Table of Contents

A. Commutator Type ................................................................................................................................. 3

1. Self-excited DC Motor ........................................................................................................................... 3
a. DC Shunt Motor ................................................................................................................................ 3
Torque-armature current characteristics ............................................................................................... 3
2. DC Series motor ................................................................................................................................ 5
2. Separately excited DC Motor ................................................................................................................ 6
a) Field excited ...................................................................................................................................... 6
b) PM excited ........................................................................................................................................ 6
B) Commutatorless ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Induction motor .................................................................................................................................... 7
a) Wound rotor ..................................................................................................................................... 7
b) Squirrel cage ..................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Synchronous motor............................................................................................................................. 10
4. Switched Reluctance ........................................................................................................................... 12
5. PM Hybrid ........................................................................................................................................... 13

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 Table of figures
Figure 1: T-Ia characteristics of DC Shunt Motor .......................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Speed-Torque characteristic of DC shunt motor ......................................................................... 4
Figure 3 Torque-Armature current characteristic of DC series motor.......................................................... 5
Figure 4: Speed-Torque characteristics of DC series motor ......................................................................... 5
Figure 5: T-N curve of an induction motor ................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6: speed torque characteristics of Cage Induction Motor of various Classes .................................... 8
Figure 7: Power angle characteristic of synchronous motor at different excitation .................................. 10
Figure 8: Torque-speed capabilities of phase-advance angle control and without control of PM brushless
DC motor .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9: Torque-speed capability of SR motor ........................................................................................ 12

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Types of Motor Used in Electric Vehicle and
Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A. Commutator Type

1. Self-excited DC Motor

a. DC Shunt Motor
Torque-armature current characteristics

T 𝛼 ∅Ia and ∅ 𝛼 If which is constant for constant voltage source.

𝑇𝛼 Ia

Figure 1: T-Ia characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

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 Speed-Torque characteristics

𝐄𝐛
𝐍∝ ∅

since ф is constant

so, Nα Eb when the speed of the motor decreases, the back emf Eb will decrease
𝑽−𝑬𝒃
, then the armature current Ia= will increase and the armature torque will increase.
𝑹𝒂

Figure 2: Speed-Torque characteristic of DC shunt motor

Because there is no appreciable change in speed of a dc shunt motor from no load to full load,
shunt motor is suitable to drive a load which is totally and suddenly thrown off so that there is no
fair of excessive speed.

The various applications of DC shunt motor are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans,
Blowers, Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines, etc.

(Chapman, pp. 469-488)

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2. DC Series motor
Torque-armature current characteristics

Ta α ФIa But ф α Ia

Ta α Ia2 But after saturation point ф is constant

So, Ta α Ia

Figure 3 Torque-Armature current characteristic of DC series motor

Speed-Torque Characteristics

𝐸𝑏
Nα , Eb=V – IaRa and T α ФIa
ф

So as load torque increases , armature current increases accordingly which results to decrease

back emf and speed is reduced. Also increase in armature current means increase in field current which
increases flux produced hence N is further reduced.

Figure 4: Speed-Torque characteristics of DC series motor

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So, dc series motors are used where there is the need of high starting torque and low running torque. Its
uses are electric traction, hoists, cranes, trolly cars, conveyors, elevators, air compressors, vacuum
cleaners, sewing machines etc.
(Chapman, pp. 493-500)

2. Separately excited DC Motor

a) Field excited
Torque-armature current characteristics and speed torque characteristics of separately field excited DC
motor is similar to the self excited DC shunt motor.

(Chapman, pp. 469-488)

b) PM excited
As the magnetic field strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be controlled externally,
field control of this type of DC motor cannot be possible. Thus permanent magnet DC motor is
used where there is no need to control the speed of the motor (which is usually done by controlling
the magnetic field). Small fractional and sub-fractional KW motors are often constructed using a
permanent magnet.

PMDC motor is extensively used where small DC motors are required and also very effective
control is not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys, wipers, washers, hot blowers, air
conditioners, computer disc drives and in many more.

(Chapman, pp. 491-493)

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B) Commutatorless
1. Induction motor
a) Wound rotor

Figure 5: T-N curve of an induction motor

From the curve it can be seen that, T α s (for starting period)

1
And T α 𝑆 ( for normal working range )

Wound rotor motors are suitable for loads requiring high starting torque and where a lower starting
current is required. The Wound rotor induction motors are also used for loads having high inertia,
which results in higher energy losses. They are used for the loads which require a gradual buildup
of torque and the loads that require speed control. The wound rotor induction motors are used in
conveyors, cranes, pumps, elevators and compressors. The maximum torque is above 200 percent
of the full load value while the full load slip may be as low as 3 percent. The efficiency is about
90 %.

(Chapman, pp. 335-344)

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b) Squirrel cage

Many polyphase cage induction motors are available in the market to meet the demand of the
several industrial applications and various starting and running condition requirement. They are
classified according to the Class.

Figure 6: speed torque characteristics of Cage Induction Motor of various Classes

Class A Motors

Class A motors have normal starting torque, high starting current and low operating slip (0.005-
0.015). The design has low resistance single cage rotor. The efficiency of the motor is high at full
load. Applications of Class A motors are fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, etc.

Class B Motors

Class B motors have normal starting torque, low starting current and low starting current and low
operating slip. The motor is designed, in such a way to withstand the high leakage reactance, as a
result, the starting current is reduced. The starting torque is maintained by use of a double cage or
deep bar rotor.

The Class B motors are most commonly used motor and used for full voltage starting. The
applications and the starting torque are same as that of Class A motors.

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Class C Motors

The class C motors have high starting torque and low starting current. Such motors are of the
double cage and deep bar and has higher rotor resistance. The loads are compressors, conveyors,
reciprocating pumps, crushers, etc.

Class D Motors

Class D motors have the highest starting torque as compared to all the other class of motors. The
bars of the rotor cage are made up of brass. These types of motors have low starting current and
high operating slip. The value of full load operating slip varies between 8 to 15%. Thus, the
efficiency of the motor is low.

These motors are suitable for driving intermittent loads which require frequent acceleration and
high loads. For example – punch presses, bulldozers and die stamping machines. When the motor
is driving the high impact loads, it is coupled to a flywheel to provide kinetic energy.

(Chapman, pp. 345-350)

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2. Synchronous motor

Figure 7: Power angle characteristic of synchronous motor at different excitation

Synchronous motors are used for applications where precise and constant speed is required. Low
power applications of these motors include positioning machines. These are also applied in robot
actuators. Ball mills, clocks, record player turntables also make use of synchronous motors.

(eeeguide.com)

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3. PM Brushless DC

Figure 8: Torque-speed capabilities of phase-advance angle control and without control of PM

brushless DC motor

The Nissan Leaf, which stands for a Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car,
is a five-door hatchback EV introduced by Nissan in 2010. Currently, it has the largest market
share of worldwide EVs sold since 2010. Using its on-board 24 kW h lithium-ion battery, it can
offer a driving range of 135 km per charge based on the US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) profile.

(Chau, pp. 91-103)

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4. Switched Reluctance

Figure 9: Torque-speed capability of SR motor

Nidec, a Japanese manufacturer of electric motors, has developed a product list of SR motors for
EVs. For instance, its Z019 model can offer the rated output power of 19 kW, and achieve up to
29 kW (Nidec, 2014). With a voltage of 170 V, the motor can produce the rated and maximum
torques of 40 and 86 N m, respectively. Its maximum speed is 11 000 rpm. The corresponding
specifications are 177 mm in diameter, 234 mm in length, and 26.5 kg in weight. The key feature
of this SR motor is the reduction of vibration and noise by optimizing the shape of the rotor and
stator cores as well as the timing of current control. At the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, Land Rover
unveiled an EV powered by an SR motor drive. This EV is based on the Land Rover Defender
model in which a 70-kW SR motor is installed. This SR motor, which is developed by Harrogate-
based Nidec SR Drives, can deliver the rated power over a wide speed range for all-terrain traction
needs (Nidec, 2013). With a 300-V lithium-ion battery having a capacity of 27 kWh, the EV can
offer a driving range of 80 km per charge. Because of the SR motor delivering a starting torque of
330 N m, the EV simply adopts the single-speed transmission with the gear ratio of 2.7 : 1 for four-
wheel drive. The corresponding top speed can achieve 112 km/h.

(Chau, pp. 124-145)

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5. PM Hybrid
In recent years, the full hybrid has become one of the fastest growing segments of the automobile
industry in the world. The Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Ford Fusion
Hybrid, GM Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, General Motors Company (GMC) Sierra Hybrid, and
Kia Optima Hybrid are commercial examples of this type of hybrids. They can provide all major
hybrid features: the electric launch, engine cranking, electricity generation, idle stop-start,
regenerative braking, and EVT operation. (Chau, p. 341)

Chau, K. (n.d.). Electric Vehicle machines and drives.

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