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2. Author(s) name(s)
CHANDRIMA ROY1, ANUBHA JOSHI2, VINITA KATIYAR3
3. Author(s) affiliations
1
Student, M.Sc. (DFSM-IGNOU)
2
Academic counselor-Food Microbiology (IGNOU)
3
Assistant Regional Director
IGNOU Ragional Center KARNAL
1
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIOS OF DRINKING WATER
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the microbiological quality of the available
drinking water collected directly from various sources, supply outlets, as well as
drinking water kept/stored in various containers or storage pots in order to check
the drinking water quality and evaluate the awareness of people for maintaining
cleanness and hygiene conditions for storage of drinking water.
Hence, the water samples were collected and analyzed for Most Probable
Number (MPN) as well as prevalence of various water borne pathogens,
indicators organisms to check for presence of fecal contaminants using various
media.
Present study indicate that water testing would ensure the supply and
availability of contamination-free drinking water and awareness among the people
towards sanitation and hygienic conditions for storage of drinking water is needed
to keep away the use of contaminated water.
Key words: Bacteria, drinking water quality (DW), fecal contaminants, MPN.
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Introduction
The human body has 55% to 78% water depending on body size. The
percentage of water observed in different body parts are as – muscular tissues
75%, brain contains 90% water, bones 22%, and blood 83%. Since, water is one
of the essential components required to our body, it is important to assess the
quality of water, which is being used for household activities as well as
consumption whether it is actually reliable and safe for health of the consumers.
Water potability refers to the quality of water that can be safe for consumption
and use with no risk of adverse health effects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water
Many studies have been carried out worldwide for checking the quality
and safety of drinking water. Kurup et al (2010) have carried out the microbial
and physiochemical analysis of water samples by taking biofilm samples from
residential areas in Georgetown, Guyana, discovering the most prevalent species
to be Lactobacillus and the least prevalent species to be Salmonella sp. Zvidzai et
al (2007) carried out a study on microbiological assessment of rural drinking
water in Zimbabwe.
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Nagpal et al (2011) have examined the drinking water for the presence or
absence of Salmonella, Citrobacter, E. coli and Vibrio species in the Indira
Sagar/Omkeshwar project affected areas and rehabilitation/ resettlement colonies
of Sardar project in Madhya Pradesh. Tambekar et al (2008) revalidated the
testing methods for assessing microbial safety of drinking water in the villages of
Amrawati district of Maharashtra for using bacteriological analysis with the help
of Mutiple Tube fermentation technique to determine most probable number
(MPN), Membrane filter techniques, Eijekamn’s test for thermotolerant coliform
and Manja’s Rapid hydrogen sulphide test for detection of fecal contaminations in
drinking water.
Since, most of earlier undertaken studies in India have dealt with physical
and chemical parameters of drinking water quality. Hence the study has been
designed to examine the microbiological quality of available drinking water..
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survey the incidence of the different water-borne bacterial pathogens the
following experimental plan was undertaken.
Sampling sites
The DW samples were collected for testing from different areas of Delhi and
NCR,
Sampling strategy
Sampling location
The drinking water samples were collected mainly from three areas namely-
NOIDA, West Delhi and Meerut.
The samples were collected from various sites like restaurants, hospitals, schools,
various street vendors and also packaged mineral water, distilled water, domestic
water supply, office vending machines and the main water supply, from hospitals,
water vendors, food and tea stalls, fruit stalls, handpumps, tubewells, packaged
water, reverse osmosis treated water from all the 3 regions.
Sampling technique
Water samples were collected in sterile bottles as per the APHA (1992)
standard protocol.
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(MPN) test using the method given by McCrady in 1915 as well as prevalence of
various water borne pathogens and indicators organisms examined using
specialized media and biochemical tests for identification of bacteria.
Plate 1 shows the results of MPN test after 24hrs incubation in lactose
broth (LB). Yellow color tubes indicate the positive result of presence of bacterial
contamination whereas no change in color of Lactose Broth medium shows no
bacterial growth after 24hrs incubation.
Plate 1
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The samples from west Delhi show TC of 24.66 as against 32.67 of NOIDA and
Meerut, which indicates that the samples in the latter regions are more
contaminated.
Fruit shop
Samples from NOIDA have shown a TC of 1100 as against 170 of Meerut and
131 of West Delhi. this indicates the samples from NOIDA have higher
contamination level.
Tea stall
Samples from Meerut show a TC of 25.67 and NOIDA having a tc of 28, as
against west Delhi’s sample having a TC of 32.67.The samples from West Delhi
hence show higher contamination level.
Tap water
Samples from Meerut show a TC of 780, as against West Delhi and NOIDA’s
sample TC of 1100. West Delhi and NOIDA’s samples have a higher
contamination level than that of Meerut samples.
Hand pump
Samples from West Delhi showed up a TC of 112, as against the samples of
NOIDA with a TC of 64.33 and that of Meerut samples with a TC of 90. This
reflects that the West Delhi samples have shown a greater number of microbes
compared to the other 2 areas.
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Samples from West Delhi show a TC value of 8.47, as against NOIDA and
Meerut sample’s TC of 8.6, hence West Delhi samples are less contaminated than
the other 2 areas.
1500
MPN/100ml
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water sources
1-Restaurant; 2-Fruit shop; 3-Tea stall; 4-Hand pump; 5-Tube well; 6-Tube well (120 feet); 7-
Outside hospital (Tap); 8-School; 9-Hospital kitchen; 10-Pouch; 11-Road side vendor; 12-Supply
(Tap).
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Figure 2. Most probable number of organisms (MPN) per 100 ml of water sample
NOIDA Area
1500
MPN/100ml
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water sources
1-Restaurant; 2-Fruit shop; 3-Tea stall; 4-Hand pump; 5-Tube well; 6-Tube well (120 feet); 7-
Outside hospital (Tap); 8-School; 9-Hospital kitchen; 10-Pouch; 11-Road side vendor; 12-Supply
(Tap).
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Water sources
1-Restaurant; 2-Fruit shop; 3-Tea stall; 4-Hand pump; 5-Tube well; 6-Tube well (120 feet); 7-
Outside hospital (Tap); 8-School; 9-Hospital kitchen; 10-Pouch; 11-Road side vendor; 12-Supply
(Tap).
Prevalence of bacterial isolates in different water samples
The prevalence of different isolates was checked in the samples obtained from
each of the three areas - Delhi, NOIDA and Meerut. Identification of various
kinds of bacteria have revealed that E. coli and Pseudomonas were predominant
in comparison to Enterobacter and Klebsiella.
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of different regions wherein they observed a high prevalence of coliform group of
bacteria namely E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella and Shigella on
EMB agar. Therefore our study corroborates their studies that E. coli,
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas are the predominant water-borne
microbes.
As against the studies discussed above, present study analyses the sources
of drinking water from supply, point of use in three areas: West Delhi, NOIDA
and Meerut respectively. Such a comparative study has not been performed
earlier. Fifty seven samples were taken from various sources and point of use
from the three areas. It has helped in understanding the prevalence of pathogens
and Total coliforms present in different samples from the selected areas, using the
MPN counts. It also gave us an insight as to which micro-organisms are present in
the samples area wise.
In accordance with few of the earlier studies, the water from tube well
showed a higher percentage of Psuedomonas instead of E. coli in all the three
areas. Our studies also showed presence of Klebsiella in most of the samples. In
this study MPN values ranging from 7.4 to >1100 per 100 ml were obtained
indicating greater prevalence of fecal pollutants in deference to values of 10 to
1000 per 100 ml cited in earlier studies.
Based on the sample analysis, it can be deduced that out of the three
regions –
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Higher MPN index indicates the presence of greater number of bacteria in
Drinking Water (DW).
References
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6. Prasai T, Lekhak B, Joshi DR, Baral MP (2007). Microbiological Analysis of
Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley. Sci. Worl. 5(5): 112-114.
7. Smeets PW, Dullemont YJ, Van Gelder PH, Van Dijk JC, Medema GJ (2008).
Improved methods for modeling drinking water treatment in quantitative
microbial water treatment; a case study of Campylobacter reduction by
filtration and ozonation. J. Water Health 6(3):301-314.
8. Sohani, Smruti, Iqbal Sanjeeda (2012). Microbiological analysis of surface
water in Indore, India. Res. J. of Recent Sci. 1: 323-325.
9. Tembekar DH, Jadhav RP, Dhundale VR, Gulhane SR, Tambekar SD,
Bhokare DD (2008). Revalidation of Testing Methods for Assessing
Microbial Safety of Drinking Water Aust. J. of Basic & Applied Sci. 2: 129-
133
10. Zvidzai C, Mukutirwa T, Mundembe R and Sithole-Niang I (2007). Microbial
community analysis of Drinking water sources from rural areas of Zimbabwe.
Afr. J. of Microbiol. Res. 1(6): 100-103.
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