TELECOMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS  MULTIMEDIA SERVICES

 IMAGE NETWORKING

NETWORK is an interconnected or interrelated  INTERNET ACCESS

chain, group, or system.

INTERNET NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES ARE

METCALFE’S LAW - the usefulness of a network. BEING USED AS A TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

- the more users on a

network the more useful it becomes.
1. WEB BROWSER SUITES
- critical mass is reached
2. HTML WEB PAGE EDITORS

3. NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

3 TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATION TRENDS
4. FIREWALLS

1. INDUSTRY TRENDS - Towards more

INTERNET NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
competitive vendors, carriers, alliances, and
network services

2. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS - Towards extensive - Being applied in internet, intranet and

use of Internet, digital fiber-optic, and wireless extranet application.
technologies.
- Reinforces previous move towards
3. APPLICATION TRENDS - Toward the client/server networks.
pervasive use of the INTERNET, enterprise
intranets and interorganizational extranets to
support electronic business and commerce.

OPEN SYSTEMS
3 CATEGORIES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS -
 Are information systems that use common
BASED SERVICES
standards for hardware, software,
applications, and networking.

 ENTERTAINMENT

 INFORMATION TRANSACTIONS INTERNET NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

 COMMUNICATIONS  Are common standard for open system.

FULL SERVICES SPECTRUM CONNECTIVITY

 Open system provide greater connectivity

and network interoperability.
 BROADCAST TV

 HIGH-DEFINITION TV
MIDDLEWARE
 INTERACTIVE TV
 Programming that mediates between two
 INTERACTIVE VIDEO GAMES separate programs.
 DISTANCE LEARNING
 Allows a particular database to access - Can move massive quantities of data, audio ,
other database w/out custom and video
programming.
-Useful in isolated areas

THE “ PLUMBING”

 Routes data and information between

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS NOW PLAY
back-end data sources and end user
A VITAL AND PERVASIVE ROLE IN
applications.
WEB-ENABLED
 Essential components of any IT structures.

1. E-business processes
ANALOG
2. Electronic commerce
 Voice oriented transmission
3. Enterprise collaboration

DIGITAL
INTERNET 2 - The next generation
 Discrete pulse transmission
1. High performance

2. Different infrastructure
DIGITAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES BENEFITS
3. Will not replace current internet

4. In limited use already

 Higher transmission speeds
5. Infinite bandwidth
 Moves larger amounts of information
6. Users connect via abilene at 120 gbps
 Greater economy and much lower error
7. May never become totally open
rates

 Transmits multiple types of

communications (data, voice, video) on THE INTERNET IS A GLOBAL INFORMATION
the same circuits. SUPERHIGHWAY

2 TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 1. Millions of smaller, private networks

2. No central computer system

1. FIBER-OPTIC 3. No governing body
- Uses of laser-generated light 4. Based on common standards
- Reduced size and installation effort 5. Growing by 1 million servers per month
- Vastly greater communication capacity

- Faster transmission speeds INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

- Freedom from electrical interface - companies that specialize in providing easy
access to the internet.

2. STELLITE TRANSMISSION
 - for monthly fee, they provide software,
username, passwords, and internet access.
3 TYPES OF EXTRANETS
- connected to one another through
network access point.
1. NETWORK LINKS - CONNECT THE INTRANET
- easily connect to another to obtain address
OF A BUSINESS TO THE INTRANETS OF
of websites or user nodes.
ANOTHER.

2. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS - direct private

POPULAR USES OF THE INTERNET network links or private secure internet links.

1. Surf - point and click you way to thousands
of hyper-linked web sites and resources.
2. E-mail - instant messaging to exchange
electronic message w/ colleagues.
3. UNSECURED EXTRANET - link between the
company and other via the internet, relying on
encryption of sensitive data and firewall
security system.

3. Discuss - participate in discussion forums

of special interest newsgroups or hold real time TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK IS ANY
text conversations in Web site chat rooms. ARRANGEMENT WHERE:

4. Publish - post your opinion, subject matter  A sender transmits a message to a receiver
or creative work to a website.
 Over a channel
5. Buy and Sell - buy and sell practically
 Consisting of some sorts of a medium
anything via e-commerce retailers.

6. Download - transfer data files, software to

your computer system. 3 TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
MODEL
7. Compute - log onto and use thousands of
Internet computer system around the world.

8. Connect - find out what friends, 1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL - Over

acquaintances, and business associates are up w/c data are transmitted and received.
to.
- use combination of media.
9. Phone Calls - make long distance phone
calls , hold desktop etc. 2. COMPUTERS - All sizes and anf types are
interconnected by telecommunications
BUSINESS VALUE OF THE INTERNET networks.
1. Generate new revenue sources 3. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONTROL
SOFTWARE - consist of programs that control
2. Develop new markets and channels
telecommunications activities and manage the
3. Attract new customers functions of telecommunication networks.

4. Increase customer loyalty and retention

5. Develop new Web-Based products 5 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

6. Reduce costs of doing business

1. WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN) - covers a

large geographic area. It is referred to a
INTRANETS
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN).
- Are protected by Passwords, Encryption,
and Firewalls.
2. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN) - Connects a
computer with in a limited physical area, such
as an office, classroom, or building.
3. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK - is a secure
network that uses the internet as its main
backbone network.
4. CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
5. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
3 TYPES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
1. TWISTED-PAIR WIRE - Ordinary telephone
wire.
2. COAXIAL CABLE - Sturdy copper or aluminum
wire wrapped w/ spacers to insulate and
protect it.
3. FIBER-OPTIC CABLE - One or more hair thin
filaments of glass fiber.
8 TYPES OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
1. TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE - Earthbound
Microwave system.
2. COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES - Serve as
relay station.
3. TELEPHONE AND PAGER SYSTEMS -
Geographic areas divided into cells.
4. WIRELESS LANS - uses wireless radio-wave
technology to connect PCs within an office or
building.
5. BLUETOOTH - short range wireless.
6. CELLULAR PHONES
7. MOBILE RADIO
8. PDAs
3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION PROCESSOR
1. MODEMS - Are the most common types of
communication processors.
- They convert the digital signals
from a computer or transmission terminal at
one end.
2. INTERNETWORK PROCESSORS - Special
purpose communications processor.
A. SWITCH - Communications processor
that makes connections between
telecommunication circuits in a network.
B. BRIDGE - Is a device that connects two
or more local area networks that use the
same communications rules or protocol.
C. ROUTER - Intelligent communications
processor.
D. HUB - port- switching communications
processor.
E. GATEWAY - interconnect networks that
uses different communications
architecture.
3. MULTIPLEXER - Allows a single
communications channel to carry simultaneous
data transmissions from many terminals.
4 TYPES OF NETWORK MNGMT. FUNCTIONS
1. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - Manage network
resources and traffic to avoid congestion.
2. SECURITY - Provide authentication and
enforcement.
3. NETWORK MONITORING - troubleshoot and
watch over the network, alerting administrators
to problems.
4. CAPACITY PLANNING - survey network
resources. Determine the best way to
accommodate network needs.
4 TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
1. STAR - network ties end user computers to a BANDWIDTH - The frequency range of
central computers. telecommunications channel. Sometimes called
Baud Rate.
2. RING - network ties local computer
processors together in a ring on a more equal
basis.
SECURTIY AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES
3. BUS - local processors share the same bus.

4. MESH - variation of the ring network. Used

BUSINESS IT SECURITY, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY
direct communications line.
I. EMPLOYMENT

II. WORKING CONDITIONS

3 TYPES OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURES AND
PROTOCOLS III. HEALTH

IV. CRIME
1. PROTOCOL - A standard set of rules and V. INDIVIDUALITY
procedures for control of communications in a
network. VI. PRIVACY

2. HANDSHAKING - The process of exchanging

predetermined signals and characters.
4 CATEGORIES OF ETHICAL BUSINESS ISSUES
3. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE - Master plans of
1. EQUITY
protocols.Goal is to promote open, simple
telecommunication environment. 2. RIGHTS

3. HONESTY

2 TYPES OF SWITCHING ALTERNATIVES 4. EXERCISE OF CORPORATE POWER

1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING - switch open a circuit to 3 TYPES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORIES

establish a link between a sender and a
receiver.
2. PACKET SWITCHING - Breaks message into
groups called packets. Transmit packets
separately.
1. STOCKHOLDER THEORY - Managers are agent
of stockholders. Increase profit w/out violating
laws.
2. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY - Companies
have an ethical responsibility to all members of
society.

NETWORK INTEROPERABILITY - Ensures that 3. STAKEHOLDER THEORY - Managers have an

anyone anywhere on one network can ethical responsibility to manage a firm for the
communicate w/ anyone anywhere on another benefit of all its stakeholders.
network.

4 PRINCIPLES OF TECHNOLOGY ETHICS -

TRANSMISSION RATES
1. PROPORTIONALITY - Good achieved by
1- NARROW-BAND - low speed technology must outweigh the harm or risk.

2- BROADBAND - High speed

2. INFORMED CONSENT - Those affected by the
technology should understand and accept the
risks.
3. JUSTICE - The benefits and burdens of the
technology should be distributed fairly.
4. MINIMIZED RISK - The technology must be
implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk.
A RESPONSIBLE PROFESSIONAL GUIDELINES
 Acts with integrity
 Increases personal competence
 Sets high standards of personal
performance
 Accepts responsibility for his/her work
 Advances the health, privacy, and general
welfare of the public
COMPUTER CRIME
- Unauthorized use
- denying an end user access
- using or conspiring to use computer
HACKING - The obsessive use of computer
BREAKING AND ENTERING - Stealing nor
damaging anything.
CRACKER - A malicious or criminal hacker who
maintain knowledge of vulnerabilities found for
private advantage.
8 COMMON HACKING TACTICS
1. DENIAL OF SERVICE - Common networking
prank
2. SCANS - Widespread probes of the internet
3. SNIFFER - Programs that covertly search
individual packets of data.
4. SPOOFING - Faking an e-mail address or web
page to trick users.
5. TROJAN HORSE - A program that unknown to
the user.
6. BACK DOORS - Difficult to detect
7. MALICIOUS APPLETS - Tiny programs,
sometimes written in the popular java
computer language.
8. WAR DIALING - Programs that automatically
dial thousands of telephone numbers.
CYBER THEFT - Many computer crimes involve
theft of money.
CYBERTERRORISM - The leveraging of an
organizations. Can have serious, large -scale
influence
EXAMPLES OF CYBERTERRORISM
1. Life support an antarctic research station
turned off
2. Release of untreated sewage into waterways
3. Nonessential system shut down in nuclear
power plants
4. Estonian government ministry and banks
knocked offline
INTERNET ABUSES IN THE WORKPLACE
1. GENERAL EMAIL ABUSES
2. PLAGIARISM
3. MOONLIGHTING
4. HACKING
5. UNAUTHORIZED USE AND ACCESS
6. NEWSGROUP POSTINGS
7. USE OF EXTERNAL ISPs
8. PORNOGRAPHY
9. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
10. TRANSMISSION OF CONFIDENTIAL DATA
11. LEISURE USE OF INTERNET
12. NON-WORK-RELATED DOWNLOADS OR
UPLOAD
SOFTWARE PRIVACY - Unauthorized copying of
computer programs.
LICENSING - Site license allows a certain
number of copies
THEFT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
1. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - Copyright
material include music, videos, images, articles,
books and software.
2. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IS ILLEGAL -
Peer to Peer networking techniques have made
it easy to trade pirated intellectual property
3. PUBLISHERS OFFER INEXPENSIVE ONLINE
MUSIC - Illegal downloading of music and video
is down and continues to drop
5 VIRUS FAMILIES OF ALL TIME
1. My Doom, 2004 - Spread via e mail and over
kazaa file-sharing network.
2. NETSKY, 2004 - Mass mailing worm that
spreads by emailing itself to all email address.
3. SoBig, 2003 - Mass mailing email worm that
arrives as an attachment
4. KLEZ, 2002 - Mass mailing email worm that
arrives w/ randomly named attachment
5. Sasser, 2004 - Exploits a Microsoft
vulnerability to spread from computer to
computer w/ no user intervention.
ADWARE - Software that support to serve a
useful purpose and often does.
- Allows advertisers to display pop-up
and banner ads.
SPYWARE - Uses an internet connection in the
background, w/o the users permission or
knowledge.
- Captures information about the user
and sends it over the internet.
PRIVACY ISSUES - The power of information
technology to store and retrieve information
can have a negative effect on every individuals
right to privacy.
OPT-IN - Allow data to be compiled about you.
Default in the Europe.
OPT-OUT - Data can be compiled about you.
Unless you specifically request that it not be.
Default in the U.S.
ADDITIONAL PRIVACY ISSUES
1. VIOLATION OF PRIVACY - Accessing
individuals private email conversation.
Collecting and sharing information about
individuals.
2. COMPUTER MONITORING - Always knowing
where the person is. Mobile and paging services
are becoming more closely.
3. COMPUTER MATCHING - Using customer
information gained from many sources to
market additional business services.
4. UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS OF PERSONAL FILES
- Collecting telephone numbers, e mail address,
credit card numbers and other information to
build customer profiles.
PROTECTING YOUR PRIVACY ON THE INTERNET
 Encrypt email
 Send newsgroup posting through
anonymous remailers
 Ask your ISP not to sell your name and
information to mailing list providers and
other marketers.
 Don’t reveal personal data and interest on OTHER CHALLENGES
online service and website user profiles.
1. EMPLOYMENT

2. COMPUTER MONITORING

PRIVACY LAWS
1. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY
ACT AND COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT -
Prohibit intercepting data communication
messages, stealing in federal computer systems.
2. U.S. COMPUTER MATCHING AND PRIVACY
ACT - Regulates the matching of data held in
federal agency files to verify eligibility for
federal programs.
3. WORKING CONDITIONS
4. INDIVIDUALITY
HEALTH ISSUES
1. Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) -
Disorders suffered by people who sit at a PC or
terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke
jobs.
2. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - Painful,
crippling ailment of the hand and wrist.
Typically requires surgery to cure.

OTHER LAWS
SOCIETAL SOLUTIONS/SOLVE SOCIAL
1. SARBANES-OXLEY
PROBLEMS
2. HEALTH INSURANCE PROBABILITY &
1. Medical Diagnosis
ACCOUNTABILITY ACT (HIPAA)
2. Computer-assisted instruction
3. GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY
3. Government program planning
4. USA PATRIOT ACT
4. Environmental quality control
5. CALIFORNIA SECURITY BREACH LAW
5. Law enforcement
6. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISION
RULE 17a-4 6. Job placement

COMPUTER LIBEL AND CENSORSHIP SECURITY MANAGEMENT - The goal is the

accuracy, integrity and safety of all information
1. SPAMMING - Indiscriminate sending of
system processes and resources.
unsolicited email messages to many internet
users.

2. FLAMING - Sending extremely critical, SECURITY MANAGEMENT

derogatory, and often vulgar email messages.
1. Virtual Private Networks

2. Firewalls
CYBERLAW - Laws intended to regulate
activities over the internet via electronic 3. Network Security Protocols
communication devices.Began to emerge in
4. Encryption
1996
5. Security Software Tools

6. Access Control

7. Proxy Agents/System
8. Authentication

9. Intrusion Detection

INTERNETWORKED SECURITY DEFENSES

1. ENCRYPTION - Data is transmitted in

scrambled form

2. FIREWALLS - GETEKEEPER SYSTEM

3. EMAIL MONITORING- Use content

monitoring software to scan for troublesome
words.

4. VIRUS DEFENSES - Centralize the updating

distribution of antivirus software.

3 LAYERS OF DENIAL SERVICE ATTACKS

1. The victim’s website - Create back up servers

and network connections.

2. The victim’s ISP - Monitor and block traffic

spikes

3. Zombie Machines - Scan for vulnerabilities,

set/enforce security policies

OTHER SECURITY MEASURES

1. SECURITY CODES - Multilevel password

system

2. BACK UP FILES - Duplicate files of data or

programs

3. SECURITY MONITORS - Monitor the use of

computer and networks.

INFORMATION SYSTEM CONTROLS

1. INPUT CONTROLS

2. PROCESSING CONTROL

3. OUTPUT CONTROL

4. STORAGE CONTROL

IT SECURITY AUDITS - Performed by internal or

external auditors.