Humanitas Indonesian Psychological Journal

Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2019, pp. xx-xx

The Role of The Family In Supporting The Success of The Therapy

Process for Drug Addicts
Asti Meiza, Nani Nuranisah Djamal, Ghina Sulthanah
UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Indonesia
Jl.A.H.Nasution No.105 Cipadung Cibiru Bandung Indonesia
asti.meiza@uinsgd.ac.id

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history
The increase in drug abuse is one of the major problems in
Indonesia. Drug abuse victims spread to various ages, ranging
Received
from adults, teenagers and even children. Someone who has
Revised been caught in drugs will find it difficult to break away. This
Accepted condition is called Craving which is the desire to return to
using drugs. Pamardi Putra Social Institution Galih Pakuan
Bogor is one of the places for the rehabilitation of drug users.
Keywords
Therefore this research was conducted to determine whether
self efficacy, Self-Efficacy (SE) and Social Support (SS) had an effect on
social support, Craving either simultaneously or partially. The research design
craving, drugs, used was correlational causality method. Data collection
techniques using questionnaires, namely the SE scale based on
family role
Bandura (1997) theory, SS scale using the theory of Sarafino
(2011), and Craving scale using Drummond theory (2001). The
subjects in this study were 40 clients. The data analysis
technique uses multiple linear regression analysis with SE and
SS as independent variables and Craving as the dependent
variable. The results of the study show that there are influences
of SE and SS on Craving on drug users. Specifically, the results
show that the family plays an important role as part of the SS
to support the success of the therapy process. It was also found
that the content of Islamic values in therapeutic material also
gave positive things.

Introduction

Drug abuse (Narcotics, Psychotropic and other Addictive Substances) in Indonesia is not only
done by adults or adolescents but also children. Based on the application of the Narcotics
Information System (SIN) belonging to the National Narcotics Agency or BNN, data obtained
in the last 5 years (2012-2016) amounted to 2,140 cases and increased every year (Ministry

Asti Meiza asti.meiza@uinsgd.ac.id

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of Health, 2017). The drug consumed by an individual will affect his body, especially the
brain / central nervous system, causing physical, psychological, and other social disorders
(Anggreni, 2015). Another negative impact is the occurrence of dependence, addiction and
craving (Noviza, 2008).
Every addict who wants to break away from drugs will usually experience
suggestions to re-use drugs, known as Craving (Clark, 2007). Another definition of
craving is the desire to reuse drugs after addicts try to stop consuming drugs
(Fitriani, Subekti, & Aquarisnawati, 2011). In craving there is a strong desire to
reuse drugs, as if there is coercion or pressure that is difficult to prevent from
getting and using drugs again (Fortuna & Smelson, 2008).
Victims who have undergone rehabilitation in a state of nearing recovery, even
recovering can fall back on drug abuse. this condition is called relapse, (Kurniawan,
Yuliawati & Hamdani, 2017). Relapse will occur when the victim does not know how
to divert or neutralize Craving, which causes them to return to the drug use behavior
(Pranoto and Astuti, 2006). The majority of drug users have experienced craving.
The Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia makes several special
social services and rehabilitation services to deal with victims of drug abuse. One of
them is the Pamardi Putra Social Institution (PSPP) Galih Pakuan in Bogor, which
has been established since 1983. There are around 250 clients handled at the
institution. This institution is then used as the research location.
At the Primary Stage, which was conducted at the Pamardi Putra Social Institution
(PSPP) in Bogor, there were data from 8 out of 10 clients who still had the desire to
return to using drugs (Craving). The results of the interview with the Head of the
Social Rehabilitation Section (S) Pamardi Putra Galih Pakuan, mentioning the many
obstacles faced include relapse problems. One effort to reduce the occurrence of
relapse is to minimize craving. There are two factors that influence the emergence
of Craving (Pranoto and Astuti, 2006), namely:
1. Internal factors, which originate from within, include self-awareness, desire and
Self-Esteem to learn to build themselves, and the intention and willingness to
respect life.
2. External factors that come from the outside environment, for example away from
the environment that plunges on drug use, the existence of Social Support, sharing
friends, attention from the family and people around.
The preliminary study also showed that 7 out of 10 clients made their own beliefs
that could help them regardless of drug abuse. This raises questions from the
researchers why Craving and even Relapse still occur in those who have confidence
in recovering from drug abuse.
Bandura (1997) defines SE as a person's belief in his abilities in preparing and
carrying out the actions needed to produce a specified achievement. SE is not a skill
but rather an individual's belief in the skills he can do in certain situations (Maddux,
2000). In this case, the beliefs and self-confidence of victims of drug abuse to avoid
craving.
The results of the research by Fitrianti, Subekti and Aquarisnawati (2011) found a
significant influence between emotional maturity and self-efficacy on craving on
former drug users. Other researchers found the influence of family social support on
craving on former drug users (Maksum and Mabruri, 2016). The research proves
that psychologically, appropriate social support will lead to feelings of appreciation,
acceptance, attention and love.

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In the research of Maksum and Mabruri (2016), the SS used was sourced from
families. While in this study, the SS used was sourced from fellow clients and social
care workers. This is based on the condition of the subject who more often meets
with friends of the orphanage and the orphanage officers, rather than with his own
family.
SS is an effort to provide assistance to individuals to improve the quality of mental
health, confidence, enthusiasm or encouragement and acceptance. SS can be
sourced from people who are significant and have the same degree of involvement
(Sarafino, 2011). This shows that social support can be obtained from fellow clients
who want to be separated from drug abuse and the officers in the institution.
The therapeutic process is done in the form of Therapeutic Community, which is a
therapy to help each other in addressing the problems faced by fellow clients. In
other words, man helping man to help himself is someone to help others to help
him. This is very much in line with Islamic values. As Allah says in the Qur'an in
Surah Al Maidah verse 2 which means "And help you in doing good and taqwa and
do not help in sin and guilty. And be careful of Allah, surely Allah is severe in
punishment. "This is also confirmed by a hadith narrated by Muttafaq'alaih, the
Messenger of Allah which means" Whoever helps his brother's needs then Allah
will help his needs. "Assistance given to fellow citizens in rehabilitation a home for
mutual strengthening in preventing craving, will be an alarm that can remind them
of the dangers of craving.
Based on the phenomena that have been described, this research needs to be done to
find out whether there is the influence of SE and SS on Craving on victims of drug
abuse as clients at the Pamardi Putra Social Institution (PSPP) in Bogor, specifically
tracing the family's role as one of Social Support and explore Islamic values in the
process of therapy.

Method
This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal research design. Involving two
independent variables predicted can affect the dependent variable. Technical data analysis
uses multiple linear regression analysis (Sudjana, 2005). The variables used are SE (Self-
Esteem) as independent variables 1 ( X1 ), SS (Social Support) as independent variables 2 (
X 2 ) and Craving as dependent variables (Y).
Population/Sample
The subjects in this study were clients at the Pamardi Putra Galih Pakuan Bogor
Social Institution. There are 3 stages that clients in the institution have to go through
to be declared recovered from drug abuse, namely (1) New Add, (2) Induction, and
(3) Primary Stage. Clients who are the subjects in this study are all clients who are
in the Primary Stage, which is as many as 40 people so this research is referred to as
population research.
Measurement Tools
Data collection is done using a questionnaire. The scale used in this study is the
Likert scale for SE Scale, SS Scale, and Craving. Scale SE as the first independent
variable used by researchers is based on dimensions according to Bandura (1997),
namely level, structure, and generality, with the number of items as many as 28
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items. The SS scale as the second independent variable used by researchers is based
on dimensions according to Sarafino (2011), namely emotional or esteem support,
tangible or instrumental support, informational support, and companion support,
with 33 items. The Craving Scale as the dependent variable used by researchers is
based on the dimensions according to Drummond (2001), namely that craving will
arise when victims of drug abuse receive visual, auditory, tasting, smell and touch
stimuli associated with drug abuse, with as many items as 21 items.
The data analysis technique to test the effect of SE and SS on Craving on clients at
the Pamardi Putra Social Institution in Bogor in this study used multiple regression
analysis, because it would look for patterns of relations between two independent
variables namely SE and SS towards one dependent variable, namely Craving. The
test used in this study is the F test and t test. The F test is conducted to determine the
effect of the independent variables together on the dependent variable. The t test is
used to determine the effect of each independent variable individually on the
dependent variable (Priyanto, 2012). The formula used in the multiple regression
analysis technique for this study is
Yˆ = ß0 + ß1X1 + ß2X2
Yˆ = dependent variable (Craving)
ß0 = constant
ß1,ß2 = Regression coefficient independet variable
X1 = the first independent variable (SE)
X2 = the second independent variable (SS)

Results
This study aims to determine whether or not the influence of the SE (Self-Esteem) and SS
(Social-Support) variables on Craving on clients at the Pamardi Putra Social Institution
(PSPP) Galih Pakuan Bogor.

Descriptive Analysis
SE categorization. Based on the results of data processing, the mean is 79.7 and the
standard deviation is 12.3. With these mean and standard deviations SE variables
are divided into three categories, namely low, medium, and high. Based on the
results of descriptive analysis of SE categorization of variables, showing 2 clients
(5%) included in the low category, 32 clients (80%) included in the medium
category, and 6 clients (15%) included in the high category.

SS categorization. Based on the results of data processing, the results show that the
mean is 91.5 and the standard deviation is 14.4. The categorization for SS variables
is divided into three, namely low, medium, and high. Based on the results of
descriptive analysis of categorization of variables SS (SS), showing 5 clients
(12.5%) included in the low category, 28 clients (70%) included in the medium
category, and 7 clients (17.5%) inc

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Craving categorization. Based on the results of data processing, the results show
that the mean is 46.9 and the standard deviation is 9.8. There are three
categorizations for Craving variables, namely low, medium, and high. The results of
descriptive analysis of Craving variable categorization showed that 6 clients (15%)
were included in the low category, 28 clients (70%) were included in the medium
category, and 6 clients (15%) were included in the high category.

Kategorisasi Variabel

40 32
28 28
30
20
10 6 5 7 6 6
2
0
Se lf Efficacy Social Support Craving

Rendah Sedang T inggi

Figure 1. Categorization of SE, SS and Craving Variables based on Mean and

Standard Deviation

The results of the descriptive analysis on the SE variable showed 2 clients (5%) in
the low category, 32 clients (80%) in the moderate category, and 6 clients (15%) in
the high category. This shows that SE on clients at PSPP Galih Pakuan Bogor are
mostly in the medium category. This is influenced by self-experience and
experience experienced by others (Bandura, 1997).
The results of the SE variable dimensions test on Craving indicate that the Strength
dimension has the most influence on Craving. The structure illustrates the strength
of the client's belief in his ability to escape drug traps. These strengths and beliefs
are influenced by the client's experience regarding the effects of drug use.
SE clients are also influenced by a sense of calm in facing the task, which is to
escape from drug traps. While drug use causes a person to experience mental and
behavioral changes in a negative direction (Colondam, 2007). This mental change
makes it difficult for drug addicts to continue to maintain their confidence to escape
drug use.
Clients who have SE on high categories, have confidence and strength in releasing
themselves from drug use, so they are not easily affected to reuse drugs also
experience craving. While clients with SE in the low category, have low confidence
and strength in releasing themselves from drug use, and experiencing craving.
The results of the descriptive analysis for the SS variable showed about 5 clients
(12.5%) in the low category, 28 clients (70%) in the moderate category, and 7
clients (17.5%) in the high category. This shows that the majority of clients at PSPP
Galih Pakuan Bogor have SS in the medium category. This is in accordance with
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what was disclosed by Sarafino (2011) SS can be sourced from significant other or
closest people, namely family, professionals and the environment.
The results of the preliminary study obtained data that 7 out of 10 clients in the
home had a desire to recover from drug use because of their family support. The
obstacle, when undergoing rehabilitation at the home, actually made it difficult for
them to meet with the family so it could be concluded that the biggest possibility of
clients with moderate and low SS category was because they had the largest SS
from the family which they found difficult.
For clients with high SS, they have a higher sense of comfort in the home compared
to the outside environment. They feel that their friends at the institution, both
officers and fellow clients, have given them high attention and support. Most clients
in the home have the greatest support from families in the orphanage. The
availability of SS resources to clients is not necessarily able to increase or decrease
the SS they have, because there are still factors that affect the SS. Cutrona &
Gardner, 2004; Wills & Fegan; 2001 (in Sarafino, 2011) mentions these factors,
namely acceptance of support (recepients), support providers (providers) and
composition, structure of social networks.
The results of the descriptive analysis for the craving variable showed about 6
clients (15%) in the low category, 28 clients (70%) in the moderate category, and 6
clients (15%) in the high category. This shows that every client at PSPP Galih
Pakuan Bogor is still experiencing craving even though it has entered the final stage
of the rehabilitation process, with a different level of craving. The majority of
clients are in the medium category of craving. This shows that clients in the final
stages of rehabilitation still have the opportunity to return to using drugs. In fact, the
ideal conditions are expected, clients do not experience craving. This condition can
be used as an indicator of the level of success of the orphanage in implementing
rehabilitation programs.

Inferential Analysis

Hypothesis Testing
The calculation results obtained by the value of F count of 21,039 with a
significance coefficient of 0,000 <0.05 which means that H0 is rejected, so that the
SE and SS simultaneously influence Craving. This implies that the SE and SS have
an effect on the Craving of Clients of Drug Users at the Pamardi Putra Social
Institution (PSPP) Galih Pakuan Bogor.
The t-test is carried out to determine the effect of partial independent variables or
each of the dependent variables. If the significance coefficient is smaller than the
alpha value of 0.05, it means that there is a significant influence between each
independent variable on the dependent variable.
Based on the results of calculations on the data obtained obtained the results of the
significance coefficient for the SE variable is 0,000 <0.05, which means that SE has
a partial effect on Craving. Significance coefficient value for SS variable is 0.039
<0.05, which means SS has a partial effect on Craving. The influence of SE on
Craving is -0.637.

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Dimension testing was also carried out in this study. Obtained from the results of
calculations that the dimensions of the structure of the SE variable have the greatest
influence on Craving, because it has a significance value that is close to 0.05. Then
the companionship dimension of the SS variable has the most influence on Craving,
because it has a significance value that is close to 0.05.

Determination Coefficient (R2). The coefficient of determination functions to get a

percentage of how influential the independent variables are on the dependent
variable (Priyatno, 2013). Based on the calculation results it is known that the
determination coefficient value is 0.532, which means that 53.2% of Craving is
influenced by the SE and SS variables, while the remaining 46.8% is influenced by
other variables not examined in this study.
Next is the construction of the regression equation model to see whether SE and SS
can affect craving in nursing clients. Based on the calculation results obtained the
significance level of a constant of 0.000. Furthermore, the results obtained that the
SE variable has a significance coefficient of 0.000 and the SS variable has a
significance coefficient of 0.039. Can be seen based on the significance coefficients
of the SE and SS variables both of which have a partial effect on Craving so that the
regression models used in this study are as follows:

Yˆ = ß0 + ß1X1 + ß2X2

Yˆ = 81.167 – 0.637X1 + 0.181X2

The constant value (ß0) is 81.167, which means that if the SE and SS value is 0 then
the level of Craving is positive at 81.167. The SE (ß1) variable regression
coefficient is negative, which is -0.637, meaning that every increase in SE is 1 unit,
then Craving will decrease by 0.637 assuming another independent variable has a
fixed value.
The regression coefficient value of the SS (ß2) variable is positive, which is 0.181,
meaning that every SS increase is 1 unit, then Craving also increases by 0.181
assuming another independent variable is fixed.
Based on the results of the F-test calculation, obtained a significance coefficient of
0,000 <0.05 which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, ie there are
influences of SE and SS on Craving on clients at the Pamardi Putra Galih Pakuan
Bogor Social Home. The magnitude of the influence of SE and SS on Craving is
53.2% while the remaining 46.8% is influenced by other variables not examined in
this study.
In addition to the classic test, multiple linear regression tests were also carried out in
other tests, namely Multicollinearity Test, Heteroscedasticity Test, and
Autocorrelation Test. The test results were carried out and no disturbances were
found in the regression model obtained so that the model obtained was a good
model to approach the problem of this research.
The results also show that the SE and SS variables have a partial effect on Craving.
The significance coefficient for the SE variable is 0,000 <0.05. Then for the SS
variable significance coefficient of 0.039 <0.05. This answers the Minor H1 and H2
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Hypothesis accepted, that is H1, there is an influence of SE on Craving on Drug

Users in the Putra Pamardi Social Institution (PSPP) The Use Value of Bogor and
H2 has an SS effect on Craving on Drug Users at the Pamardi Putra Social
Institution (PSPP ) Galih Pakuan Bogor.
The results of data processing show that SE (ß1) variable regression coefficient is
negative which is -0.637, meaning that every increase in SE is equal to 1 unit, then
Craving will decrease by 0.637 assuming another independent variable is fixed
value. Meanwhile, the SS (ß2) variable regression coefficient is positive, which is
0.181, meaning that every SS increase is 1 unit, then Craving also increases by
0.181 assuming another independent variable has a fixed value. This condition
shows that SE can reduce the occurrence of Craving, but SS does not reduce the
occurrence of Craving. This is because Craving occurs because of the stimulus from
the environment and the SS also comes from outside. This means that the SS they
received provided a stimulus for clients to experience craving.

Discussion
PSPP Galih Pakuan Bogor applies the Therapeutic Community (TC) program to reduce
craving. The target is the change of perception and the self discovery that drives growth
and change. The spirit of change in this intervention program, in line with the teachings of
Islam. As mentioned by Al-Ajulani in Kasyful Khafa 'that the Prophet in his dream Abdul
Aziz bin Abi Rawwad, mentions which means "Whoever was two days (today and
yesterday) the same then he has lost. Whoever is worse than the day before, he is a cursed
one. "
Self-discovery efforts emphasize the importance of starting changes from within,
before changing the environment or changing others. This is indicated in the Qur'an
at At-Tahrim verse 6: "Take care of yourself and your family from the torment of
hell fire ..." The verse implies the importance of internal motivation in making
changes or self-improvement. The effort to "protect ourselves" in the At-Tahrim
verse 6 verse can be identified with Self discovery which will be the opening key
for growth and change. The verse emphasizes that the most important factor in a
change is yourself. Then environmental factors. Including changes experienced by
former drug users fostered at the Pamardi Putra Galih Pakuan Bogor Home.
The empirical evidence shown through the high dimensions of the structure in the
SE variable shows that internal strength has the greatest influence on Craving. In
other words the truth of Strenght illustrates the strength of the client's belief in his
ability to escape drug traps, as well as proof of the truth of the QS statement. At-
Tahrim verse 6.

Conclusion
The results of this study concluded that SE and SS had a simultaneous influence on
Craving with a determination coefficient of 0.532. That is, 53.2% of Craving experienced
by drug users in the Pamardi Putra Galih Pakuan Bogor Social Institution, influenced by
the SE and SS. Whereas 46.8% Craving is influenced by other variables, one of the most
important is Social Support that comes from the family. On the one hand, the role of Social

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Support, especially families, was found to be very much needed by clients during the
therapy period, while in reality they were far from family.
In the future it is hoped that the therapy process will be changed in form by actively
involving the family to provide Social Support to the client. While the contribution of
Islamic values in the therapy process is also expected to be more optimized. It is
recommended that this be one variable that can also be measured in subsequent studies.

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