Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO

Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO

December 9 - 11, 2014
DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

Sweet Cherry
Where: Gallery Overlook (upper level) Room G & H

MI Recertification credits: 2 (1C, COMM CORE, PRIV CORE)

CCA Credits: CM(2.0)

Moderator: Mark Miezio, MSHS Board, Suttons Bay, MI

2:00 pm Tree Training, Long-Term Management Decisions, and Performance Comparisons for
Super Slender Axe (SSA) and Bi-Axis Sweet Cherry Orchards

 Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.

2:55 pm Experiences with Four High-Density Sweet Cherry Training Systems in Michigan:
Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO), Super Slender Axe (SSA), Tall Spindle Axe (TSA),
and Kym Green Bush (KGB)

 Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU

3:35 pm Q and A Panel—Everything You Have Wanted to Know About Growing High Quality
Sweet Cherries but Were Afraid to Ask

 Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.

 Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU
 John King, King Orchards, Central Lake, MI
 Adele Wunsch, Wunsch Orchards, Traverse City, MI
 Don Armock, Riveridge Produce, Sparta, MI
4:00 pm Session Ends
 WSHA 110th Annual Meeting and Trade Show Cherry shows a great climate adaptability Cherry characteristics
December 2nd, 2014
Three Rivers Convention Center,
Kennewick, Washington
• Natural tendency of trees to develop big
™ Sweet and sour cherry: highly interesting models for
High Density SSA plantings: how we can optimize canopies
Fruit Quality the study of the adaptation of fruit trees to climate
changes. • Notable acrotony with upright habit

Associate Professor ™ Wide distribution in almost every European (from
Endowed Chair - Tree Fruit Physiology and Management
• Relatively long period prior to initial cropping
Washington State University South to North and East to West) region due to a very
Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC)
1100 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee high plasticity. • Dwarfing rootstocks only recently available
stefano.musacchi@wsu.edu
™ High vulnerability face to climate changes.

Density Training system Planting distance (m) Rootstocks

Fruit wall with semi-dwarfing (trees/ha)
Volume training rootstock or spindle with dwarfing Low Vase traditional 6.0-5.5 x 4.0-5.0 Vigorous
Technical subjects system with vigorous rootstocks (until 500)
Environment • Soil management rootstocks High or Very High Planting Palmetta Fruit wall 5.5-5.0 x 4.0-5.0
• Soil (Structure, texture, fertility, ecc.) • Pruning (application of Density 200 trees/acre
• Irrigation and nutrition paclobutrazol) Drapeaux 5.5-5.0 x 3.5-4.5
• Weather(temperature, Humidity, light, ecc.) Low density
• Level of knowledge of Small Vase
Medium 5.0-5.5 x 4.5-3.5 Vigorous
the grower (500- 800) Semi-dwarfing
200-320 Multiaxis vase 5.0-5.5 x 4.5-3.5
trees/acre
Palmetta (Fruit Wall) 5.0-5.5 x 4.5-3.5
Tree Volume training
Vigor, Productivity, Efficiency, Fruit Quality, system and fruit Drapeaux 5.0-5.5 x 4.0-3.5
wall with
vigorous High Small vase 4.5-5.0 x 4.0-3.0 Semi-Dwarfing
• Cultivar (800-1200) Dwarfing
rootstocks Spindle 4.5-5.0 x 3.5-2.5
• Rootstock 320-485
Medium Planting
• Interaction cv /rootstock trees/acre
Density Solaxe 4.5-5.0 x 3.5-2.5

Very high Spindle 4.0-3.5 x 2.5-1.5 Dwarfing

(over 1200)
over 485 V system 4.0-3.5 x 1.5-0.5-0.3
Training system Planting distance trees/acre
Vertical axe (SSA) 4.0-3.5 x 1.5-0.5
Traditional Open Vase Fruit Wall - Palmette
Drapeau Marchand

Vignola (MO), Italy

2000
Fruit wall - Palmette
Verona, Italy 1970 Rootstock: Seedling
Traditional Open Vase or Colt
Rootstock: Seedling Planting density:
Planting density: 300- 400-500 trees/ha
400 trees/ha height: 4-5 m
height: 6 m

Small Cataluña Vase Multi-axis vase Solaxe

Lerida (ES), 1980

Small Cataluña Vase
Rootstock: SL64
Planting density: 700-
800 trees/ha
height: 2.5-3.5 m
 UFO Spindle
Altissima densità

Diffusione Primi frutteti

portinnesto intensivi VHDP
Melo / M9 1950 1970 - ’80
Pero / MC 1930 1980 - ’90
Ciliegio / Gisela* 1994 2000

* Gisela 5 e Gisela 6 + altri portinnesti nanizzanti

Summer pruning (end of August) in the environmental conditions of the Po valley

Source: Hrotko, 2005

Spindle types Planting distance for UHDP V-system
Traditio
Traditional
onal Zahn Vogel Brunner (Ultra High Density Planting)
Spindle Spindle Spindle Spindle
Planting 4-4.5 – 1.5-2.5 4-4.5 x 1.5-2.5 3.5-6 x 1.5-4 4.5-6 x 2.5-3.5
GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6
distance (m) Planting Planting density Planting Planting density
Planting density 900 – 1,700 900-1,700 450 – 1,800 450 – 650 distance tree/ha distance tree/ha
(trees/ha) 364-688 364-688 182-729 182-263 V system 3.5 x 0.5 m 5,714 3,5 x 0,8 3,571
(trees/acre) trees/acre trees/acre trees/acre trees/acre
Vertical axis 3,5 x 0,5 m 5,714 3,5 x 0,7 4,082
Tree Height (m) 2.5-3.5 2.5 – 3.5 2.5-4 3.5-4
(ft) 8.3-11.7 ft 8.3-11.7 ft 8.3-13.3 ft 11.7-13.3 ft Spindle 3,5 x 1 m 2,857 3,5 x 1,5 1,905
Soil condition Good Good Good+ Medium

Rootstocks Medium semi Vigorous Medium Vigorous

GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6
vigor dwarfing semidwarfing Semidwarfing semidwarfing Planting Planting density Planting Planting density
distance tree/acre distance tree/acre
First crop 3rd yr 3rd yr 3rd yr 4th yr V system 12 x 1.7 ft 2,313 12 x 2.6 ft 1,445
Vertical axis 12 x 1.7 ft 2,313 12 x 2.3 ft 1,653
Kind of Tree Tree with or Tree with Tree with feathers Tree with or
from nursery without feathers without Spindle 12 x 3.3 ft 1,156 12 x 5 ft 771
feathers feathers
 Vertical axis (SSA) Vertical axis (SSA)

ROOTSTOCKS

Ferrara, Italy 2005

Vertical axis (SSA)
Rootstock: Gisela 5
Planting density: 5,000 trees/ha
height: 2-2.5 m Cropping in a UHDP with vertical axis trees should take place as far as possible
on basal buds of 1-year-old shoots.

Main rootstocks Low density (< 500 trees/ha)

< 202 trees/acre Medium density
130 (from 500 to 800 trees/ha)
Introduction Europe Belgium UK 202-324 trees/acre
120
Germany High density
Camil F12/1 110
Damil Colt (from 800 to1,200 trees/ha)
• Dwarfing rootstocks Gisela Weiroot Pi-Ku
Inmil 100 324-486 trees/acre
induce many changing in Gisela ® 3 - Gi 209/1 Weiroot 10 Pi-Ku 1 – Piku 4.20 90
Gisela ® 5 - Gi 148/2 Weiroot 11 Pi-Ku 3 – Piku 4.83 Hungary
the cherry orchard Gisela ® 6 - Gi 148/1 Weiroot 53 Pi-Ku 4 – Piku 1.10 Ergevar 80
Gisela ® 12 - Gi 195/2 Weiroot 158 Korompay Very high density
design and management Bogdany 70
(> 1,200 trees/ha)
in the last ten years. Magyar 60
Italy France Czech Rep. > 486 trees/acre
• New ideas regarding tree 50
Cab SL 64 PH-L North America
SL 405 Ferci – Pontaleb ® 40
shape for cherry include CAB 6P PHL A – Ceravium ®
CAB 11E Fercadeu – Pontaris ® PHL B Ma x Ma 30
small tree obtained by Fercahun –Pontavium ® PHL C 20
the use of dwarfing Victor Ma x Ma 14 –Brokforest
Edabriz –Tabel ® Ma x Ma 97 – Brokgrowe 10
rootstocks like Gisela Ma x Ma 60 – Brocsec
Prunus avium Prunus mahaleb 0
series or other MM60 COLT FRANCO SL64 MM14 CAB6P CAB11E PHLA PIKU 1 GI 6 W158 GI5
Prunus cerasus Hybrids
genotypes. Modified and updated from De Salvador and Lugli, 2003
 Cherry Rootstocks by Tree Size New rootstocks from Michigan State University New rootstocks from Michigan State University

Gi 12, Mazzard, Colt Lake: 40-50% reduction

Maxma 14, Mahaleb • Not as spreading of growth habit as Clinton/Crawford
Gisela 6
Clinton: 50-60% reduction • Much smaller than Gi. 5
Krymsk 5
• Canopy needs to be pruned aggressively to keep crop small enough not to induce
Spreading growth habit decline
Precocious, will be smaller canopy than Gi 5. • May have 3 to 5 day genetic controlled advance of maturity…. The smaller canopy may
Krymsk
y 6 advance maturity due to more radiant energy throughout canopy

Gisela 5
Cass:
• Upright growth habit
• Very Precocious, will be small canopy, similar to Claire (TCSA)
• More easy to over crop than Claire (higher flower/spur relationship)

Crawford
Spreading growth habit
90+% 80-90% 60-80% 50-60% 40-50% 35-40% Very Precocious
Clinton Lake, Cass Clare Mature tree size will trend smaller than indicated on chart, significantly
smaller than Gi. 5
Crawford

Source: Tom Auvil

Source: Tom Auvil
Source: Tom Auvil

Primulat® Fe rprime *
Early Bigi® Bigi Sol* Source:
®
New rootstocks from Michigan State University Early Lory* indica "marchio registrato"
*
Musacchi, et al., 2012
Swe e t Early® Panaro * indica che la varietà è protetta da brevetto nazionale o europeo
Burlat in rosso le cv autofertili
Early Star® Panaro *
Brooks *
Ve ra*
Tie ton® (PC 71446) *
Claire: 35-405 reduction Ce le ste ® Sumpaca*
Che lan®
Upright growth habit Carme n
Cashme re ®
Vanda*
Precocious, will be smallest canopy (TCSA) Giorgia
Inde x ®
Grace Star*
Has lower flower per spur relationship than Gi 6 or Adriana
Ne w Star
Royalton
Clinton. Samba® Sumste *
Santina*
Blaze Star*
CULTIVARS Canada Giant Sumgita*
Sandra Rose *
Enrica
Vigre d
Mora di Ve rona
Cristallina* Sumnue *
Van
Black Star*
Ge rme rsdorfi Orias
Gè gè *
Lucre zia
Giulie tta
Sylvia
Lala Star*
Fe rrovia
Kordia
Linda
Lapins
Some rse t
Te chlovan*
Re gina
Swe e the art® Sumtare *
Ale x *
Se lina® Symphony
Late Lory®*
Staccato ® 13S2009 *
Source: Tom Auvil
20 2525 May 30 5 10 1515 June 20 25 30 5 5 July 10
MAGGIO GIUGNO LUGLIO
 Harvest (days Harvest (days compare
CULTIVAR Country
CULTIVAR Country compare Burlat Burlat May 20 in Italy) Advantges and Drawbacks of high density
Rita* Hunghery -9
May 20 in Italy)
Primulat® Ferprime* France -5
Brooks USA +8 Early Bigi® Bigi Sol* France -4 planting
Chelan® USA +9 Early Lory* France -3
Tieton® USA +10 Sweet Early® Panaro* Italy -1
Celeste® Sumpaca* CANADA +11 Burlat France 0 • Early bearing
Summit CANADA +11 Main cherry Annus* Hunghery +2
Main cherry Glacier USA +12 Early Star® Panaro* Italy +5 • High yield
Cashmere® USA +12 Tunde Ungheria +5
New Star CANADA +13
cultivars obtained Vanda* Czech Rep +11 • Easy to pick
cultivars Giorgia Italy +11
Samba® Sumste* CANADA +15
from European Vera* Hunghery +11 • Picking cost reduction
Santina* CANADA +15
Carmen* Hunghery +12
obtained in Index® USA +16 Petrus* Hunghery +12 • Tree efficiency
Satin® CANADA +17 Breeding programs Grace Star* Italy +13
Canada Giant Sumgita* CANADA +17 Adriana Italy +13 • Fruit quality
North America Sandra Rose* CANADA +17 Medit Lisa Hunghery +14
Vandalay CANADA +18 Blaze Star* Italy +15
Benton® USA +19 (adapted from Enrica Italy +18 • Early breakeven
Breeding White Gold USA +19 Grandi M. et al., 2012, Mora di Verona Italy +18
Negus Hunghery +18
Cristalina® Sumnue CANADA +19 Grandi M and Lugli S., 2011 and
programs Black Star* Italy +20
Van CANADA +19 Musacchi S. et al., 2012) Gègè* France +21 • High establishment cost
Satin Sumele* CANADA +20 Germersdorfi Orias3 Hunghery +20
(adapted from Grandi M. and Lugli S., Black Gold USA +22 Lucrezia Italy +22
Sylvia CANADA +22 Giulietta Italy +22
• High level of input
2011 and Musacchi S. et al., 2012)
Blushing Gold USA +23 Lala Star* Italy +22
Selah® USA +24 Ferrovia Italy +22
• High level of knowledge
Lapins CANADA +24 Aida* Hunghery +22
Olympus USA +25 Kordia Czech Rep +24
• Cover against hail and rain
Linda Hunghery +24
Somerset USA +25 • Short lifespan
Big Star Italy +24
Tehranivee CANADA +28
Techlovan* Czech Rep +26
Skeena* CANADA +30 Regina Germany +30
Sweetheart® Sumtare* CANADA +30 Alex* Hunghery +31
Selina® Symphony CANADA +35 Alex® Axel* Hunghery +32
Staccato® 13S2009 CANADA +38 Late Lory®* France +35

Nursery material The apex is removed to

enhance shoot growth.

Girdling and notching can help to

promote shoot development and
growth

Precise shoots formation

Fruiting feathers’ are cut

back to induce spring
renewal via short winter
pruning that leaves 2-3
vegetative buds, with length
slightly decreasing from tree
base to apex.
Vertical axis training system needs a year-old plant of 100-120 cm in height from
the graft point with short, preferably smooth internodes, mature buds in the
median and, especially, in the scion’s apical area. SSA - Pruning after planting
 Precise shoots formation Precise shoots formation Precise shoots formation

Girdling, notching and Promal

application can help to promote
shoot growth

Precise shoots formation

 Cropping in a UHDP with vertical axis trees should take place as far as possible on
basal buds of year-old shoots. POLLINATION

COVER AGAINST HAIL AND RAIN COVER AGAINST HAIL AND RAIN Details cover union with single
bind every 1-15 ft (40-50 cm)
A UHPD orchard must also be protected against
environmental adversities. Slope
30%
This usually means double-covering, the top one being
a permanent hail net and underneath it a rain sheets
that are opened at the onset of ripening and closed 2.8 m

after picking.
5,5 m
high max Row lenght
140 m
2.8 m

Details cover union

with an elastic rope
a every 1-15 ft (40-50
cm)
5.5 m
Distance
between
the rows
A third, perimeter net of wider mesh can also be used b
to protect the crop against birds.
 Cover costs 26,000 euro /ha
14,210 US$/acre
cover material: Polynet

Structure (post, cable) Cover sheet POLYNET

(8,000 euro) (7,000 euro)
TRIAL DATA

Anchorage
(1,000 euro)

Labor (10,000 euro)

Experimental orchard features Experimental orchard features Experimental part

‰ planting year 2007. Tree spacing and planting densities
Planting density
‰ 3 training systems for HDP: Rootstock Training system Tree spacing (m)
spindle (trees/ha)
V-system V 3.5 x 0.8 3.571
Super Spindle Axis (SSA).
GiSelA® 6 SSA 3.5 x 0.8 3.571
‰ 2 rootstocks: Spindle 3.5 x 1.5 1.905 The research aims at assessing
GiSelA® 6
GiSelA® 5. V 3.5 x 0.5 5.714 the fruiting habitus
‰ scion-rootstock combination:
GiSelA® 5 SSA 3.5 x 0.5 5.714
GiSelA® 6 Giorgia and Grace Star* Spindle 3.5 x 1.0 2.857 of 11 sweet cherry varieties
GiSelA® 5 Grace Star*, Black Star*, Early Star®,
Sweet Early®, Summit, Early Bigi®, Sylvia, in order to define
Kordia, Ferrovia and Regina.

‰ 4 replications per cv-rootstock-training system which are more suitable for

combination in a completely randomized block design.

‰ anti-hail net and microirrigation system.

UHDP orchard.
‰ same agronomic practices (pruning, fertilization, irrigation,
pest disease control) for each cv-rootstock combination.
SPINDLE V-SYSTEM SSA
 Experimental part - Data collection Experimental part - Data collection Experimental part - Data collection
A. Comparison of HDP training systems: B. Fruiting habitus investigation (year 2010): C. Flower basal buds evaluation
tion (year 2010):
201
010)
010:
0)

r
¾ trunk diameter (TCSA) ¾ number of vegetative and flower buds ¾ length of shoots
annual measurements from ¾ fruit set 3 trees/cv trained to spindle and SSA ¾ number of crown basal buds
¾ weight of winter pruned wood
the 2nd to the 5th year after planting ¾ yield on 1 and 2-year-old wood
¾ fruit number and yield per tree ¾ number of vegetative and flower basal buds
on 12 different scion-rootstock Flower buds on 1-yr-old shoot ¾ fruit number and yield per shoot
¾ fruit size on a sample of 1 kg per plot
combination
¾ fruit qualitative analysis ¾ fruit size and qualitative analysis

shoots according to their insertion

position in the main cut-back limb
for each cv-rootstock-training system
combination

Spur on 2-yrs-old wood

Experimental part - Data collection Results Part A – Vegetative parameter Results Part A – Productive parameter
C. Flower basal buds assessment (year 2010): Trunk-Cross-Sectional-Area in 2011 year): (4th Yield per hectare from the 2nd to the 6th (2008-2012) year
comparison among training systems and among cultivars. for each rootstock-cv-training system combination.
60
80
74.2 A
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Cumulative '08-'12
**
1 70 50
***
1-year-old shoots:
60
5
59.0 4.9 8.6
56.8
8 ns *
b a 10.8
40
a 13.4
50 47.5 a
ns
3 2 40 30
12.9
9.2 5.4
A B
***
1. APICAL 12.2 10.8
29.4 B 9.6
30 7.0
ab 4.9
ns * * *** 4.9
20
Yield (t/ha)

7.8 4.5 b
B b 8.5
2. MEDIAN 1 20 8.9
a 1.8

TCSA (cm2)
0.6 2.0 4.4
2.0 b a 3.9 6.4
10 B
10 0.5 B A
2.9 B 1.3 3.6
b
3. MEDIAN 2 1.6 A 2.3 B
4 0 b
0

4. BASAL
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA

Sylvia

Kordia

Regina
Giorgia

Summit

Ferrovia
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle

Early Bigi
SSA

SSA
Early Star

Black Star
Grace Star

Grace Star
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system

Spindle

Spindle
Sweet Early
V-system

V-system

Ferrovia Grace Sylvia Regina Early Black Kordia Summit Early Sweet Giorgia Grace
(1,905 trees/ha)
(3,571 trees/ha)
(3,571 trees/ha)

(2,857 trees/ha)
(5,714 trees/ha)
(5,714 trees/ha)

Star Bigi Star Star Early Star

GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6
GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6
 Results Part B – Fruiting habitus Results Part B – Fruiting habitus Results Part B – Fruitingg habitus
Numbers of flower bud in relation to the age of wood: comparison Numbers of flower bud in relation to the age of wood: comparison Number of spur on 2-YEAR-OLD WOOD
among training systems. among cultivar for each cultivar/rootstock combination.
1-yr-old
1 yr
y old
o wood 2-yrs-old
y s o wood
1-yr-old shoot 2-yrs-old wood
Rootstock Cultivar N. vegetative N. flower bud N. flower Fruit set Rootstock Cultivar N. vegetative N. spur N. flower Fruit set
Training
Rootstock N. vegetative N. flower N. flower Fruit set N. vegetative N. spur N. flower Fruit set bud /tree /tree
/trree /tree (%) bud /tree /tree
/tr
reee
re /tree (%)
system
bud/tree bud/tree /tree (%) bud/tree /tree /tree (%)
Regina 32 b 2977 a 746 a 3.9 de Sweet Early 2b 344a 260 ab 9.4 bc
Spindle 53 177 a 420 a 10.5 b 2a 22 203 14.5 b Kordia 37 b 2888 a 658 ab 12.8 bc Silvia 0b 322 ab
3 ab 283 a 29.6 a
Ferrovia 66 b 2277b 594 b 19.7 ab Early Star 6a 24 abc
abc 175 ab 4.4 c
SSA 48 149 b 349 b 13.4 a 1b 18 174 19.7 a
GiSelA® 5 Black Star 32 b 1800 c 387 c 5.9 cde Summit 0b 22 abc
22 abcc
ab 144 ab 1.5 c
Significance ns ** * * ** ns ns * Early Bigi 54 b 1644 c 414 c 24 a Ferrovia 2b 20 bcd
20 b d 295 a 23.1 ab
System*cv
y ns *** *** ns * ns ns ns GiSelA® 5 Summit 33 b 141 cd 315 cd 1.1 e GiSelA® 5 Grace Star 4 ab 19 bcd
19 b d 159 ab 21.9 ab
Spindle 131 157 321 36.3 7 31 325 37,7 b Grace Star 61 b 1111
11 dee 225 de 15.9 ab Early Bigi 1b 16 cd
cd 191 ab 36.7 a
Silvia 32 b 90 ef
90 ef 228 de 23.8 ab Black Star 1b 13 cd 93 b 9.8 bc
SSA 124 123 239 31.6 3 39 324 52,0 a Sweet Early 101 a 87 ef
87 179 de 7.2 cd Regina 0b 122 cd 161 ab 7.1 bc
GiSelA® 6
Significance ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * Early Star 58 b 47 f
47 97 e 5.6 cde Kordia 0b 8d 126 ab 27.7 a
System*cv ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Significance *** ***
** *** *** Significance *** ***
* ** ** ***
Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Giorgia 105 b 1777 a
177 373 a 42.6 Giorgia 2b 39
39 415 58.1 a
Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). GiSelA® 6 Grace Star 147 a 113
1133b 210 b 27.1 GiSelA® 6 Grace Star 8a 31 250 32.6 b
Significance * * * ns Significance * ns ns **
Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant.
Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05).

Fruit percentage (%) in two classes of size (<28 mm and >28 mm) for Gisela 5
Fruiting habitus Results Part B – Fruiting habitus and Gisela 6: comparison among training systems within each cultivar.

Flower buds on 1-year-old shoot and spur on 2-year-old Yield per tree on 1 and 2-year-old wood for each
wood: comparison among cultivars. scion-rootstock combination.
350 4000 < 28 mm > 28 mm
100
Flower buds on 1-yr-old wood Spur on 2-yrs-old wood 1-yr-old shoot 2-yrs-old wood 11 11 7
ns 41% 14
297 a 3500
300 80
288 a 39 34

60
3000 70 70 72
60 80 79
250 81 82
88 91 91 92
227 b 95 94 99 96 97 97 98 100 95 98 99 99
65%
(%)

86 90 89 94
2500 40
2053
200 ns 61% 61 66
180 c *** 177 A *
2000 20 41
164 c
ns 30 30 28
150 45% 19 20 21 18
141 cd 773 12 2 1
75% 38% 5 7 1 4 3 9 3 2 9 8 5 1

Yield (g/tree)
0
1500
111 de 113B 693 ** ns

Number per tree

SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA

SSA
SSA
SSA
SSA

100
ns
90 ef 87 ef 297 b
54%
Spindle
Spindle

Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle
Spindle

Spindle
Spindle
Spindle

1000
V-system
V-system
V-system
V-system

V-system
V-system
V-system

V-system
V-system
V-system

ns 72% 683
713 1449 Ferrovia Grace Sylvia Regina Black Star Kordia Summit Early Star Giorgia Grace
50 47 f 1381 *
500 1093 348 * Star Star
955 a * ns ns
131 B 71 b 567 GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6
430 413 337 A
226 A 80 a 36 A
Gisela 5 Gisela 6
0 187 a 116 B
0 63 a 57 A
Regina Kordia Ferrovia Black Early Summit Grace Silvia Sweet Early Giorgia Grace Ferrovia Early Kordia Sylvia Grace Regina Black Sweet Early Summit Giorgia Grace
Star Bigi Star Early Star Star Bigi Star Star Early Star Star

GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6 GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6

 Results Part B – Fruitingg habitus LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE
Fruit weight on 1 and 2-year-old wood: Fruit percentage in two classes of size
comparison between SSA and spindle. for 1 and 2-year-old wood: comparison
between SSA and spindle.
16
< 28 mm > 28 mm
100%
14
* 90%
* 22%
11,4 A 12,0 a ns
12
80% 39%
10,8 b
10,5 51%
10,2B ns 9,7 70% 59%
10 63%
9,3 67%
8,5 60% 76% 75%
8
50%

6 40%
78%
30% 61%
4

Avg. fruit weight (g)

49%
20% 41%
33% 37%
2 24% 25%
10%

0%
0

2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood

2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood
2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoot
1-yr-old shoot
1-yr-old shoot
1-yr-old shoot
1-yr-old shoots
1-yr-old shoots
1-yr-old shoots
1-yr-old shoots
SSA Spindle SSA Spindle SSA Spindle SSA Spindle
GiSelA® 5 GiSelA® 6 GiselA® 5 GiselA® 6

LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE LEAF AREA AND FRUIT SIZE
Results Part B – Fruiting habitus
Qualitative parameters of fruits on 1 and 2-year-old wood for
each rootstock-system combination.
Training SSR Firmness Acidity
Rootstock Wood Durofel pH
system (Brix
rix )
(Brix°) cm2)
(kg/cm2) (g/L ac.mali
c.mal
/L ac.malic)
1-year
e
ea 566.8
56.8 15.1
15
5.1 0.49 6.01 3.76
SSA 2-year 57.6 14.9 0.49 5.98 3.78
Significance
Sig
Si gnificcance
c e ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns
GiSelA® 5
1-year
e
ea 577.8
57.8 15.66 a 0.54 6.36 3.76
Spindle 2-year 58.9 15.1 b 0.53 6.08 3.79
Significance
Sig
Si gnificcance
c e ns
ns ** ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns
1-year
e
ea 633.2
63.2 155.0
15.0 0.45 9.22 3.66
SSA 2-year 64.0 14.9 0.45 8.95 3.64
Significance
Sig
iggnificance
c e ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns ns
ns
GiSelA® 6
1-year
e
ea 65.7
655.7 15.99 a 0.47 8.96 3.71
Spindle 2-year 65.1 15.2 b 0.49 8.45 3.72
Significance ns *** ns ns ns
Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant.
Mean values followed by same small letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05).
 Experimental part - Data collection Results Part C – Flower basal buds number Results Part C – Flower basal buds
C. Flower basal buds fertility assessment (year 2010): Vegetative and productive parameters of shoots in relation to their
position in the main cut-back limb: comparison among shoots.
Length N. crown basal N. vegetative N. flower N. Fruit set
Rootstock Cultivar
(cm) bud/shoot bud/shoot bud/shoot flower/shoot (%)/shoot
1 Length N. crown basal N. vegetative N. flower N. flower Fruit set
1-year-old shoots: Rootstock Shoot
(cm) bud/shoot bud/shoot /shoot bud/shoot (%)/shoot Regina 61.8 b 4.7 c 1.5 d 9.22a 23.1 a 9.8 c
13.4 5.6 16.1 Summit 51.7 d 5.3 b 0.7 e 8.22 b
8 20.4 b 1.2 e
Apical 65.44 a 4.2 2.6 a
14.5 6.0 15.8 Ferrovia 51.6 d 4.7 c 2.7 bc 73c
7.3 19.5 b 30.1 a
Median 1 59 9 b
59.9 4.1 2.3 a
3 14.1 5.7 18.1 Kordia 55.3 c 4.6 c 1.5 d 71c
7.1 15.9 c 14.3 b
Median 2 50 9 c
50.9 3.9 2.0 a
2 1. APICAL GiSelA® 5
Basal 44.8
.88 d 4.4 0.9 b 15.0 5.8 17.8 Early Bigi 62.2 b 5.1 b 2.0 c 71c
7.1 18.9 b 27.9 a
Significance *** ns *** ns ns ns GiSelA® 5 Silvia 44.7 e 5.6 a 2.9 b 60d
6.0 15.5 c 26.3 a
2. MEDIAN 1 cv*shoot *** nss ns *** *** ns Black Star 65.4 a 3.4 e 1.0 de 54e
5.4 12.9 d 10.8 c
3.6 7.1 3.4 40.2 Grace Star 61.8 b 1.9 f 2.3 c 3.3
33f 6.5 e 28.1 a
Apical 66.22 a 2..8
2.8
4.0 7.1 3.4 47.4 Sweet Early 58.9 b 3.8 d 4.6 a 19g
1.9 4.3 f 7.4 d
3. MEDIAN 2 Median 1 59 7 a
59.7 2.6
4 3.9 6.8 3.3 47.6 Early Star 67.5 a 1.4 g 3.1 b 1.99 g 4.0 f 7.1 d
Median 2 49 9 b
49.9 2.5
GiSelA® 6 Significance *** *** *** *** *** ***
4. BASAL Basal 40.1
.11c 2.5 2.6 9.6 4.6 49.5
Significance *** ns ns ns ns ns Giorgia 47.9 b 3.9 a 4.0 a 4.99 a 10.8 a 52.7 a
®
cv*shoot ns ns ns ns ns ns GiSelA 6 Grace Star 65.6 a 1.7 b 3.6 b 2.11 b 4.1 b 37.5 b
Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant. Significance *** *** * *** *** *
Mean values followed by same letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05). Significance: *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001, ns= not significant.
Mean values followed by same letters do not differ significantly according to SNK test (p=0.05).

How we can reduce the cost of the

Results Part C – Flower basal buds Conclusion trees in a SSA ?

Relationship between number of flower buds in the basal part of 1- 9 The new training systems, as V-system and SSA, are suitable for developing sweet Testing the DOUBLE SSA
year-old shoots and TCSA for each cv-training system cherry UHDP orchards.
combination on GiSelA® 5.
9Adopting these UHDP systems, the flower buds in the basal part of 1-year-old shoots Rootstocks:
V-system SSA Spindle profoundly affects the yield potential.
12.0 Gisela 12 or similar size
9SSA systems with GiSelA® 5 resulted more efficient than spindle: it provided the
A) Early Bigi, Sylvia, Summit, highest fruit set per tree. Planting density: 3.5 m x 1.5-2 m
10.0
Kordia, Regina, Ferrovia.
9Cultivar can be divided for their attitude in producing more on 1 or 2-year-old wood.
8.0
9 Kordia, Early Bigi, Regina and Ferrovia varieties produced more on 1-year-old wood.
C) Black Star, Grace
6.0 9 Grace Star, Sylvia, Early Star and Sweet Early resulted more suitable to produce on
Star.
old wood.

4.0 9 The shoots on cut-back limb developed the same number of crown basal buds. So
the pruning intensity did not compromise the amount and quality of bud left.

N. flower basal buds/shoot

2.0 THESE PRELIMINARY RESULTS WILL ALLOW TO
B) Early Star, Sweet ENHANCE PRUNING TECHNIQUE AND TO INCREASE
Early. FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD.
0.0
0.0 5.0
5 0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

TCSA 2010 (cm2)

DOUBLE SSA DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)

DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)
Regina/ Gisela 12
DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) Regina/ Gisela 12 double SSA second year Regina/ Gisela 12 double SSA
second year

DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)

Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm.

DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)
Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm.
DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)
Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm.

DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)
Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm.
DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm) DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)
Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm. One axe every 75 cm.

DOUBLE SSA Chile experience Huerto Romeral (Alejandro Navarro Farm)

Combination: Regina/Gisela12. Planting distance: 3.5m x 1.5 m. Density: 2,000 trees/ha
One axe every 75 cm.