Documenti di Didattica
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HUMAN RIGHTS
• freedoms and liberties inherent or inalienable to all human beings- whatever their race,
sex, gender, social class, age, disability, religion, political affiliation, creed, or other
characteristic or background, or group membership” (United Nations)
UN provided that GOVERNMENTS shall be the primary bearers in respecting, protecting, and
fulfilling human rights
Rights can be restricted, but not arbitratily. Thus, the following minimum requirements are
needed..
1. It shall be define by law
2. It must be imposed for one or more specific legitimate purposes such as protection of public
interest (national security, state of emergency, public safety, public order, protection of health
and morals, protection of the rights and freedoms of others)
3. It must be suitable and necessary (there should be a rational connection between the
measure taken and the objective pursued)
4. It must be the least intrusive measure to effectively achieve the legitimate purpose
5. It must be in accordance with the principle of proportionality (i.e. Public interest or the rights
of the individual must outweigh the harm that the measure will bring)
Assumes that human development will be achieved when human rights are respected,
protected, and fulfilled. Also, believes that a country cannot achieve sustained progress without
recognizing human rights principles.
HRBA is best expressed in the commitment of different countries to achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals which are targeted to be accomplished by 2030. The SDG framework
addresses key systemic barriers to sustainable development such as inequality and
environmental degradation.
ACTIVITY:
Do you think death penalty can deter crime? Is death penalty compatible with HRBA to
human development? Justify your answer.
Women in numerous traditional Asian cutlures are expected to maintain different standards of
behavior and morality compared to their male counterparts. Public life is still considered the
domain of men, while women are expected to be subservient to their fathers, husbands,
brothers, and other men in terms of decision-making at home, at work, in the community, and in
other public spheres.
Thus, UN General Assembly created the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1979.
Gender Equality
- Entails the freedom of human beings- both men and women- to develop their personal
abilities and make choices without the limitations set by gender stereotypes, rigid gender
roles, and prejudices (International Labour Office, 2007)
- Rights, responsibilities, and opportunities must not be dependent on whether a person is
born a male or a female
- Note that gender equality is not a women´s issue
- Eg. Gender equality requires both men and women to have access to public health care.
This could be measured by looking at the proportion of men and women who are able to
avail of health care services.
Gender Equity
- It means fairness of treatment for men and women according to their respective needs
- Entails the process of impartially allocating resources, programs, and decision-making to
both males and females without any discrimination on the basis of sex
- Eg. Gender equity comes into play in terms of the specific public health services that
women and men are able to avail. Women are given more of iron and folic supplements
than men.
Sex
- refers to the biological and physiological differences between males and females that are
determined by nature
- Male, female, hermaphrodite
Gender
- Refers to the set of social norms, practices, and institutions that regulate the relations
between men and women, which vary and change across cultures and time
- Masculinity (how it is to be a man) and femininity (how it is to be a woman)
Adventurous Home-buddy
Aggressive Shy
Strong Weak
Rough Gentle
Impatient Tolerant
Rational Emotional
Ambitious Satisfied
Authoritative Submissive
Division of gender roles and labor based on gender stereotypes determine access to
benefits and decision-making, which create an unequal distribution of wealth, power,
and prestige between men and women.
Gender Order/ Hierarchy
- System of power relations between men and women that is caused by the sociocultural
definitions of masculinity and femininity
- Agricultural Era- gender order gave power and privilege to men (patriarchy). This resulted
to the social acceptance of male domination and female subordination. This is sustained
through gender socialization.
Gender Socialization
- process in which men and women learn about their proper place in society through agents
such as the family, religion, education, culture, peers, and media
- Eg. Blue and toy soldiers for boys; and pink and dolls for girls
ACTIVITY:
What pieces of evidence show that gender inequality still exist? Give specific examples.
What personal experiences do you have in relation to gender stereotyping, gender
socialization, and division of gender roles?
What can you do to promote gender equality and equity?
Abenir, M., Alipao, F., & Urgel, E. Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship. Philippines: Diwa Learning
Systems Inc, 2017
Isabelo Panopio et.al. Sociology in our Time. 2008
Diana Kendall. Society and Culture