 x 106 in./in.
E,b = 448 X 106 in./in.
From Figure 7.21,

26.02 .
Íbcc = 2,841 X + = 2,483 psi
26_02 3_75
Ebcc = 616 X 106 in./in.
19.66 .
Íbec = 1,807 X + l3.0 = 1,088 psi
19_66
Ebec = 270 X 106 in./in.
Creep Incremental Strain
tleéR = 0.095 X 106 in./in. per unit stress (Table 7.5)
Midspan ás.j, = !le'CRfbcc = 0.095 X 106(2,483) =236 X 106in./in.
Support flEcR = tle'cR Íbec = 0.095 X 106 (1,088) = 103 X 106 in./in.
rr-~;
r
34" ~
.
+100 X 106 in.fin.
1.34"
f___!74 psi
.t
ID
ID
ai
+18 X ,o6
~ 2841 705 1807 -448

3.75"
Stress Strain Stress Strain
(a) (b)
Figure 7.21 Adjusted stress and strain at 30 days dueto prestress only in Ex-
ample 7.7. (a) Midspan section. (b) Support section.
7 .1 O Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Incremental Time-Steps Method 465
Shrinkage Incremental Strain

Cl.esH = 207 X 106 in./in.
Relaxation Stress Loss
Cl.fR = 0.0130(189,000 36,625) = 1,981 psi
Total Steel Stress Loss
ó..fr = (ó..eCR + ó..EsH)Eps + Cl.fR
Midspan ó..f790 = (236 + 207) X 106 X 27.5 X 106 + 1,981 = 14,164 psi
Support ó..f790 = (103 + 207) X 106 X 27.5 X 106 + 1,981 = 10,506 psi
Hence, use an average Cl.f190 =! (14,164 + 10,506) = 12,335 psi
(b) Correspnding Change in Concrete Fiber Stresses and Strains. Prestress force Joss ó..P90
= Cl.fr910-ps = 12,335 X 2.448 = 30,196 Jb (134 kN)
(i) Midspan Section (1 psi= 6.895 x 103 MPa)
30,196
ó..f' = +97 X = +33 psi
89,658
ó..fb = 230 psi
Cl.e~ = +8 X 106 in./in.
Cl.e,b = 57 X 106 in./in.
(ii) Support Section
ó..f' = +6 psi
Cl.fb = 147 psi
Cl.e~ = +2 X 106 in./in.
Ó..Eeb = 36 X 106 in./in.
(e) Net Strains, Resulting Curvatures, and Camber
(i) Net creep strain (in.fin.)
Fiber gross strain
Midspan
Ó..EcRc = no X Cl.eéR = +404 X 0.095 X 106 = +38 X 106 in./in.
Cl.EcRcb = Í30b X Cl.eéR = 2,841 X 0.095 X 106 = 270 X 106 in./in.
Support
ó..ehe = +74 X 0.095 X 106 = +7 X 106 in./in.
Cl.ecReb =1,807 X 0.095 X 106 =172 X 106in./in.
Net strains (in.fin.)
Midspan
Ó..EcRc,net = Ó..EcRc - Ó..E~sc = (+38 8) X 106 = +30 X 106
Cl.EcRcb.net = Cl.EcRcb - Cl.Epscb = (270 + 57) X 106 = 213 X 106
Support
Cl.EcRe,net = Cl.EcRe Ó..E~se = (+7 2) X 106 = +5 X 106
Cl.EcReb,net = Cl.EcReb = Cl.epseb = (172 + 36) X 106 = 136 X 106
1
¡'
(ii) Curvature (radlin.)

Midspan
IÍEc,c,net IÍE~Rcb,net (213 30) X 106
.:i<!>c90 = h 34
= 7.15 X 106 rad/in.
Support
IÍEc Reb net IÍE~ Re net (136 5)106
.:i<l>e<JO = ' h '
34
= 4.15 X 106 rad/in.
(iii) Total Curvature (radlin.) and camber

From before, <l>cJo = 58.32 x 106 rad/in. and <l>eJO = 33.77 x 106. So the total cur
vature is
and we also have the following:

Midspan <!>rc<JO = (58.32 7.15) X 106 = 65.47 X 106 (1.72 rad/mm)
Support <l>Te90 = (33.77 4.15) X 105 = 37.92 X 105 (1.04 rad/mm)
8P90 ( camber) t = <!>rc<JO ( %) + (<l>r,90 <!>rc<JO) ;:

(60 X 12)2 (60 X 12)2
= 65.47 X 106 + (37.92 + 65.47) X 106 X
8 24
(60 X 12)2
= (65.47 X 2 + 37.92) X 106
24
= - 3.65 in. t (93 mm)
(d) Long-term Deflections Dueto Gravity Loads at 90 Days after Transfer

t = 90 days
,0.60 900.60
C, = 10 + ,o.60 Cu = 10 + 90060 X 2.35 = 1.41
( C, = 1.27 for t = 60 days)

8D9o = 8;(1 + C,) = 0.99(1 + 1.41) = +2.39 in. 1. (51 mm)
8sD<JO = 0.08(1 + 1.27) = +0.17 in.]
8L (from Example 7.6) = +0.93 in. L

So the total deflection at 90 days due to gravity loads is
8g = +2.39 + 0.18 + 0.93 = +3.50 in. ,1. (89 mm)
and the net deflection is
Net 8net,90 = 3.65 t +3.5 1. = 0.51 in. t(4 mm) (camber)
ServiceLoad Deflection at 5 Years

The same steps as the previous give the results tabulated in Tables 7.6 and 7.7, while a
plot of the cambers and deflections as a function of time is shown in Figure 7.22. The deflec
tiontime relationship becomes almost asymptotic.
From Table 7.7, the final net deflection (camber) at five years is 0.87 in., which is much
less than the maximum allowable deflection or camber. From Table 7.2, 8r = l/240 = 60 x 12 /
,:, ............
e 1iB
......
N+ C'">
7 + 1
w ~'"U) 1
<]
o
e
.._.a
<] 00 V"\
,:, ...... C')
e + ,.
w ....<]
e .._.a
al
c.
°'
<]
U)
,:, ...... o
C')
:E ....
<]
+ 1
...FE
<]
......
=,
00
,....,
r-,
-; CII
en e • ·.;;
ca e CII'° e o.
E

Q) v:)
o.. ..111: ·
el!!
-.cU>ux
o....,
i ·-
- I!:! ..... .E
C')
N
V"\
V"\
§_
E
(1)
X
w "' .5
.s
U) .5 ... U)
Q) ca e'° e11 u,
C) !:;CII¡ C..f
e 0 E o . o C') r
(1) Q.Cll'l""CU> V"\ -o
s:
o e11t;xi::;:: 1 1
e
-~
o·-
CII e e e
·-:::,
Ü)
"C
e
(1)
,:, o 00 ~
U)
U) e ~ -o
l!:> w ......
1
Ü)
E
e
ca
~C) c.
U)
o
e ,:,
o
...J :E
c.
e11$
·~
U)
E u,,:, >,
ca V"\
·
1 ca CII
e e o
C')
c
C') 467

CII e.
z·- f
v
,.....
,.....
1
e
o
~CI)
V) r N
CI) "C \C) o N
e
°'
>I
U)
,..... .¿. oó
w
;O
res,... 1 7 <')
1
:i X¿
E CI) ·-
::::, :i :;, e
res N
so::::,e:
U -res IV
... c. ,.....
V)
U) °'oó oó
1- u
"C
:E "i' ~
,.....
"C . V)
\C) ,.....
N ,.....
V)
,=
N
,=
°'
U)
1 e e ,..... .¿.
,.....
o w <I 1 1
CI) ,-
:i X ¿
1ii e :§
C: CII res
::::, E ...
e
IV o
oeu c.
U)
"C
e"
<I
r-
,= e
e
" :E E
,...:
Q)
"'"
V)
N
c. 11
E .,.....5
t1l
X
w
e: o °' ,. . .
,..... \C)
CI)
e: "C
e + .,.
o w
~ U)
'$ CI
·-o
o I!!,...
"O
e: 0 X •
c.- e
...
CI) C:::::
t1l
CI) CI) •
~
::::,
...u e.=
CI)
1ií CI) u
i::
::::, Z.= e
o res o
E c.
U)
Q) "C
1-;- :§
Cl
e:
o
...J
g.-c
--
CI) U)
E ~
·- .......... e
1- res u, CII e e o
<')
468
7 .11 Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Approximate Time-Steps Method 469
Prestress
camber
4.0
1
1
1
.5 2.0 1
1
.8E
.
o
1355
1
1
o
Time (days)
.5
e
.2 All loads
s.
ü
+2.0 deflection
o
Figure 7.22 Prestressed camber and load deflections vs. time in Example 7.7.
240 = 3.09 in. >> 0.09 in. Hence, the bearn satisfies the serviceability requirernents for time
dependent deflection. Note that longtenn creep losses can be considerably reduced by Lhe
addition of nonprestressed reinforcement to the section at the compression side.
7.11 LONG-TERM CAMBER ANO DEFLECTION CALCULATION

BY THE APPROXIMATE TIME-STEPS METHOD
Example7.8
Solve Example 7.6 by the approximate timesteps method using the same allowable steel and
concrete stresses, Compare this solution with those of Examples 7.6 and 7.7.
Photo 7.6 Deflection at failure of prestressed Tbeam with confining reinforce

ment (Nawy, Potyoody).
Solution:
Datafor This Altemative Solution. From Example 7.7,
P; = 462,672 lb
P, = 379,391 lb
Aps = 2.448 in.2

Cu= 2.35
C,30 = 1.02
C190 = 1.41
c,365 = 1.82
C15y, = 2.12
Use the same C1 value for &sn as for &n, and consider it accurate enough. Then
Ka = l.25t0·118 for moistcured concrete
t = age at Joading, in days = 30, 90, 365, 5 yr
k = 1
r 1 + As/Aps
where A/Aps << 1.0 under normal conditions
=
Use k, 1 as accurate enough for practica! purposes, since usually A/Aps << l.
lnstantaneous Camber and Deflections. From Example 7.3,
&;(P,) = &p; = instanteous intital prestress camber = 1.89 in. t
&;(D) = instanteous deadload deflection = +0.99 in.!

&;(SD) = instantaneous superimposed deadload deflection = +0.08 in.!
&L = liveload deflection = +0.93 in.!
From Equation 7.26, the incremental timestep net deflection is
&Pis the deflection (camber) dueto prestressing = &i(P;! and TI= Pe!P¡, From Equation 7.27,
the total net deflection due to loads is
&T = &P[ 1 ~ + X.(k,C,)] t+ &n[l + k,C,J! + &sn[l + Kak,C1J-!- + &L-!-
where !:l.P = (P0 - P,) is the total loss of prestress excluding any initial elastic loss,
X. = 1 !:l.P/2P"' and &P and TI are as before.
=
Transfer to Erection (30 days). Assume P0 P¡, Then !:l.P = P; - P, = 462,672
379,391 = 83,281 lb, and !:l.PIP; = 83,281/462,672 = 0.18. So
X. = l _ 83,281 = 0.91
2 X 462,672
k, = 1
Kª = 1.25(30)0·118 = 0.84
e,= 1.02
7. 11 Long-T erm Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Approximate Time-Steps Method 471
8730 = 1.89(1 0.81 + 0.91 X 1.02) t +0.99(1 + 1.02)!,
+ 0.08(1 + 0.84 X 1.02) !, +O

= 3.30 t + 2.15! = 1.15 in. t (29 mm)
Service-Load Deflection (90 days). The total interval from transfer is t = 90 days. So
we have
Ka = 1.25(90)0·118 = 0.74
et= 1.41
8L = +0.93 in. t
8T90 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 X 1.41) t +0.99(1 + 1.41)!,
+0.08(1 + 0.74 X 1.41) ,!. +0.93!,

= 3.97 t + 3.48! = 0.49 in. t (12 mm)
Service-Load Deflection at 365 days
Ka= 1.25(365)0·118 = 0.62
e,= 1.82
87365 = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 X 1.82) t +0.99(1 + 1.82)!,
+ 0.08(1 + 0.62 X 1.82)!, +0.93!,
= 4.68 t + 3.89! = 0.79 in. t (20 mm)
Service-Load Deflections at 5 Years

Ka = 1.25(1,825)0·118 = 0.52
et= 2.12
8rsyr = 1.89(1 0.18 + 0.91 X 2.12) t +0.99(1 + 2.12)!
+ 0.08(1 + 0.52 X 2.12)!, + 0.93!,
= 5.20 t + 4.19! = 1.01 in. t (26 mm)
Comparison of Defl.ection Calculations by the Three Methods. Table 7.8 gives the cal
culated values of camber and deflection using the three methods in Examples 7.6, 7.7, and
7.8. The minus sign () indicates upward camber T, and the plus sign (+) indicates downward
Table 7.8 Camber and Deflection Comparisons (8 lnch)
Time Methods
at
step PCI multipllers Incremental time-step Approximatetlme-step
end,
days Camber 89 8net Camber 89 8net Camber 89 8net
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
7 1.89 +0.99 0.90 1.89 +0.99 0.90 1.89 +o.99 0.90

30 3.40 +1.91 1.49 3.24 +2.14 1.10 3.30 +2.15 1.15
90 3.65 +3.50 0.15 3.97 +3.48 0.49
365 4.09 +3.93 0.16 4.68 +3.89 0.79
5 yrs 4.63 +3.84 0.79 4.35 +4.26 0.09 5.20 +4.19 1.01
Photo 7.7 TypicaJ cracking propagation in prestressed concrete beams (Nawy

et al.).
deflection J.. The camber is the upward deflecríon due to the prestress force less the reduc
tion in deflection due to selfweight.
Comparison of the net deflections shows that the multipliers method and the approxi
mate timesteps method give essentially comparable results, while the incremental timesteps
method gives slightJy lower camber values (approximately Hn. difference). This variation is
expected beca use incremental prestress losses are determined at each step rather than as a sin
gle lurnpsum loss taken at the final stage. Toe incremental time step method is timeconsurn
ing. and use of computers is necessary to justify its use. A large nurnber of incremental time
steps need to be investigated in largespan major strucrures such as segmenta! or cablestayed
bridges where accuracy of deflection and computations of camber are of a major concem.
7.12 LONG-TERM DEFLECTION OF COMPOSITE DOUBLE-T CRACKED BEAM
Example7.9
A 72fl (21.9 m) span simply supported roof normal weight concrete doubleTbeam (Figure
7.23) is subjected to a superimposed topping load Wso = 250 plf (3.65 kN/m) and a service
live load WL =280 plf (4.08 kN/m). CalcuJate the shortterm (immediare) camber and deflec
tion of this beam by (a) the Je rnethod, (b) the bilinear method as well as the timedependent
7.12 Long-Term Deflection of Composite Double-T Cracked Beam 473
1 •010·o· (3.05 m)------<•~¡

Torgf::!~=~~=::!:::~===~~=!'!"'!"~h
j_
·
1}·
*~
PCl,.,;oo
2" 2 32"
10LDT32 + 2
(12801)
Figure 7.23 Double-T composite beam in Example 7.9.
deflections after 2in. topping is cast (30 days) and the final deflection (5 years), using the
PCI multipliers method. Given prestress losses 18%.
Noncomposlte Composite
Ac, in.2 615 (3,968 cm2) 855 (5,516 cm2)

(,in.4 59,720 (24.9 x 105 cm") 77,118 (32.1 x 105 cm")
r2, in.2 97 (625 cm2) 90 (580 cm2)
cb, in. 21.98 (558 mm) 24.54 (623 mm)
c.; in. 10.02 (255 mm) 9.46 (240 mm)
Sb, in.' 2,717 ( 4.5 x 104 cm") 3,142 (5.1 x 104 cnr')
S', in.' 5,960 (9.8 x 104 cm") 8,152 (13.4 x 104 cm")
Wd, plf 641 (9.34 kN/m) 891 (13.0 kN/m)
VIS= 615/364 = 1.69 in. (43 mm)

RH=75%
ec = 18.73 in. (476 mm)
e,= 12.81 in. (325 mm)
f ~ = 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa)
f ~; = 3,750 psi (25.9 MPa)
topping j', = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)
f, at bottom fibers = 12'Vf: = 849 psi (5.9 MPa)
Aps = twelve !in. dia lowrelaxation prestressing steel depressed at midspan only
fpu = 270,000 psi (1,862 MPa), low relaxation

fp; = 189,000 psi (1,303 MPa)
Íp¡ = 200,000 psi (1,380 MPa)
/py = 260,000 psi (1,793 MPa)
Eps = 28.5 x 106 psi (19.65 x 104 MPa)
Solution by the 1, Method

l. Midspan Section Stresses
/p¡ = 200,000 psi at Jacking
Jp; assumed = 0.945/p¡ = 189,000 psi at transfer
ec = 18.73 in. (475 mm)
P; = 12 X 0.153 X 189,000 = 347,004 lbs (1,540 kN)
1!
:,
'
SelfWeight Moment
641(72)2 .
Mv = X 12 = 4,984,416 m.lb
8
(a) At Transfer
From Equation 4.la,
r = - ;: ( 1 e~,)- :~
= _ 347,004 ( _ 18.73 X 10.02) 4,984,416
615 l 97 5,960
= +527.44 836.31
= 308.87 psi ( C), say 310 psi ( C) (2.1 MPa) < 0.60fc1 = 0.60(3,750)
= 2,250 psi, O.K.
From Equation 4.lb,
fb=-- P¡ ( 1 +- eccb) +-u;

Ac ,2 Sb
= _ 347,004 (l + 18.73 X 21.98) + 4,984,416

615 97 2,717
= 2,958.95 + 1,834.53
= 1,124.42 psi ( C), say 1,125 psi ( C) < 2,250 psi, 0.K.
(b) After Slab Is Cast
At this load level assume 18 percent prestress loss
fpe = 0.82fp; = 0.82 X 189,000 = 154,980 psi
P, = 12 X 0.153 X 154,980 = 284,543 lb
For the 2in. slab,
2
Wsv = X 10 ft X 150 = 250 plf (3.6 kN/m)
12
250(72)2 .
Msv = X 12 = 1,944,000 m.lb
8
Mv + Msv = 4,984,416 + 1,944,000 = 6,928,416 in.lb (783 kNm)
From Equation 4.18a,
f' =
P, (
-Ae 1 -
ecc,) -
-;z Mv + Msv
S'
= _ 284,543 ( _ 18.73 X 10.02) 6,928,416

615 l 97 5,960
= +432.5 1,162.5 = 730 psi (5.0 MPa) < 0.45f; = 2,250 psi, O.K.
From Equation 4.18b,
fb=-- P, ( 1+ eccb) +

Mv + Msv
Ac ,2 Sb
= _ 284,543 ( + 18.73 X 21.98) + 6,928,416

615 l 97 2,717
= - 2,426.33 + 2,550.02 = + 123.7 (0.85 MPa), say 124 psi (T), O.K.
This is a very low tensile stress when the unshored slab is cast and befare the ser
vice load is applied, «12 Vf:
= 849 psi.
(e) At Service Load for the Precast Section
Section modulus far composite section at the top of the precast section is
77,118 . 3
se -
1
9.46 _
2
10,337 m
280(72)2
ML = X 12 = 2,177,288 in.lb (246 kNm)
8
from Equation 4.19a,
t' =_Pe
Ac
(l _ ecc')-
?
MD + MSD _ McsD + ML
S S~
McsD = superimposed dead load = O in this case
, _
f - -73 º 2,177,288
10,337
= 730 210 = 940 psi (6.5 MPa)(C), O.K.
from Equation 4.19b,

2177 288
Íb = + 123.7 + '3 1~2
,
= + 123.7 + 693.0
= +816.7, say 817 psi (T) (5.4 MPa) < t. = 849 psi, O.K.
(d) Composite Slab Stresses
Precast doubleT concrete modulus is
E; = 57,000\/J: = 57,000V5,000 = 4.03 X 106 psi (2.8 X 104 MPa)
Situcast slab concrete modulus is
t; = 57,000\/3,000 = 3.12 X 106 psi (2.2 X 104 MPa)

Modular ratio
n = 3.12 X 106 = 0.77

P 4.03 X 106
s; far 2in. slab top fibers = 8,152 in.
3 from data.
Scb far 2in. slab bottom fibers = 10,337 in.' from befare for top of precast section.
ML
Stress f :s at top slab fibers = n S b
2,177,288
= 0.77 X = 207 psi (1.4 MPa) (C)
8 ,1 5 2
Stress Ícsb at bottom slab fibers
2,177,288
= 0.77 X lü,337 = 162 psi (1.1 MPa) ( C)
2. Support Section Stresses

Check is made at the support face (a slightly less conservative check can be made at
50db from end).
e¿ = 12.81 in.
(a) At Transfer
t' = _ 347,004 (l _ 12.81 X 10.02) O

615 97
= +182.psi(T)(l.26MPa) << 2,250psi,O.K.
__ 347,004 ( + 12.81 X 21.98) +
Íb - 615 l 97 O
= 2,202 psi (C) (15.2 MPa) < 0.60/;; = 2,250 psi, O.K.
(b) After slab is cast and at service load, the support section stresses both at top and
bottom extreme fibers were found to be below the allowable, hence, O.K.
Summary of Midspan Stresses (psi)

ft fb
Transfer P, only +433 2,426

Wo at transfer 1,163 +2,550
Net at transfer 730 +124
Externa! load (WL) 210 +693
Net total at service 940 +817
3. Camber and Deflection Calculation

At Transfer
Initial
s; = 57,000Y3,570 = 3.49 X 106 psi (2.2 X 104 MPa)

From before, 28 days
e, = 4.03 X 106 psi (2.8 X 104 MPa)

Dueto initial prestress only, from Figure 7.6
P;eJ2 P;(e, - ec)l2

8=+
1 8EcJg 24EcJg
(347,004) (18.73) (72 X 12)2
8(3.49 X 106)59,720
(347,004) (12.81 18.73) (72 X 12)2
+-------------
24(3.49 X 106)59,720
= 2.90 + 0.30 = 2.6 in. (66 mm) t
Selfweight intensity w = 641/12 = 53.42 lb/in.
Selfweight 8v =
3
!wt4EcJg for uncracked section
5 X 53.42(72 X 12)4
= = 1.86 in. (47 mml l-1
384(3.49 X 106)59,720
Thus the net camber at transfer
= 2.6 + 1.86 = 0.74 in. (19 mm) t
4. Immediate Service Load Deflection

(a) Effective le Method
Modulus of Rupture
t. = 7.5~ = 7.5VS,OOO = 530 psi

fb at service load= 817 psi (5.4 MPa) in tension (from before ). Hence, the section
is cracked and the effective le from Eqs. 3.19( a) or (b) should be used.
dP = 18.73 + 10.02 + 2 (topping) = 30.75 in. (780 mm)
_ Aps _ 12(0.153) _ X _4
Pp bd; - 120 X 30.75 4·98 10
From Equation 7.13,
nP = 28.5 X 106/4.03 X 106 = 7 to be used in Equation 7.13

Equation 7.13 gives le,= 11,110 in.4 (4.63 x 105 cm"), use.
From Equation 7.3a and the stress [pe and fd values already calculated for the
bottom fibers at midspan with [, = 7 .5 ~ = 530 psi.
Moment Me, due to that portion of live load that causes cracking is
Me, = Sb(7.5Vf'c + fce - fd)

= 3,142(530 + 2,426 2,550)
= 1,275,652 in.lb
M., unfactored maximum live load moment = 2,177,288 in.lb
Me, = 1,275,652 =
0_586
M. 2,177,288
where Me, is the moment due to that portian of the live load that causes cracking
and M. is the maximum service unfactored live load.
Using the preferable PCI expression of (Mc,IM.) from Equation 7.11, and the
stress values previously tabulated,
Me,= l _fa - f, = l _ (817 530) = 0_586

M. ÍL 693
( !:J = (0.586)3 = 0.20
Hence, from Equation 7.lOb,
le = Mª lg + [ 1 (Mc,)
( Mª)3 M. 3]
le, s lg
le = 0.2(77,118) + (1 0.2)11,110
= 15,424 + 8,888 = 24,312 in4
w50 = :2 (891 641) = 20.83 lb/in.
WL = X 280 = 23.33 lb/in.

112
5w[4 5 X 23.33(72 X 12)4

B
L - 384EJ, - 384(4.03 X 106)24,312
= + l. 73 in. ( 45 mm) l ( as an average value)

When the concrete 2in. topping is placed on the precast section, the resulting top
ping deflection with 18 = 59,720 in.4
5 X 20.83(72 X 12)4
B = = +0.63 in.+ 1
SD 384( 4.03 X 106)59,720
Solution by Bilinear Method
Ínet = Ícb - 7.5'A v'j; = 817 530

= +287 psi (T) causing cracking
fL = tensile stress caused by live load alone
= +693 psi (T)
w LI = Portion of live load not causing cracking
W¿ 693 287
= (f¿ - Ínet) ÍL = X 280 plf
693
= 0.586 X 280 = 164.1 plf = 13.68 lb/in.
Bu dueto uncracked 18
5wul4 5 X 13.68(72 X 12)4

B
LI -384Ee l g 384( 4.03 X 106)77, 118
= 0.32 in. l
wL2 = W¿ - W¿¡ = (280 164.1) = 9.66 lb/in.

1~
3¿2 dueto cracked t;
5 X 9.66(72 X 12)4
384(4.03 X 106)11,110
= 1.57 in. l
Total liveJoad deflection prior to prestress losses
= 3¿1 + Bcr = 0.32 + 1.57 = 1.89 in. _¡,

versus 1.73 in. l obtained by the I, method.
From before, B; = 0.74 i
Net shortterm deflection prior to prestress loss is
ªTotal = 0.74 + 1.89 = 1.15 in.l-

5. Long-term Deflection (Camber) by PCJ Multipliers
When the 2in. concrete topping is placed on the precast section, the resulting topping
deflection with 18 = 59,720 in.4 is
5 X 20.83(72 X 12)4
350 = = +0.63 in. (16 mm)
384(4.03 X 106)59,720
Using PCI multipliers at slab topping completion stage (30 days) and at the final ser
vice load (5 years), the following are the tabulated deflection values:
7.13 Cracking Behavior and Crack Control in Prestressed Beams 479
Tran_sfer&P PCI Multiplier

Load m. PCI Multipliers &30 in. (Composite) &Final in.
(1) (2) (3)
Prestress 2.60 1.80 4.68 2.20 5.71 t

+1.86 1.85 +3.44 2.40 +4.46 J.
WD
0.74 Í 1.24 t 1.25 t
Wsv +0.63 J. 2.30 +1.45 J.
WL +1.89 J. + 1.89 J.
Final s 0.74 i +1.28 J, +2.09 J,
Hence, final deflection » 2.1 in. (53 mm) J,
. 12
Allowab 1 e deflection = span / 1 80 = ?2 X = 4 . 8 m.
. > 2.1 . 0 .K.
m.,
180
7.13 CRACKING BEHAVIOR ANO CRACK CONTROL IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS
7.13.1 lntroduction
The increased use of partial prestressing, allowing limited tensile stresses in the concrete
under serviceload and overload conditions while allowing nonprestressed steel to carry
the tensile stresses, is becoming prevalent due to practicality and economy. Conse
quently, an evaluation of the flexura! crack widths and spacing and control of their devel
opment become essential. Work in this area is relatively limited because of the various
factors affecting crack width development in prestressed concrete. However, experimen
tal investigations support the hypothesis that the major controlling parameter is the rein
forcement stress change beyond the decompression stage. Nawy, et al., have undertaken
extensive research since the 1960s on the cracking behavior of prestressed pretensioned
and posttensioned beams and slabs because of the great vulnerability of the highly
stressed prestressing steel to corrosion and other environmental effects and the resulting
premature loss of prestress (Refs. 7.137.17). Serviceability behavior under service and
overload conditions can be controlled by the design engineer through the application of
the criteria presented in this section.
7.13.2 Mathematical Model Formulationfor ServiceabilityEvaluation

Crack Spacing. Primary cracks form in the region of maximum bending moment
when the externa! load reaches the cracking load. As loading is increased, additional
cracks will form and the number of cracks will be stabilized when the stress in the con
crete no longer exceeds its tensile strength at further locations regardless of load in
crease. This condition essentially produces the absolute mínimum crack spacing that can
occur at high steel stresses, here termed stabilized minimum crack spacing. The maxi
mum possible crack spacing under this stabilized condition is twice the mínimum and is
termed the stabilized maximum crack spacing. Hence, the stabilized mean crack spacing
aes is the mean value of the two extremes.
The total tensile force T transferred from the steel to the concrete over the stabi
lized mean crack spacing can be defined as
(7.29)
where 't is a factor reflecting the distribution of bond stress, µ is the maximum bond
stress which is a function of Vf'c,
and I.o is the sum of the reinforcing elements' circum
1
1
l
ferences. The resistance R of the concrete area in tension, A1 can be defined (see Figure
7.24) as
R =AJ'
I t (7.30)
By equating Equations 7.29 and 7.30, the following expression for aes is obtained, where e
is a constant to be developed from the tests:
AJ~
aes= e 2,oVf'c (7.31)
From extensive tests (see Refs. 7.13, 7.14, and 7.15), cf;/Vf'c is found to have an average
value of 1.2 for pretensioned, and 1.54 for posttensioned prestressed beams.
Crack Width. If !l.f. is the net stress in the prestressed tendon or the magnitude of
the tensile stress in the normal steel at any crack width load leve) in which the decom
pression load (decompression here means fe= O at the level of the reinforcing steel) is
taken as the reference point, then for the prestressed tendon
tl.fs = t; - Íd ksi (= 1,000 psi) (7.32)
where t; is the stress in the prestressing steel at any load level beyond the decompression
load and Íd is the stress in the prestressing steel corresponding to the decompression load.
The unit strain Es = tl.f! Es. Beca use it is logical to disregard as insignificant the unit
strains in the concrete due to the effects of temperature, shrinkage, and elastic shorten
ing, the maximum crack width can be defined as
(7.33)
or
Wmax = k' aes (!ifs)ª (7.34)
where k and a are constants to be established by tests.
7.13.3 Expressions for Pretensioned Beams

Equation 7.34 is rewritten in terms of tl.fs so that the following expression at the rein
forcement level is obtained based on large numbers of tests:
Wmax = 1.4 X 10s aes (!l.fs)l.31 (7.35)
I· b-·I 114•>b ....
(a) (b)
Figure 7.24 Effective concrete area in tension. (a) For even distribution of rein-
forcement in concrete. {b} For noneven distribution of reinforcement in concrete.
A 40percent band of scatter envelops ali the data for the expression in Equation 7.35 for
t:..fs = 20 to 80 ksi.
Linearizing Equation 7.35 for easier use by the design engineer leads to the simpli
fied expression
-s A1
Wmax = 5.85 X 10 LO (f:..[s) (7.36a)
of maximum crack width at the reinforcing steel level, anda maximum crack width (in.)
at the tensile face of the concrete of
A
W~ax = 5.85 X 105 R; L~ (f:..fs) (7.36b)
where R; is the ratio of distance from neutral axis to tension face to the distance from
neutral axis to centroid of reinforcement.
A plot of the data and the bestfit expression for Equation 7.36a is given in Figure
7.25 with a 40percent spread, which is reasonable in view of the randomness of crack de
velopment and the linearization of the original expression (Equation 7.35).
7.13.4 Expressions for Post-Tensioned Beams

The expression developed for the crack width in posttensioned bonded beams which
contain mild steel reinforcement is
s A1
Wmax 6.51 X 10 LO (f:..f,) (7.37a)
(kN/mm)
30 50
/
/
A /
Wm,x = 5.85 X 10-5 I:~ ti.f, // •
16 0.4
~
12
8 0.2
o 100 200 300
A
__!_ ti.f, X 103 lb/in.
I:o
Figure 7.25 Linearized maximum crack width versus (A,ll0)M5, pretensioned

beams.
Photo 7.8 Flexura! cracking propagation in pretensioned prestressed Tbeam

(Nawy et al.).
for rhe widtb at tbe reinforcement level closest to tbe tensile Iace, and
A
w:O.U = 6.51 X 105 R, }:~ (6.fs) (7.37b)
at the tensile face of tbe concrete lower fibers.

For nonbonded beams, the factor 6.51 in Equations 7.37a and 7.37b becomes 6.83.
Figure 7.26 gives a regression plot of Equation 7.37a tbat shows a scatter band of ±40 per
cent, wbich is not unexpected in flexura! cracking bebavior. Tbe crack spacing stabilizes
itself beyond an incremental stress 6.fs of 30,000 psi to 35,000 psi, as shown in Figure 7.27,
depending on the total reinforcement percent Pr of botb the prestressed and the nonpre
stressed steel.
Recent work by Nawy et al., on tbe cracking performance of high strength pre
stressed concrete beams, both pretensioned and post-tensioned has shown tbat lhe factor
5.85 in Equation 7.36a is considerably reduced. For concrete strengtbs in the range of
9,000 to 14,000 psi (60 to 100 MPa), tbis factor reduces to 2.75, so tbat the expression for
tbe maximum crack width at tbe reinforcement level (incb) becomes
-s A, )
Wmox = 2.75 X 10 LO (6.fs (7.38a)
In SI units, the expression is
-s A,
Wmax = 4.0 X 10 LO (6.fs) (7.38b)
where A,, cm2: Lo, cm; 6.fs, MPa.

Por more refined values in cases wbere tbe concrete cylinder compressive strength
ranges betweeo 6.000 psi and 12.000 psi or higher, a modifying factor for particular J: val
ues can be obtained from tbe following expressions:
2
>. = (7.39a)
r (o.75 + 0.06vt) yt
For postteosioned beams, tbe reduction multiplier >.0 is
1
>o= (7.39b)
0.75 + 0.06VJ;
(kN/mm)
10 30 50
x10-3,......~~~....-~~~---.~~~~....-~~~-.-~~~~..-/~~~'""'T"~~~--.
/
/
24 /
/ 0.6
= 6.51 X 105 A, t,.f /
Wm•x l:o ,
/
~ 18
...
s:
:!:!
~
.>L
u
eu .
.
/
/
E 12 /
::,
.
,/
E /
·¡:¡
::!:
. . .....,.,. .,.,..,.,..,.,.~40% 0.2
..·::-,,
_,,,,,.,.,,.,...
6 /
,("""' /
l&.~~--'-~~~-'-~~~.....i...~~~ ........ ~~~-'-~~~-'-~~~'--~~-->0

O 100 200 300 400
A,
:Eo t.f, X 103 lb/in.
Figure 7.26 Linearized maximum crack width versus (A,!J..0)M5, post-tensioned

beams.
where ¡; and the reinforcement stress are in ksi.
7.13.5 ACI New Code Provisions

The provisions used for crack control in reinforced concrete through bar spacing is ex
tended to prestressed concrete bonded beams, on the assumption of the desirability of a
"seamless transition" between serviceability requirements for nonprestressed members
16 40
P = 0.25%
.5
30
20
o............_ P=0.60%
.....---co~~~~~~~o:,-~~~~~-
4 P = 1.24%
___,....., __ --CJ----ci~----c;----- ... 10
OL-~~-'-~~--'-~~~'--~~ ...... ~~--'-~~~..._~~.....L.~~

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
Steel stress X 103 (psi)
Figure 7.27 Reinforcement percentage effect on the relationship between crack

spacing and incremental reinforcement stress.
and fully prestressed members. The mechanism of crack generation differs in the pre
stressed beam from that in reinforced concrete due to initially imposed precompression.
Also, effects of environmental conditions are considerably more serious in the case of
prestressed concrete elements due to the corrosion risks to the tendons. These provisions
stipulate that the spacing of the bonded tendons should not exceed 2/3 of the maximum
spacing permitted for nonprestressed reinforcement. The expression for prestressed
members becomes
S = 10 ( ---¡;--
40,000)
- 2.5 Ce (7.40)
but not to exceed 8( 40,000/.:i.fs).

In SI units, the expression becomes
S = 250(21º) 2.5 Ce (7.41)
but not to exceed 200(280/.:i.fs), where .:i.fs is in MPa and ce is in mm units .
.:i.fs = difference between the stress computed in the prestressing tendon at service load
based on cracked section analysis, and the decompression stress Íde in the prestress
ing tendon. The code permits using the effective prestress Ípe in lieu of Íde• ksi. A
limit .:i.fs = 36 ksi, and no check needed if .:i.fs is less than 20 ksi.
ce= clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the flexura} tension reinforce
ment, in.
While the code follows the author's definition of .:i.fs given in Section 7.13.2 (Refs.
7.15, 7.17, 7.18, 7.26), Equations 7.40 and 7.41 still lack the practicability of use as a crack
control measure and the 2/3 factor used to change the multiplier 15 to 10 in Eq. 7.40 and
correspondingly in Eq. 7.41 for maximum tolerable spacing, is arbitrary and not substan
tiated by test results. lt should be emphasized that beams have finite web widths. Such
spacing provisions as presented in the Codeare essentially unworkable, since actual spac
ing of the tendons in almost all practica} cases is less than the code equation limits, hence
almost all beams satisfy the code, though cracking levels may be detrimental in bridge
decks, liquid containment vessels and other prestressed concrete structures in severe en
vironment or subject to overload. They require additional mild steel reinforcement to
control the crack width. Therefore, the expressions presented in Sections 7.13.3 and 7.13.4
in conjunction with Table 7.9 from ACI 224 Report (Refs. 7.3, 7.18), should be used for
safe mitigation of cracking in prestressed concrete members.
7.13.6 Long-Term Effects on Crack-Width Development

Limited studies on crackwidth development and increase with time show that both sus
tained and cyclic loadings increase the amount of microcracking in the concrete. Also,
microcracks formed at serviceload levels in partially prestressed beams do not seem to
have a recognizable effect on the strength or serviceability of the concrete element.
Macroscopic cracks, however, do have a detrimental effect, particularly in terms of corro
sion of the reinforcement and appearance. Hence, an increase of crack width due to sus
tained loading significantly affects the durability of the prestressed member regardless of
whether prestressing is circular, such as in tanks, or linear, such as in beams. lnformation
obtained from sustained load tests of up to two years and fatigue tests of up to one mil
lion cycles indicates that a doubling of crack width with time can be expected. Therefore,
engineering judgment has to be exercised as regards the extent of tolerable crack width
under longterm loading conditions.
7.14 Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned T-Beam Without Mild Steel 485
Table 7.9 Maximum Tolerable Flexura! Crack Widths
Crackwidth
Exposure condition in. mm
Dry air or protective membrane 0.016 0.41
Humidity, moist air, soil 0.012 0.30
Deicing chemicals 0.007 0.18
Seawater and seawater spray;
wetting and drying 0.006 0.15
Waterretaining structures
( excluding nonpressure pipes) 0.004 0.10
7.13.7 Tolerable Crack Widths

The maximum crack width that a structural element should tolerate depends on the par
ticular function of the element and the environmental conditions to which the structure is
liable to be subjected. Table 7.9 from the ACI Committee 224 report on cracking serves
as a reasonable guide on the acceptable crack widths in concrete structures under the
various environmental conditions encountered.
7.14 CRACK WIDTH AND SPACING EVALUATION IN PRETENSIONED

T-BEAM WITHOUT MILD STEEL
Example 7.10
A pretensioned prestressed concrete beam has a Tsection as shown in Figure 7.28. It is pre
stressed with fifteen {¡¡in. dia 7wire strand 270K grade. The locations of the neutral axis
and center of gravity of steel are shown in the figure. f~ = 5,000 psi, E; = 57,000yt;, and
Es = 28 x 106 psi. Find the mean stabilized crack spacing and the crack widths at the steel
level as well as at the tensile face of the beam at !lfs = 30 x 103 psi. Assume that no failure in
shear or bond takes place.
Solution:
!lfs = 30,000 psi = 30 ksi
1
t
10.36"
___ N.A._j_
T1
J
• 3.5"
+++ +++ -~ j_
;-rrlH :~- c.g.s.
-
15~",p
7wire strand
i 1.75" t
14"
Figure 7.28 Beam cross section in Example 7.10.

Photo 7.9 New Maumee River CableStayed Bridge, Toledo. Ohio night rendering.
Toe design includes a unique single pylon ciad with glass emitting LED arrays at night,
single plane of stays, and a main span of 612 feet in both direction. Courtesy of the de
signer, the Figg Engineering Group of Tallahassee, Florida (see Photo 1.18 also)
Mean StabitiiedCrack Spacing

A, = 7 X 14 = 98 sq in.
to= 15,,.0 = 1s,,.(i76) = 20.62 in.

A,)
ªª = 1.2 ( .Lo = 1.2 ( 98 )
20_62
= . (145 mm)
5.7 in.
Maximum Crack Width at Steel Leve/
wmu = 5.85 10s(;~)tlf, = 5.85

X X 10sci.:2)30
= 834.l X 105 in. == 0.0083 in. (0.21 mm)
Maximum Crack Width at Tensile Face of Beam
R· = 25 10.36 = l.31
' 25 10.36 3.5
w' max = Wmax R; = 0.0083 X 1.31 = 0.011 in. (0.28 mm)
7.15 CRACK WIDTH ANO SPACING EVALUATION IN PRETENSIONED

T-BEAM CONTAINING NONPRESTRESSED STEEL
Exarnple 7.11
Toe beam in Exarnple 7.10 also contains tbree #6 nonprestressed rnild steel bars as shown in
Figure 7.29. Find the crack spacing and width for an incremental steel stress 6.fs = 30,000 psi=
30 ksi (207 MPa)
7.16 Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned l-Bearn Containing Nonprestressed Mild Steel 487
fI.______, '
1
10.6"
¡
t
25"
' ~~i
L iC
' 2.75"
15i"<I>
7-wire strand
3#6
i:!ihti
,•·~·*+ '
14"
i J 1.75"
Solution:
Mean Stabilized Crack Spacing
A, = 14(3 X 1.75 + ! X Í6 + li) = 14 X 6.84 = 95.8 in.2
LO= 20.62 + 3 X 2.36 = 27.70 in.
aes ( A,)
= 1.2 LO = 1.2 (95.8) = 4.15 m.
. (105 mm)
27_7
Maximum Crack Width at Steel Level
Wmax = 5.85 X 10
_5 (A,)
LO 11fs = 5.85 X 10
_5 (95.8) 30
27_7
= 606.9 X 105 = 0.0061 in. (0.15 mm)
Maximum Crack Width at Tensile Face of Beam
25 10.6
R; = 25 10.6 2.75 = 1.24
w:Uax = WmaxR; = 0.0061 X 1.24 = 0.007 in. (0.18 mm)
7.16 CRACK WIDTH AND SPACING EVALUATION IN PRETENSIONED

1-BEAMCONTAINING NONPRESTRESSED MILO STEEL
Example 7.12
A pretensioned prestressed concrete 1beam has the geometry shown in Figure 7.30. lt is pre
stressed with twenty i:'6in. dia 7wire 270K grade lowrelaxation strands and four #7 mild
steel bars having yield strength/y = 60,000 psi. Find the mean stabilized crack spacing and the
crack widths at the steel level as well as at the tensile face of the beam at incremental steel
stress 11fs = 20,000 psi (138 MPa). Assume that no failure in shear or bond takes place, and
check whether the crack widths that develop satisfy the crack control criteria for deicing
chemicals.
Solution: 11fs = 20,000 psi= 20 ksi (138 MPa)

t
19.23"
-~~· N.A._J
4#7

A1 = 18 X (3 X 1.75 + ! X ft + lfi,) = 122.06 in.2
Lo = WrrD + 4 X 2.75 = Wrr X ft + 4 X 2.75 = 38.49 in.
aes
A =
= 1.2 ( LO 1)
1.2
(122.06) . (97 mm)
= 3.8 m.
38.49
= 5.85 A ) 105 (122.06)

w
max
X
LO 1 tl,fv» = 5 , 85
105 ( X
38.49
20
= 371.0 X 105 == 0.0037 in. (0.1 mm)

Maximum Crack Width at Tensile Pace of Beam
36 19.23
R; = 36 19.23 2.79 = 1.2
w:Oax = Wmax R; = 0.0037 X 1.2 = 0.004 in. (0.1 mm)
Maximum Allowable Crack Widthfor Deicing. From Table 7.9, the maximum tol
erable crack width for deicing is W max = 0.007 > 0.004 in. (0.1 mm). Hence, serviceability re
quirement is satisfied.
7.17 CRACK WIDTH AND SPACING EVALUATION FOR POST-TENSIONED

T-BEAM CONTAINING NONPRESTRESSED STEEL
Example 7.13
A posttensioned prestressed concrete beam has a Tsection as shown in Figure 7.31. It is
prestressed with twelve isin. dia 7wire strands of 270K grade and additionally reinforced
with four #6 nonprestressed steel bars. The locations of the neutral axis and center of gravity
7.17 Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation for Post-Tensioned T-Beam Containing Nonprestressed Steel 489
.~
1 30"
r(762 mm)
1
5"
(12.7 cm)
-r 9.31"
(23.65cm)
1 ,_________,
22"
(55.9 cm) ---~---L
12 ~ .. </>
7-wire strand
4 #6 bars
of steel are shown in the figure. Assume that f~ = 5,000 psi, E, = 57,000V¡: psi, and
E, = 28,000 ksi. Find the mean stabilized crack spacing and the crack widths at the steel leve!
as well as at the tensile face of the beam at !lfs = 30,000 psi, assuming there is no failure in
shear or bond. Then determine whether the beam satisfies the serviceability criteria for crack
control for humidity and moist air.
Solution:
!lfs = 30,000 psi = 30 ksi

A,= 8 X 12 = 96 in.2
LO = 12 X TI X tr, + 4 X 2.36 = 25.93 in.
A, 96 .
aes = 1.54 LO = 1.54 X = 5.70 m. (145 mm)
25_93
_ _5 A, ( ) _ _5 96
wmax 6.51 X 10 LO 6.fs - 6.51 X 10 X X 30
25_93
= 0.0072 in. (0.18 mm)
Maximum Crack Width at Tensile Pace of Beam

22 9.31
R; = 22 9.31 4 = 1.46
w:nax = Wma,R; = 0.007 X 1.46 = 0.0102 in. (0.26 mm)
Maximum TolerableCrack Widthfor Humidity. From Table 7.9, the maximum tolera
ble crack width for the stated humidity conditions is 0.012 in. (0.3 mm) > 0.0102 in. (0.26
mm), which is satisfactory.
,
490 Chapter 7 Camber, Deflection, and Crack Control l
j
7.18 CRACK CONTROL BY ACI CODE PROVISIONS
Example 7.14
Solve Example 7.10 by the ACI 318 code provisions for crack control.
Solution:
iifs = 30 ksi
Ce= 1.5 in.
From Eq. 7.40,
40,000) .
s = 10 ( 3 2 X 1.5 = 10.3 m.
0,000
Max. allowable = 8 ( 40,000) = 10.7 in. < 12.0 in., O.K.

30,000
From this solution, it is evident that every prestressed concrete beam would satisfy the
ACI code requirements for crack control regardless of the Ioading conditions and/or over
loading, or environmental conditions. It is rare that prestressed or mild steel reinforcement
would ever be spaced within a flange that can violate the code spacing requirements. Hence
the code provisions are not effective, and probably rarely would they be effective for crack
control even in twoway prestressed concrete plates.
7.19 SI DEFLECTION ANO CRACKING EXPRESSIONS
e, = w~5 0.043 </]; MPa (7.2a)

where f~ is in MPa units and we is in Kg/m3 ranging between 1,500 to 2,500 Kg/m3•
For f ~ > 35 MPa, <80 MPa
e, = 3.32Vf'c + 6,895 C,;;oY 5 MPa
For normalweight concrete, e, = 3.32\!il + 6,895 MPa

[, = 0.62\lj; (7.2b)
(7.lüb)
(7.11)
le, = npApsd;(l - 1.6~) (7.13a)
fer = (npApsd~ + nsAsd2)(1 - l.6Y np Pp + n5p (7.13b)
X.= ~ (7.16)
1 + 50p'
Equations 7.36 and 7.37 on crack control
A
Wmax = aw X 105 "¿~ (Af,), millimeters
where Ar, cm2, !.o, cm; Afs, MPa

7.20 SI Deflection Control 491
aw = 8.48 X 10 5 for pretensioned

= 9.44 X 105 for posttensioned
= 4.0 X 105 for concretes with j', > 70 MPa
MPa = N/mm2
(psi) 0.006895 = MPa
(lb/ft) 14.593 = N/m
(in.lb) 0.113 = Nm
7.20 SI DEFLECTION CONTROL
Example 7.15
Solve Example 7.9 for shortterm deflection using the SI procedure.
Data
(a) Section Geometry Noncomposite Composite
Ac,cm2 3,968 5,516
le, cm4 24.9 X 105 32.2 X 105
r2, cm2 626 581
cb,cm 55.8 62.3
c,,cm 25.5 24.0
e; cm 47.5
e; cm 32.5
s; cm3 4.5 X 104 5.2 X 104
S',cm3 9.8 X 104 13.4 X 104
wD,kN/m 9.34 13.0
l=2l.95m topping t = 5 cm flange width b = 3.05 m
wL = 4.09 kN/m
(b) Material properties

VIS= 615/364 = 0.43 cm
RH=75%
f ~ = 34.5 MPa, normal weight (2,370 kg/m")
fe= 0.45f~ = 15.5 MPa
f ~¡ = 25.9 MPa
Íci = 0.6 x 25.9 = 15.5 MPa
topping j', = 20.7 MPa
t. at bottom fibers = 'Vf'c = 5.9 MPa at service load
f, allowable befare unshored slab cast = 1.4 MPa (t 'Vf'c)
Aps = twelve tendons, 12.7mm diameter, lowrelaxation (0.99 mm2/tendon)
Ípu = 1,860 MPa, lowrelaxation

Ípi = 1,300 MPa
ÍPJ = 1,380 MPa
Ípy = 1,790 MPa
e; = 19.7 X 104 MPa
•..
·1,.
Solution: !
i
l. Midspan section stresses '
1
fP, = 1,380 MPa

Íri assumed = 0.945fr, = 1,300 MPa at transfer
e¿ = 47.5 cm
P; = 12 X 99 X 1,300 MPa = 1.54 X 106 N = 1,540 kN

9 ,340(21.95)2
selfweight moment Mv = = 562,500 Nm
8
From Equation 4.la,
_ P; (
f 1 - - Ac l -
e;
7
e,) - S'
Md
= 1,540,000 (l _ 47.5 X 25.5) 562,500

3,968 X 100 626 9.8 X 104
= 3.6 5.7 = 2.1 MPa (C)
From Equation 4.lb,
fb=-- P; ( 1 +- eccb) +-Mv

Ac ,2 Sb
1,540,000 47.5 X 55.8) 562,500

=- 1+ +
3,968 X 100 626 4.5 X 2104
= 20.3 + 12.5 = 7.8 MPa (C) < allow. 15.5 MPa, O.K.
2. After unshored slab is cast
At this load level, assume 18% prestress losses.
Íre= 0.82fp; = 0.82 X 1,300 = 1,066 MPa

P, = 12 X 99 X 1,066 = 1,266 kN
For the 5 cm topping,
concrete weight = 2,370 kg/m = 2,370 X 9.81 N/m3
= 23.3 kN/m3
For 5 cm slab, Wsv = 0.05 x 3.05 x 23.3 = 3.6 kN/m
3,600(21.95)2
Msv = = 216,800 Nm
8
Mv + Msv = 562,500 + 216,800 = 780,000 Nm
(In Example 7.9, Mv + Msv = 782 kNm since 2 in. topping is slightly more than 5 cm.)
For unshored case, from Equation 4.18a,
t' = - P,
Ac
(1 ecc')-
,2
Mv + Msv
S'
1,266,000 (l _ 47.5 X 25.5) _ 780,000

3,968 X 100 626 9.8 X 104
= +2.96 7.96 = 5.0MPa(C) < allowj, = 15.5MPa,O.K.
1,266,000 ( 47.5 X 55.8) 780,000

1+ +
3,968 X 100 626 4.5 X 104
= 16.61 + 17.34 = 0.64 MPa (T) < allow. J; = 1.4 MPa, O.K.
3. At service load for precast section
Section modulus at top of precast section is
32.2 X 105
S~ = = 15.7 X 104 cm3
25.5 5.0
4,090(21.95)2
ML = 8 = 246 , 320 Nm
From Equation 4.19a,
t' = _ Pe (1 _ ecc')- MD + MSD _ McsD + ML

Ac r2 S' S~
MSD = superimposed dead load= O in this case
, _ 246,320 _ _
f - 5.0 4 5.0 1.57 6.57 MPa (C), O.K.
15.7 X 10
246,320
Íb = +0.64 + X
104 = +0.74 + 4.74
5_2
= +5.38 MPa (T) = allow.j, = +5.9 MPa, O.K.
4. Composite slab stresses
Precast doubleT concrete modulus
Ee = wl.e 5 O · 043' Vr;:;f'

T ~' we = 2 , 370 Kg/m3
e, = 2,3701.5 X 0.043V34.5 = 2.91 X 104 MPa
Situcast slab concrete modulus
e, = 2,37015 X 0.043 V2ü.7 = 2.25 X 104 MPa

Modular ratio
n = 2.25 X 104 = 0.77

P 2.91 X 104
S~ for 5 cm slab top fiber = 13.4 x 104 cm3
Scb for 5 cm slab bottom fiber = 15.7 x 104 cm3 from before for top of precast section.
Stress ns at top slab fiber =

ML
n-5,= 0.77 X
e
246,320
13.4 X 104
= 1.4 MPa (C)
246,320
Stressfcsb at bottom slab fibers = 0.77 X X 1.2 MPa (C)
15_7 104
S. Support section stresses

Check is made at the support face ( a slightly less conserva ti ve check can be made at
50db from end).
e, = 32.5 cm
At transfer
f
t = 1,540,000
3,968 X 100
(l _ 32.5 X 25.5) _
626 O
= 1.26 MPa ( C) < allow. fe = 15.5 MPa, O.K.

1,540,000 ( 32.5 X 55.8)
Íb = 3,968 X 100 l + 626 +O
= 15.2 MPa (C) < allow.j, = 15.5 MPa, O.K.

After the unshored slab was cast and at service load, the support section stresses both
at top and bottom extreme fibers were found to be below the allowable, hence O.K.
Summary of Midspan Stresses (MPa)
Load Stage f' fb

Transfer Pe only +2.96 16.60
wD at transfer 7.96 +17.34
Net at transfer 5.00 +0.74
Externa! load w L 1.57 +4.74
Net total at service 6.57 +5.48
6. Short-term (immediate) deflection

(a) Deflection at transfer
Initial e; = w~5 0.043 Vf'c

= (2,370)15 X 0.043 V25.9 = 2.52 X 10 4 MPa
from before, 28 days Ec = 2.80 x 104 MPa

From Figure 7.6, deflection due to initial prestress only.
= X 47.5(21.95)2]
103[1,540,00
8(2.52 X 104)(24.9 X lü5)
3[1,540,000(32.5 47.5)(21.95)2]
+ 10
24(2.52 X 104)(24.9 X 105)
= 70.2 + 7.3 = 62.9 say 65 mm i
5w /4
Selfweight Bv =
384; CI1g
5 X 9,340(21.95)4 X 105
----'--------'---- = 45 mm"' 1
384(2.52 X 104)(24.9 X 105)
Thus, net camber at transfer = (65 45) = 20 mm i.

(b) Immediate service load deflecuon
From Equation 7.13,
le, = npApsd~(l - 1.6~
dP = e, + e,+ 5 cm (topping)
= 47.5 + 25.5 + 5 = 78cm
AP = 12 X 99 = 1,188 mm2
= AP = 11.88 cm2 = 0.0047
Pp bdP 305 X 78
n = Eps = 19.7 X 104 = 6_8

P e, 2.91 X 104
fer = 6.8 X 11.88(78)2(1 1.6Y 6.8 X 4.94 X 104)
= 4.03 X 105 cm4
From Equation 7.11,
Me, = l _(Ítt - f,)

M. ÍL
t. = 0.62v1jl = 0.62 X V3A5 = 3.64 MPa

Ítt = +5.48 MPa (T) ÍL = +4.74 (T)
Me,) = l _ (5.48 3.64) = 0_6

( M. 4.74
(!:Y= 0.216
from Equation 7.lüb,
le = ( Me,) [ (Me,)
M. 1 + 1 Mª8
3]
fer ~ lg
= 0.216(24.9 X 105) + (1 0.216)(4.03 X 105)
= 5.378 X 105 + 3.160 X 105 = 8.54 X 105 cm4
WL = 4,090 N/m
8
= 5wLl4 = 5(4,090)(21.95)4 X 105 = +50 mm 1,.
L 384EJe 384(2.91 X 104)(8.54 X 105)
When the concrete 5 cm topping is placed on the precast section, the resulting
topping deflection with lg = 24.9 x 105, Wsv = 3,600 N/m.
5 X 3,600(21.95)4 X 105
8 = = +Ió mm 1
í
SD 384(2.91 X 104)(24.9 X 105)
(e) Summary of short-term deflections
Prestress Camber 8; = 65 mm t
Dead Load 8v = 45 mm 1,.
Live Load 8L = 50 mm 1,.
5 cm topping Load 85v = 15 mm -L-

,
l
1
i
'i
7.21 SI CRACK CONTROL
Example 7.15
Solve Example 7.11 using SI procedure
Data
ílfs = 207 MPa
A,= 618 cm2

LO= 70.4 cm
(a) Steel leve[
Wmax = 8.48 X 10 s( A,)

LO D.Ís
= 8.48 X 105 ( 618) 207 = 0.15 mm

70.4
(b) Tensile beam face
R; = 1.24 from Example 7.11

Wmax = 1.24 X 0.15 = 0.19 say 0.2 mm
SELECTED REFERENCES
7.1 ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for Structured Concrete (ACJ 318-08 and Com-
mentary 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, pp. 465.
7.2 ACI Committee 435. Control of Deflection in Concrete Structures, Committee Report ACI
435R95, Chairman, E. G. Nawy. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2000, 1995,
p.77.
7.3 ACI Committee 224. Control of Cracking in Concrete Strectures, Committee Report ACI 224R99,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1972, 2001, pp. 65.
7.4 Tadros, M. K. "Designing for Deflection." Paper presented at CIP Seminar on Advanced Design
Concepts in Precast Prestressed Concrete, Prestressed Concrete Institute Convention, Dallas, Oc
tober 1979.
7.5 Branson, D. E. Deformation of Concrete Structures. McGraw Hill, New York, 1977.
7.6 Branson, D. E. "The Deformation of NonComposite and Composite Prestressed Concrete Mem
bers." In Deflection of Concrete Structures, ACI Special Publication SP43. American Concrete In
stitute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1974, pp. 83127.
7.7 Shaikh, A. F., and Branson, D. E. "NonTensioned Steel in Prestressed Concrete Beams. Journal
of the Prestressed Concrete Institute 15, 1970, 1436.
7.8 Prestressed Concrete lnstitute. PCI Design Handbook. 6th ed. Prestressed Concrete lnstitute,
Chicago, 2006.
7.9 Martin, L. D. "A Rational Method of Estimating Camber and Deflections of Precast, Prestressed
Concrete Members." Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute 22 (1977): 100108.
7.10 Nilson, A. H. Design of Prestressed Concrete. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
7.11 Tadros, M. K., Ghali, A., and Dilger, W. H. "Effect of NonPrestressed Steel on Prestress Loss and
Deflection." Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute 22, 1977, 5063.
7.12 Tadros, M. K. "Expedient Service Load Analysis of Cracked Prestressed Concrete Sections. Jour-
nal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute 27, 86111, 1982, also Discussions and Author's Closure, 28
(1983): 137158.
Problems 497
7.13 Naaman, A. E. "Partially Prestressed Concrete: Review and Recommendations. Journal of the Pre-
stressed Concrete Institute 30, 1985, 3071.
7.14 Nawy, E. G., and Potyondy, J. G. "Flexura! Cracking Behavior of Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete
1 and TBeams." Journal of the American Concrete Institute 65, Farmington Hills, MI, 1971, 335360.
7.15 Nawy, E. G., and Huang, P. T. "Crack and Deflection Control of Pretensioned Prestressed
Beams." Journal of the Prestressed Concrete lnstitute 22, 1977, 3047.
7.16 Nawy, E. G., and Chiang, J. Y. "Serviceability Behavior of PostTensioned Beams." Journal of the
Prestressed Concrete Institute 25, 1980, 7495.
7.17 Cohn, M. Z. "Partial Prestressing From Theory to Practice." NATO-AS! Applied Science Series,
Vols. 1 and II, Pub!. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, in Cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Di
vision, Dordrecht, 1986, Vol. 1, p. 405; Vol. II, p. 425.
7.18 Nawy, E. G. "Flexura] Cracking Behavior of Pretensioned and PostTensioned Beams: The State ofthe
Art." Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, December 1985, pp. 890900.
7.19 Nawy, E. G. "Flexura! Cracking Behavior and Crack Control of Pretensioned and PostTensioned
Prestressed Beams." Proceedings of the NATO-NSF Advanced Research Workshop, vol. 2.
DordrechtBoston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, pp. 137156.
7.20 Neville, A.M. Properties of Concrete. 4th ed., Addison Wesley Longman, London, UK, 1996.
7.21 Bazant, Z. P. "Prediction of Creep Effects Using Age Adjusted Effective Modulus Method." Jour-
nal of the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, April 1972, pp. 212217.
7.22 Libby, J. R. Modern Prestressed Concrete. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984.
7.23 Nawy, E. G., High Performance Concrete, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001, 440 p.
7.24 Nawy, E. G., editorinchief, Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, 2008, 1560 pp.
7.25 PCI, Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Handbook, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,
Chicago, 1998.
7.26 AASHTO, Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 18th ed. and 2009, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2009.
PROBLEMS
7.1 Calculate the instantaneous and longterm cambers and deflections of the AASHTO beam of Ex
ample 4.2 for 7, 30, 180, and 365 days, and 5 years by (a) the PCI multipliers method, (b) the incre
mental timesteps method, and (e) the approximate timesteps method. Then tabulate and
compare the results. Are the deflections within the AASHTO permissible limits on deflection?
Given j" = 6,000 psi.
7.2 A 68ft (20.7m) span simply supported lightweight concrete doubleTbeam is subjected to a su
perimposed topping load W50 = 250 plf (3.65 kN/m) and a service live load WL = 300 plf (4.38
r 12·o.. ¡
¡s·o·6'0"~~~:~+
1
34"
3" Chamfer
Figure P7.2
kN/m). Calculate the immediate camber and deflection of this beam by the bilinear method and
the timedependent deflections at intervals of 7, 30, 90, and 365 days using the PCI multipliers
method and verify whether they are within the permissible ACI limits on deflection for the condi
tions where nonstructural elements are not likely to be damaged by large deflections. Use Figure
P7.2 and the following data.
Noncomposlte Composlte
Ae, in.2 615 (3,968 crrr') 855

le, in.4 59,720 (24.9 x lü5 cm") 82,723
,2, in.2 97 97
cb, in. 21.98 (558 mm) 25.37
e; in. 10.02 (255 mm) 8.63
Sb, in.3 2,717 ( 4.5 X 104) 3,261
S', in.' 5,960 (9.8 X 104) 9,587
Wd, plf 491 (7.15 kN/m) 741
V/S = 615/346 = 1.69 in. (4.3 cm)

RH = 75%
e¿ = 18.73 in. ( 476 mm)
e, = 12.81 in. (325 mm)
t: = 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa) (lightweight)
f ;; = 3,750 psi (25.7 MPa)
t. at bottom fibers = 12Vf: = 849 psi (5.6 MPa)
Aps = twelve !in. dia lowrelaxation
steel depressed at midspan only
fpu = 270,000 psi (1,862 MPa)
fp; = 189,000 psi (1,303 MPa)
fpy = 260,000 psi (1,793 MPa)
Eps = 28.5 X 106 psi (196 GPa)
7.3 Determine the crack width and stabilized mean crack spacing in the doubleT beam of Problem 7.2
for an incremental stress of 15,000 psi (103 MPa) beyond the decompression state. Also, determine
whether the maximum crack width obtained satisfies the serviceability requirement for crack con
trol for a humid and moist environment.
7.4 A simply supported bonded doubleT beam has a 50ft span and is subjected to a uniform live load
of 1,250 plf and a superimposed dead load of 200 plf. lts geometrical properties and maximum al
lowable stresses are as follows:
Ac = 615 in.2
le = 59,720 in.4 (77,118 in")
sb = 2,717 in.3 (3,142 irr')
S' = 5,960 in.3 (8,150 irr')
W0 = 641 plf (491 plf)
V/S = 1.69 in.
f; = 5,000 psi (normal weight)
fe = 2,250 psi
f ;; = 3,750 psi
!,; = 184 psi
Problems 499
/pu = 270,000 psi

fpy = 235,000 psi
fp; = 195,000 psi
Eps = 28 X 106 psi
cb = 21.98 in. (24.54 in.)
e,= 10.02 in. (9.46 in.)
RH= 70%
Íci = 2,250 psi
!, = 849 psi
/pe = 150,000 psi
fr = 60,000 psi
Aps = sixteen !in. día 7wire lowrelaxation strands
Bracketed values are for the composite section due to 2in. topping.
t.
(a) Find the eccentricities ec ande. that would result in a tensile stress = 750 psi at the lower fiber
at midspan at service load, and tensile stresses within the allowable limits at the support section
both at initial prestress and at service load. Use nonprestressed reinforcement where necessary.
(b) Find the longterm camber and deflection of the beam by the approximate time-step procedure
for t = 7 days and t = 180 days, assuming that the ultimate creep coefficient Cu = 2.35. Use the
momentcurvature approach to determine the initial camber at transfer. Are the values within
the allowable ACI limits?
(e) Calculate the flexura] crack width at service load for a stress increment !:.fs = 15,000 psi beyond
the decompression stress.
7.5 Find the longterm camber and deflection in Example 7.9 by the incremental timesteps method,
assuming that twelve !in. dia 7wire 270 K stressrelieved strands are used for prestressing the
beam section. Calculate the flexura! crack width at service load for a stress increment !:.fs = 15,000
psi beyond the decompression stress.

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CAMBER, DEFLECTION,

AND CRACK CONTROL

Serviceability of prestressed concrete members in their deflection and cracking behavior

Transamerica Pyramid. San Francisco. California.

7.2 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

4. AH computations of deflection can be based on tbe center of gravity of the pre­

7.3 SHORT-TERM (INSTANTANEOUS) DEFLECTION

7.3.1 Load-Deflection Relationship

Figure 7.1 Beam load-deflection relationship. Region 1, precracking stage; re-

7.3.1.1 Precracking stage: region l. The precracking segment of the load­deflection

E; = 57,000~ for normal­weight concrete

f, = 7.5Á Vf: (7.2b)

Figure 7.2 Stress-strain diagram of concrete.

Íb = t. = - :: ( 1 + e::) + ~:r (7.3a)

Me,= sb[ 7.5>.VJ; + :: ( 1 +e::)] (7.3c)

Mer = l _ (Ítt - Ír) (7.4b)

7.3.1.2 Calculation of crackingmoment Mcr

Solution: The modulus of rupture t.

Me,= s,[ 7.5>..VJ: + ::( 1 +e:;)]= 1,152[474 + 1850]

= 2.68 X 106 in.­lb (302.9 kN­m)

7 .3.1.3 Postcrackingservice-loadstage: region 11. The precracking region ends at

7.3.1.4 Postserviceability crackingstage and limit state of deflectionbehaviorat

7.3.2 Uncracked Sections

\llll l lll l ll l l l l l ll l ll l l ll 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111! I

Figure 7.3 Calculation of deflection by elastic weight or moment-area method.

(2) Effective prestress after losses:

(3) Service load:

(a) (b) Ce) (d)

The general expression for deflection in terms of curvature as proposed by Tadros in

7.3.2.3 lmmediate deflectionof simplysupportedbeam prestressed

Me= Be= R~G)- [~:;~ X iG D] X

= _1_ (P,el2 _ 3P,el2) = 5P,el2

7.3.3 Cracked Sections

Equation 7.lOa can also be written in the form

Load deflection Prestress ca mber

Figure 7.6 Short-term deflection in prestressed beams. Subscript e indicates

Me, = l _ (Í,1 - f,) (7.11)

7.3.3.2 Bilinear computation method. In graphical form, the bilinear moment­

lcr = nµApsd}(l - 1.6~) (7.13a)

Figure 7.7 Moment-deflection relationship.

Read load data: W 0, W50, WL

Calculate stress fibers at midspan and support section at transfer

f r ~-- P; ( 1-- e.e') t. =-- P¡ ( 1+-

Camber due to prestress:

Subroutine for r. method

f«= final stress dueto all loads

Subroutine for bilinear rnethod

Check bottom stress at midsection for working load

Figure 7.8 Continued

f not = fcb - 7.5}.. .J1;

Subroutine for incremental moment­curvature method

Obtain the loss in the prestressing force, í!i. P

Obtain stress change due to prestress loss

Midspan: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ­ ecc')

Support: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ­ ecc')

Figure 7.8 Contínued

Obtain remainingstrains after loss t..P

e:= (f¿ -t..f¿)IE. €be = ( fcb - t,.fcb)/Ec

Figure 7.8 Continued

7.4 SHORT-TERM DEFLECTION AT SERVICE LOAD

7.4.1 Example 7.3 Non-Composite Uncracked Double T-Beam Deflection

WL • 1100 plf (16.05 kN/m)

4. AH computations of deflection can be based on tbe center of gravity of the pre

7.3.1.1 Precracking stage: region l. The precracking segment of the loaddeflection

E; = 57,000~ for normalweight concrete

= 2.68 X 106 in.lb (302.9 kNm)

7.3.3.2 Bilinear computation method. In graphical form, the bilinear moment

Subroutine for incremental momentcurvature method

Midspan: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ecc')

Support: í!i.f' = - i1P (1 ecc')

Maximum selfweight moment

t'= ~1 e;~')-~~

= 3,524 + 1,647 = 1,877 psi (C) < 2,250 psi, O.K.

= 2.20 + 0.31 = 1.89 in. (48 mm) t

Ecb = 1,010 X 106 in.fin.

Af' = _ (AP)( _ ec,) = + 83,281 ( _ 22.02 x 8.23)

Ae'c = 90 26 X 106 in /in

/:l.e1= -l6·5 =5xl06in./in.

fer= 7.07 X 2.448 (30.25)2(1 l.6V7.07 X 0.0006)

(::) = 1 C\~ fr)

I, = 0.67 X 86,072 + (1 0.67)14,187

+118 X 106 in.fin.

The corresponding gravityload moment Mg = O.

Ípe 154,980 _ 6. .

Net stress!'= 1,078 + 469 = 609 psi (C) (4.16 MPa)

E' = 609 1511 X 106 in /in

Net stress j, = +3,374 3,300 = +74 psi (T)

,¡., = (Ecb E~) = (18.4 + 151.1) = 106 = +4 99 X 106 d/'

Ecb = +530 = +132 X 106 in./in.

!, = 12.8 X 106 = 1 2 2 4 . (C)

1078 609psi 151.2· X 106

+3374,psi +74psi +18.4 X 105

! 1 Ec = 0.001 in.fin.

Net stress t' = 1,224 + 469 = 755 psi ( C)

= +9.38 X 106 rad./in.

,1.. = E,,e = O.OOl = 690 X 10 6 rad/in

M; = APJP{ dP - ~) = 2.448 X 270,000(30.25 \1)

= 19.6 X 106 in.Ib